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The Inter-Service Intelligence (Template:Lang-ur, abbreviated as ISI) is the premier foreign intelligence agency of Pakistan, responsible for collecting, processing and analyzing information relating to the country's national security from around the world primarily through human intelligence (HUMINT). As one of the principal members of the Pakistani intelligence community, its Director General (DG) reports directly to the Prime Minister of Pakistan and is primarily focused on providing intelligence for the Government of Pakistan.

The ISI consists mostly of serving military personnel drawn on secondment from the three uniformed branches of Pakistan Armed Forces (Army, Air Force, and Navy) and hence the name "Inter-Service". The agency also has its own cadre comprising entirely of civilians. The ISI is headed by a serving or retired three-star general of Pakistan Army, appointed at PM's discretion. Its current DG is Lieutenant General Naveed Mukhtar who took charge on 12 December 2016.

The ISI gained global recognition and fame in the 1980s during the Soviet–Afghan War when it supported Afghan Mujahideen against the erstwhile Soviet Union in the occupied communist Afghanistan. During the decade-long war, the ISI worked in close coordination with the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States to arm, train and fund Afghan resistance forces as part of Operation Cyclone.

After fall of the Soviet Union and the resultant civil war in Afghanistan during the 1990s, the ISI provided strategic support and intelligence to Afghan Taliban against the Northern Alliance that was supported by Iran and India. It played a pivotal counter-terrorism role in capturing key Al-Qaeda operatives involved in 1993 World Trade Center bombing and 9/11 including Ramzi Ahmed Yousef, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Abu Zubaydah.

In 2011, International Business Times ranked the ISI as the top intelligence agency in the world. In November 2015, former Director of India's external intelligence agency R&AW called ISI the strongest in the world, comparing it to KGB.

History

The ISI was established in 1948 and is generally described as a consequence of first Pakistan-India war over Kashmir, when there were supposedly substantial reconnaissance gaps on the Pakistan side. However, as shown during the course of the war, both sides were gathering inaccurate information. In any case, by the end of 1948 the front line in Kashmir ran approximately as it does today along the Line of Control (LoC), where units from both armies front each other in perennially hostile mode. Pakistan's troops in the 1947-48 war were not as badly defeated as is often described in the published sources. Azad Kashmir is on Pakistan's side of the LoC; and Pakistan also controls Baltistan and Gilgit, known as the Northern Areas, where on 3 November 1947 Gilgit Scouts raised the Pakistan's flag. Thus Pakistan had gained about a third of the former principality, a definite indication of military success. Further developments did not bring any substantial changes. Today, of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan controls about 32 percent, India with Jammu and Kashmir 48 percent, and China with Aksai Chin about 20 percent.

Historians also refer to the "Great Game" of the colonial era between Great Britain and Russia which continued to some extent after the Second World War, when the former colonial powers were preoccupied in seeking intelligence and information about Central, South and West Asia. The creation of the ISI was therefore not only a consequence of the 1947-48 war over Kashmir but also a result of British political interests in the post-colonial region. This was spelled out in a letter from Sir Francis Mudie, Home Secretary during the British Raj and afterwards Governor of Sindh. Engaged in the service of Pakistan after Partition, he wrote to a friend in Lucknow:

The facts of the situation are that Pakistan is situated between hostile – a very hostile – India on the one side and.. an expansionist and unscrupulous Russia . As long as the relations between Pakistan and Britain are good and Pakistan remains in the Commonwealth an attack by Russia – and also I am inclined to believe an attack by India– on Pakistan brings in the UK and the USA on Pakistan's side.

Stephen P. Cohen, a prominent American South Asia expert, wrote on the creation of the Pakistan Army as follows:

One long range problem was clear to all of the military professionals who had studied the issue: Pakistan alone did not have the strategic depth or resources to withstand serious pressure from the northwest, although the immediacy of a Soviet threat had evaporated by 1948.

Founding Father

Major General Walter Joseph Cawthorn is considered the founding father of the ISI who headed the agency from January to June 1948. The Indian ISI critic Bhure Lal wrote:

Gen. Cawthorne developed the blueprint for the structure and functions of ISI, as of several other interservices organizations. He had opted to serve with the Pakistan Army after independence as Deputy Chief of Staff, with his headquarters in the Ministry of Defence in Karachi. He was a close confidant of Maj. Gen. Iskander Mirza, who was then serving as Defence Secretary, Gen. (later Field Marshal) Ayub Khan, first Pakistani C-in-C of the Army Gen. Cawthorne served as a liaison between the Ministry of Defence and the three Services Headquarters.

The founding of the ISI reads similarly in this version by S. K. Ghosh. another Indian author:

Whether the Australian born British Army officer called Major General Cawthorne, who opted to serve the newly formed state of Pakistan, was instrumental in the birth of the ISI is not known. What is certain is that he had the honour of drawing up the ISI's initial organisational structure.

Indeed, the Melbourne-born Cawthorne was an experienced intelligence expert. The future Major General (Kt, CB, CIE, CBE) fought in the First World War with Australian troops in Turkey (Gallipoli), France and Belgium. In 1919 he joined the British Indian Army and participated in fighting in the North-West Frontier Province against the Mohmand tribes in 1930 and 1935. During the Second World War he was Head of Middle East Intelligence Centre 1939-41; then Director of Intelligence, Indian Command 1941-5: and Deputy Director of Intelligence, South-East Asia Command 1943-5 After Partition in 1947, Cawthorne opted for service in the new Pakistan Army; in 1951 he was promoted from Major General to Deputy Chief of Staff. The future British Lt. Gen. Sir James Wilson described his former superior Cawthorne as follows:

Douglas Gracey was fortunate to have as Deputy Chief of Staff Bill Cawthorne ...a brilliant staff officer with a flexible mind. He worked in Karachi, where he provided professional advice to Iskander Mirza and Liaquat, obtained their instructions and passed these to us in Rawalpindi... Bill Cawthorne was a fine teacher, assuming always that one was more intelligent than I often appeared. I am grateful for what he taught me and also for the way he relied on me to keep Douglas Gracey briefed about Karachi affairs.

Cawthorne remained connected with Pakistan even after leaving military service in 1951. After an interlude as Director of Joint Intelligence Bureau, Department of Defence, Australia he was posted as the first Australian High Commissioner in Karachi, 1954-8.

Departments

The agency is headed by a Director General Inter Services Intelligence, who is traditionally a serving Lieutenant General of Pakistan Army. ISI at least has seven known sub-directorates: Analysis, Counterintelligence, Counter-Terrorism, Planning, Media, Security and Technical. Each sub-directorate is headed by a two-star rank officer or civilian from ISI's own cadre. They are also known as DGs of their respective directorates and report directly to DG ISI:

Analysis

The directorate serves as the secretariat which coordinates with and provides administrative support to the other ISI wings and field organizations. It also prepares intelligence estimates and threat assessments. Headed by DG (A), it looks after general administration and accounts of the ISI directorate. The DG is assisted by five Deputy Director Generals, handling administration, budget, accounts, transport and miscellaneous work. It is one of the largest wings of the ISI Directorate.

Counterintelligence

Headed by DG (C), it is responsible for domestic intelligence gathering, counter-intelligence and counter-espionage. It is the most powerful directorate of ISI with countrywide HUMINT network.

Counter-Terrorism

Relatively a new directorate raised in the aftermath of GWOT, it is tasked with conducting Intelligence Based Operations (IBOs), Counter-Terrorism (CT) and Counterinsurgency (COIN) operations against violent non-state actors in the militancy-hit border areas and urban centers in liaison with civil armed forces and police. It is Headed by DG (CT).

• File:Brig Yasub Ali Dogar, Former Head of Afghan Bureau (ISI) covertly operating deep inside Afghanistan, circa 80s.jpg

Planning

It is the largest directorate of ISI with about 60 percent of the staff of the Directorate on its rolls dealing primarily with covert overseas actions. The DG (P) is assisted by a Director who has under him five Assistant Directors in charge on the subjects of Labour, Students, Political parties, Anti terrorism and VIP Security. In addition, there are three sub-sections dealing exclusively with the political and economic developments in specified regions of the world:

• Sub-section 1 – deals with India and the Far East.
• Sub-section 2 – deals with communist countries
• Sub-section 3 – deals with East Asia and Africa.

There is also a separate Afghan Bureau dealing exclusively with Afghanistan, headed by a Director. The Section has three sub-sections; each looked after by a Deputy Director, dealing with:

• • Training and Operations
  • Arms distribution and logistic support
  • Training of Afghan refugees and psychological warfare (PSYWAR). The Afghan Bureau played a pivotal role in defeat and subsequent withdrawal of Soviets Afghanistan.

• File:Gen.Tommy Franks, Commander CENTCOM, during a briefing at ISI Headquarters, January 2002 with Lt. Gen. Ehsan ul-Haq DG SI.jpg

Media

The directorate is assigned with the task of countering cyber espionage and sabotage and ensuring cyber security. Its Cyber Operations Officers gather intelligence from adversary systems as fifth dimension of war (hybrid warfare). The directorate is headed by DG (M).

Security

Headed by DG (S), the directorate is responsible for providing security cover to VVIPs, VIPs, diplomats, key defense and strategic installations. The most famous incident involving this directorate includes thrashing of Pol Le Gourrierec, then French Ambassador to Pakistan on 26 June 1979 who, in a vehicle with a local rather than a diplomatic number plate and without displaying a diplomatic flag tried to enter the closed city of Kahuta which is home to highly classified  Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL); Pakistan’s premier research & development, and production facility of Highly-Enriched Uranium (HEU). He was allegedly carrying out espionage and working at the behest of CIA.

Technical

It is headed by DG (T) with detachments at Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar and each headed by a Deputy Director, who is of the rank of a Colonel and assisted by three Deputy Directors for Wireless, Monitoring and Photos. It operates a chain of signals intelligence (SIGINT) collection stations along Pakistan's border with India on East and Iran and Afghanistan on West. It protects country’s communications networks and information systems. The ISI’s covert camp known as Peshawar Air Station was leased to CIA during Cold War in 1950s for establishing a listening post against USSR. The Peshawar Air Station was used as the communication station for the ill-fated May 1, 1960, flight of a Lockheed U-2 spy plane, piloted by Gary Powers, which was shot down over the Soviet Union.

Special Wings of the ISI

ISI Academy

It was renamed in April 1989 as 'Defence Services Intelligence Academy’.  It is headed by a Deputy Director (Training) who is assisted by Officer Commanding (Language) and Officer Commanding (Technical Training).

Military Liaison Section (MLS)

Though the MLS is a part of Pakistan's Ministry of Interior, it functions directly under the control and command of the ISI Directorate. MLS is represented by all the civilian security agencies, para-military organizations, Federal Investigation Agency and Passport & Immigration Directorate.

In addition to these main elements, ISI also includes a separate explosives and a chemical warfare section.

Director-Generals

Director General		Tenure
File:Major General Syed Shahid Hamid, HJ.jpg	Syed Shahid Hamid	1948–1950
	Robert Cawthome	1950–1959
	Riaz Hussain	1959-1966
	Mohammad Akbar Khan	1966–1971
	Ghulam Jilani Khan	1971–1977
	Muhammad Riaz	1977–1979
	Akhtar Abdur Rahman	21 June 1979 – 29 March 1987
	Hameed Gul	March 1987– May 1989
	Shamsur Rahman Kallu	May 1989– August 1990
	Asad Durrani	August 1990– March 1992
	Javed Nasir	March 1992– May 1993
	Javed Ashraf Qazi	May 1993– 1995
	Naseem Rana	October 1995– October 1998
	Ziauddin Butt	October 1998– October 1999
	Mahmud Ahmed	October 1999– October 2001
	Ehsan ul Haq	October 2001– October 2004
	Ashfaq Parvez Kayani	3 October 2004 – 8 October 2007
	Nadeem Taj	October 2007– October 2008
	Ahmad Shuja Pasha	October 2008– 19 March 2012
	Zaheerul Islam	19 March 2012– 6 November 2014
	Rizwan Akhtar	7 November 2014 – 11 December 2016
	Naveed Mukhtar	11 December 2016 – Present

Headquarters

The ISI is headquartered in Pakistan's capital, Islamabad. The complex consists of various low-rise buildings separated by lawns and fountains. The entrance to the complex is next to a private hospital. Declan Walsh of The Guardian said that the entrance is "suitably discreet: no sign, just a plainclothes officer packing a pistol who direct visitors through a chicane of barriers, soldiers and sniffer dogs". Walsh said that the complex "resembles a well-funded private university" and that the buildings are "neatly tended," the lawns are "smooth," and the fountains are "tinkling." He described the central building, which houses the director general's office on the top floor, as "a modern structure with a round, echoing lobby."

Recruitment and Training

Both members of the armed forces and civilians can join the ISI. Whereas the former serve the agency on secondment, the latter are inducted permanently. Recruitment is advertised and tests are conducted by National Testing Service (NTS). The examinations potential candidate's analytical, psychological and physical abilities. Shortlisted candidates are interviewed by the officials of ISI. After rigorous covert background check by Security Directorate, those who have cleared the interview and given security clearance are the sent to the prestigious Defence Services Intelligence Academy (DSIA) located at the foothills of Islamabad for further training of six months.

Later these officers are transferred to different directorates based on their skill set where they serve for the next five years. After five years of basic service, the agents are entrusted with sensitive jobs and become part of the core team of ISI.

Operations

Afghanistan

• 1982

ISI, CIA and Mossad carried out a covert transfer of Soviet-made weapons and Lebanese weapons captured by the Israelis during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982 and their subsequent transfer to Pakistan and then into Afghanistan. All knowledge of this weapon transfer was kept secret and was only made public recently.

• 1982–1997

ISI are believed to have access to Osama bin Laden in the past.ISI played a central role in the U.S.-backed guerrilla war to oust the Soviet Army from Afghanistan in the 1980s. That Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-backed effort flooded Pakistan with weapons and with Afghan, Pakistani and Arab "mujahideen". The CIA relied on the ISI to train fighters, distribute arms, and channel money. The ISI trained about 83,000 Afghan mujahideen between 1983 and 1997, and dispatched them to Afghanistan. B. Raman, former RAW officer now an Indian think-tank, of South Asia Analysis Group, claims that the Central Intelligence Agency through the ISI promoted the smuggling of heroin into Afghanistan in order to turn the Soviet troops into heroin addicts and thus greatly reducing their fighting potential. The factions that were backed by the ISI were Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami, and the forces fighting for Jalaluddin Haqqani.

• 1986

Worrying that among the large influx of Afghan refugees that had come into Pakistan due to the Soviet–Afghan War were members of KHAD (Afghan Intelligence), the ISI successfully convinced Mansoor Ahmed who was the chargé d'affaires of the Afghan Embassy in Islamabad to turn his back on the Soviet backed Afghan government. He and his family were secretly escorted out of their residence and were given safe passage on a London bound British Airways flight in exchange for classified information in regard to Afghan agents in Pakistan. The Soviet and Afghan diplomats tried their best to find the family but were unsuccessful.

• 1990

According to Peter Tomsen, the United States Special Envoy to Afghanistan, neighboring Pakistan had tried to install Gulbuddin Hekmatyar in power in Afghanistan against the opposition of all other mujahideen commanders and factions as early as 1990. In October 1990, the Pakistani Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI) had devised a plan for Hekmatyar to conduct a mass bombardment of the Afghan capital Kabul, then still under communist rule, with possible Pakistani troop enforcements. This unilateral ISI-Hekmatyar plan came although the thirty most important mujahideen commanders had agreed on holding a conference inclusive of all Afghan groups to decide on a common future strategy. The United States finally put pressure on Pakistan to stop the 1990 plan, which was subsequently called off until 1992.

• 1994

The Taliban regime is widely accepted to have been supported by the ISI and Pakistani military from 1994 to 2001, which Pakistan officially denied during that time, although then Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf now admits to supporting the Taliban until 9/11. According to Pakistani Afghanistan expert Ahmed Rashid, "between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan" on the side of the Taliban. Following the 9/11 attack on the United States by Al-Qaeda, Pakistan says it felt it necessary to cooperate with the US. Others, however, maintain Pakistan continues to support the Afghan Taliban, which Pakistan rejects.

• 2008

The Indian Consulate General in Jalalabad was attacked by terrorists in 2007. According to Afghanistan's National Directorate of Security, individuals arrested by the Afghan government stated that the ISI was behind this attack and had given them Rs 120,000 for the operation.

• 2001 onwards

American officials believe members of the Pakistani intelligence service are alerting militants to imminent American missile strikes in Pakistan's tribal areas. In October 2009, Davood Moradian, a senior policy adviser to foreign minister Spanta, said the British and American governments were fully aware of the ISI's role but lacked the courage to confront Islamabad. He claimed that the Afghan government had given British and American intelligence agents evidence that proved ISI involvement in bombings.

• 2010

A new report by the London School of Economics (LSE) claimed to provide the most concrete evidence yet that the ISI is providing funding, training and sanctuary to the Taliban insurgency on a scale much larger than previously thought. The report's author Matt Waldman spoke to nine Taliban field commanders in Afghanistan and concluded that Pakistan's relationship with the insurgents ran far deeper than previously realised. Some of those interviewed suggested that the organization even attended meetings of the Taliban's supreme council, the Quetta Shura. A spokesman for the Pakistani military dismissed the report, describing it as "malicious". General David Petraeus, commander of the US Central Command, refused to endorse this report in US congressional hearing and suggested that any contacts between ISI and extremists are for legitimate intelligence purposes, in his words "you have to have contact with bad guys to get intelligence on bad guys".

Bosnia

• 1993

The ISI was involved in supplying arms to the warring parties in Bosnia-Herzegovina to attack Serbs.

India

Indian intelligence agencies have claimed they have proof of ISI involvement with the Naxalites. A classified report accessed by the newspaper Asian Age said "the ISI in particular wants Naxals to cause largescale damage to infrastructure projects and industrial units operating in the interior parts of the country where ISI's own terror network is non-existent". In 2010, police in Bangalore claimed to have found evidence that the ISI were using local mafia types, Chhota Shakeel and Dawood Ibrahim, to establish links with the Naxalites.

• 1965

The 1965 war in Kashmir provoked a major crisis in intelligence. When the war started, there was a complete collapse of the operations of all the intelligence agencies, after the commencement of the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war, was apparently unable to locate an Indian armored division due to its preoccupation with political affairs. Ayub Khan set up a committee headed by General Yahya Khan to examine the working of the agencies.

• 1969–1974

The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and ISI worked in tandem with the Nixon Administration in assisting the Khalistan movement in Punjab.

• 1980

The PAF Field Intelligence Unit at their base in Karachi in July 1980 captured an Indian agent. He was interrogated and revealed that a large network of Indian spies were functioning in Karachi. The agent claimed that these spies, in addition to espionage, had also assassinated a few armed personnel. He also said the leader of the spy ring was being headed by the food and beverages manager at the Intercontinental Hotel in Karachi and a number of serving Air Force officers and ratings were on his payroll. The ISI decided to survey the manager to see who he was in contact with, but then President of Pakistan Zia-ul Haq superseded and wanted the manager and anyone else involved in the case arrested immediately. It was later proven that the manager was completely innocent.

• 1983

Ilam Din also known as Ilmo was an infamous Indian spy working from Pakistan. He had eluded being captured many times but on 23 March at 3 a.m., Ilmo and two other Indian spies were apprehended by Pakistani Rangers as they were illegally crossing into Pakistan from India. Their mission was to spy and report back on the new military equipment that Pakistan will be showing in their annual 23 March Pakistan day parade. Ilmo after being thoroughly interrogated was then forced by the ISI to send false information to his R&AW handlers in India. This process continued and many more Indian spies in Pakistan were flushed out, such as Roop Lal.

• 1984

ISI uncovered a secret deal in which naval base facilities were granted by Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to the USSR in Vizag and the Andaman & Nicobar Island and the alleged attachment of KGB advisers to the then Lieutenant General Sunderji who was the commander of Operation Blue Star in the Golden Temple in Amritsar in June 1984.

• 1984

ISI failed to perform a proper background check on the British company which supplied the Pakistan Army with its Arctic-weather gear. When Pakistan attempted to secure the top of the Siachen Glacier in 1984, it placed a large order for Arctic-weather gear with the same company that also supplied the Indian Army with its gear. Indians were easily alerted to the large Pakistani purchase and deduced that this large purchase could be used to equip troops to capture the glacier. India quickly mounted a military operation (Operation Meghdoot) and captured entire glacier.

• 1988

ISI implemented Operation Tupac, a three part action plan for covertly supporting the Kashmiri freedom fighters in their fight against the Indian authorities in Kashmir, initiated by President Zia Ul Haq in 1988 After success of Operation Tupac, support to Kashmiri freedom fighters became Pakistan's state policy. ISI is widely believed to train and support freedom movement in Kashmir region.

• 2014

In February 2014, as the British paper Daily Mail disclosed in March 2015, the then Indian chief of army staff General Bikram Singh issued orders to deploy troops along the borders with Pakistan in Rajasthan and Jammu-Kashmir region, but ISI got the information in few hours and as a reaction Pakistan Army deployed its troops near the Indian borders which rung the bells among Indian authorities.

• 2016

Home Minister Balochistan, Pakistan, Sarfraz Bugti informed on 26 March 2016 that a serving Indian Naval officer, Kulbhushan Yadav, working for Indian spy agency RAW was arrested in Balochistan, by ISI.

Pakistan

The ISI was also accused to be involved in a scandal the Mehran bank scandal dubbed "Mehrangate", in which top ISI and Army brass were allegedly given large sums of money by Yunus Habib (the owner of Mehran Bank) to deposit ISI's foreign exchange reserves in Mehran Bank.

• 1980

ISI became aware of a plot to assassinate the President of Pakistan, Zia-ul-Haq and then launch a bloody coup to depose the current government and install an Islamic government in its place. The attempted assassination and coup was to occur on 23 March 1980 during the annual 23 March Pakistan Day Parade. The masterminds behind the coup were high-ranking Military and Intelligence officers and were led by Major General Tajammal Hussain Malik, his son, Captain Naveed and his nephew Major Riaz, a former Military Intelligence officer. ISI decided against arresting these men outright because they did not know how deep this conspiracy went and kept these men under strict surveillance. As the date of the annual parade approached, ISI was satisfied that it had identified the major players in this conspiracy and then arrested these men along with quite a few high-ranking military officers.

• 1985

ISI's Internal Political Division has been accused by various members of the Pakistan People's Party in assassinating Shahnawaz Bhutto, one of the two brothers of Benazir Bhutto, through poisoning in the French Riviera in the middle of 1985 in an attempt to intimidate her into not returning to Pakistan for directing the movement against Zia's Military government, but no proof has been found implicating the ISI.

• 1987

ISI failed to prevent the KHAD/KGB terror campaign in Pakistan which in 1987 led to the deaths of about 324 Pakistanis in separate terror incidents.

• 1988

ISI failed to prevent the mysterious assassination of the President of Pakistan, Zia-ul-Haq in the crash of his C-130 Hercules aircraft near Bahawalpur which was possibly orchestrated by the KGB and KHAD and most likely supported by Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)

• 1990

The ISI has been deeply involved in domestic politics of Pakistan since the late 1950s. The 1990 elections for example were widely believed to have been rigged by the ISI in favor of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) party, a conglomerate of nine mainly rightist parties by the ISI under Lt. General Hameed Gul, to ensure the defeat of Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in the polls.

• 2000s

ISI is actively engaged with the Pakistan armed forces in the War in North-West Pakistan against Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, and so far is reported to have lost 78 ISI personnel, most notably Khalid Khawaja and Colonel Imam.

• 2011

Five Pakistanis who worked as informants for the CIA to pass information leading to the Death of Osama bin Laden had been arrested by the ISI in the wake of the raid. However, among them, the US was trying to seek the release of Dr. Shakil Afridi in particular, who ran a fake vaccination campaign that provided critical intelligence for the raid on the Bin Laden compound. But the Pakistani government and military establishment refused to release Dr. Afridi who has since been serving a 33-year prison sentence.

Libya

• 1978

ISI decided to spy on the residence of Colonel Hussain Imam Mabruk who was a Military Attaché to the Embassy of Libya in Islamabad as he had made some inflammatory statements towards the military regime of Zia-ul-Haq. The spying paid off as he was seen talking with two Pakistani gentlemen who entered and left the compound suspiciously. The ISI monitored the two men and were later identified as Pakistani exiles that hated the current military regime and were Bhutto loyalists. They had received terrorist training in Libya and were ready to embark on a terrorist campaign in Pakistan to force the Army to step down from power. All members of the conspiracy were apprehended before any damage could be done.

• 1981

In 1981, a Libyan Security company called Al Murtaza Associates sent recruiters to Pakistan to entice former soldiers and servicemen for high paying security jobs in Libya. In reality, Libya was recruiting mercenaries to fight with Chad and Egypt as it had border disputes with both nations. ISI became aware of the plot and the whole scheme was stopped. (See also CIA transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities#Southwest Asia, Operation Cyclone, Badaber Uprising.)

Iran

• 1979

After the failure of Operation Eagle Claw, the U.S. media outlets such as Newsweek and Time reported that CIA agents stationed in Tehran had obtained information in regard to the location of the hostages, in-house information from a Pakistani cook who used to work for the U.S. Embassy. ISI successfully gathered evidence, and intercepted communication documents and showed it to the Iranian Chief of J-2 which cleared the cook.

• 2016

A notable gangster of the Lyari Gang War, Uzair Baloch, who also holds Iranian nationality, was arrested in an intelligence-based operation by Sindh Rangers. In his hand-written confession, Baloch states that he was offered an all-expenses-paid residence in Tehran by Iran's Ministry of Intelligence officials in exchange for providing sensitive information regarding Pakistan Army's operations in Karachi. He says that the offer came through a third-party while he was staying in Iran's port city of Chabahar.

Iraq

• 2017

After ISIS's defeat in Mosul, Iraqi envoy to Pakistan, Ali Yasin Muhammad Karim, held a press conference in which he appreciated Pakistan's help during the fight against the terrorist organization. He especially appreciated the intelligence-sharing of ISI and expressed interest in continuing the intelligence cooperation between the two countries.

France

• 1979

ISI discovered a surveillance mission to Kahuta Research Laboratories nuclear complex on 26 June 1979 by the French Ambassador to Pakistan, Le Gourrierec and his First Secretary, Jean Forlot. Both were arrested and their cameras and other sensitive equipment were confiscated. Intercepted documents later on showed that the two were recruited by the CIA.

Soviet Union and post-Soviet states

• 1980

ISI had placed a mole in the Soviet Union's embassy in Islamabad. The mole reported that the Third Secretary in the Soviet Embassy was after information in regard to the Karakurum Highway and was obtaining it from a middle level employee, Mr. Ejaz, of the Northern Motor Transport Company. ISI contacted Ejaz who then confessed that a few months ago the Soviet diplomat approached him and threatened his family unless he divulged sensitive information in regard to the highway such as alignment of the road, location of bridges, the number of Chinese personnel working on the Highway, etc. The ISI instead of confronting the Soviet diplomat chose to feed him with false information. This continued until the Soviet diplomat was satisfied that Ejaz had been bled white of all the information and then dropped him as a source.

• 1991–1993

Major General Sultan Habib who was an operative of the ISI's Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous department successfully procured nuclear material while being posted as the Defence Attaché in the Pakistani Embassy in Moscow from 1991 to 1993 and concurrently obtaining other materials from Central Asian Republics, Poland and the former Czechoslovakia. After Moscow, Major General Habib then coordinated shipping of missiles from North Korea and the training of Pakistani experts in the missile production. These two acts greatly enhanced Pakistan's nuclear weapons program and their missile delivery systems.

United Kingdom

United States

• 1980s

ISI successfully intercepted two American private-sector weapons dealers during the Soviet-Afghan war of the 1980s. One American diplomat, whose name has not been de-classified, lived in the F-7/4 sector of Islamabad and was by an ISI agent in a seedy part of Rawalpindi, drawing attention due to his automobile's diplomatic plates. He was bugged and subsequently trailed and found to be in contact with various tribal groups supplying them with weapons for their fight with the Soviet Army in Afghanistan. The second American weapons dealer was Eugene Clegg, a teacher in the American International School. One American International School employee and under cover agent Mr. Naeem was arrested while waiting to clear shippment from Islamabad customs. All of them were put out of business.

• 2000s

The ISI is suspicious about the CIA's attempted penetration of Pakistan nuclear assets and intelligence gathering in the Pakistani law-less tribal areas. Based on these suspicions, it is speculated that the ISI is pursuing a counter-intelligence program against CIA operations in Pakistan and Afghanistan. ISI former DG Ashfaq Parvez Kayani is also reported to have said, "real aim of U.S. strategy is to denuclearize Pakistan."

• 2011

In the aftermath of a shooting involving American CIA agent Raymond Davis, the ISI had become more alert and suspicious about the CIA's spy network in Pakistan, which had disrupted the ISI-CIA cooperation. At least 30 suspected covert American operatives have suspended their activities in Pakistan and 12 have reportedly left the country.

A Chinese woman believed to be an ISI agent, who headed the Chinese unit of a US manufacturer was charged with illegally exporting high-performance coatings for Pakistan's nuclear power plants. Xun Wang, a former managing director of PPG Paints Trading in Shanghai, a Chinese subsidiary of United States-based PPG Industries, Inc, was indicted on a charge of conspiring to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and related offences. Wang is accused of conspiring to export and re-export, and exporting and re-exporting specially designed, high-performance epoxy coatings to the Chashma 2 Nuclear Power Plant in Pakistan. Wang and her co-conspirators agreed upon a scheme to export and re-export the high-performance epoxy coatings from the United States to Pakistan's Chashma II plant, via a third-party distributor in People's Republic of China.

ISI operative Mohammed Tasleem, an attache in the New York consulate, was found by the FBI in 2010 to be issuing threats against Pakistanis living in the United States, to prevent them from speaking openly about Pakistan's government. US officials and Pakistani journalists and scholars say the ISI has a systematic campaign to threaten those who speak critically of the Pakistan military.

Al Qaeda and Taliban Captured Terrorists

Ramzi Yousef

Ramzi Yousef, one of the planners of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing as well as the Bojinka plot. Pakistani intelligence, and the Department of State – U.S. Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) Special Agents, captured Yousef in Islamabad, Pakistan. On 7 February 1995, they raided room #16 in the Su-Casa Guest House in Islamabad, Pakistan, and captured Yousef before he could move to Peshawar.

Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi

In November 2001, Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi, a Libyan paramilitary trainer for Al-Qaeda attempted to flee Afghanistan following the collapse of the Taliban precipitating the 2001 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan but was captured by ISI.

Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh

London School of Economics alumni Sheikh Omar Saeed, a British-born terrorist originally recruited by British intelligence agency, MI6 was arrested by ISI on 12 February 2002, from Lahore, in conjunction with the Pearl kidnapping. The Wall Street Journal journalist Daniel Pearl was kidnapped, had his throat slit, and then been beheaded and Sheikh Omar Saeed was named the chief suspect.

Abu Zubaydah

Abu Zubaydah, an Al-Qaeda terrorist responsible for hatching multiple terrorist plots including sending Ahmed Ressam to blow up the Los Angeles airport in 2000. He was captured on 28 March 2002 in a joint ISI-CIA raid from Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Ramzi bin al-Shibh

Ramzi bin al-Shibh, an Al-Qaeda terrorist responsible for planning the 9/11 terrorist attacks as well as the attack on 2000 USS Cole bombing, and the 2002 Ghriba synagogue bombing in Tunisia. On 11 September 2002, the ISI successfully captured Ramzi bin al-Shibh during a raid in Karachi.

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks as well as other significant terrorist plots over the last twenty years, including the World Trade Center 1993 bombings, the Operation Bojinka plot, an aborted 2002 attack on the U.S. Bank Tower in Los Angeles, the Bali nightclub bombings, the failed bombing of American Airlines Flight 63, the Millennium Plot, and the murder of Daniel Pearl. On 1 March 2003, the ISI successfully captured KSM in a joint raid with the CIA's Special Activities Division paramilitary operatives and the Diplomatic Security Service Special Agents in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

Abu Faraj al-Libi

Al-Qaeda's third-in-command Abu Faraj al-Libi, mastermind of two failed attempts on President Pervez Musharraf's life was apprehended by ISI in May 2005.

Maulvi Omar

Senior aid to Baitullah Mehsud captured by ISI in August 2009.

Abdul Ghani Baradar

Taliban's deputy commander, Abdul Ghani Baradar was captured by ISI in Pakistan on 8 February 2010, in a morning raid.

Apprehended Spies

Commander Kulbhushan Sudhir Jadhav currently a serving officer in the Indian Navy was working on Non-official cover (NOC) with the R&AW under the cover name of Hossein Mubarak Patel from the Iranian port town of Bandar Abbas.

He commenced intelligence operations in 2003, and established a business in Chahbahar, Iran from where he has been directing various subversive activities in the port city Karachi and Balochistan. He was able to go undetected and visited Karachi multiple times between in 2003 and 2004 where his job was to hold meetings with Baloch insurgents and collaborated with them to carry out terrorists activities, leading to the killing of Pakistani citizens. He also had contacts with banned organizations including BLA and drug barons like Uzair Baloch, working on plans to break Karachi and Balochistan away from Pakistan, and to sabotage the billion dollar China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project.

Jadhav's phone was under surveillance by the Pakistani intelligence and was lured in by them. On March 3, 2016, when he attempted to cross over into Pakistan from the Saravan border (Iran), he was arrested by ISI. He confessed to all the charges and was sentenced to death by the court on April 10, 2017.

Reception

Critics of the ISI say that it has become a state within a state and not accountable enough. Some analysts say that this is because of the fact that intelligence agencies around the world remain secretive. Critics argue the institution should be held more accountable to the Prime Minister or Parliament.

U.S. government

During the Cold War, the ISI and the CIA worked together to send spy planes into the Soviet Union. The ISI and CIA also worked closely during the Soviet–Afghan War supporting groups such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami and Jalaluddin Haqqani, leader of the Haqqani network.

Some report the ISI and CIA stepped up cooperation in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks to kill and capture senior Al Qaeda leaders such as Sheikh Younis Al Mauritan and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, the planner of the 9/11 attacks who was residing in Pakistan. Pakistan claims that in total around 100 top level al-Qaeda leaders/operators were killed/arrested by ISI. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said Pakistan is paying a "big price for supporting the U.S. war against terror groups. ... I think it is important to note that as they have made these adjustments in their own assessment of their national interests, they're paying a big price for it".

Other senior international officials, however, maintain that senior Al Qaeda leaders such as Osama Bin Laden have been hidden by the ISI in major settled areas of Pakistan with the full knowledge of the Pakistani military leadership. A December 2011 analysis report by the Jamestown Foundation came to the conclusion that "in spite of denials by the Pakistani military, evidence is emerging that elements within the Pakistani military harbored Osama bin Laden with the knowledge of former army chief General Pervez Musharraf and possibly former Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General Ashfaq Pervez Kayani. Former Pakistani General Ziauddin Butt (a.k.a. General Ziauddin Khawaja) revealed at a conference on Pakistani–U.S. relations in October 2011 that according to his knowledge the then former Director-General of Intelligence Bureau of Pakistan (2004–2008), Brigadier Ijaz Shah (retd.), had kept Osama bin Laden in an Intelligence Bureau safe house in Abbottabad." Pakistani General Ziauddin Butt said Bin Laden had been hidden in Abbottabad by the ISI "with the full knowledge" of Pervez Musharraf but later denied making any such statement, saying his words were altered by the media, he said: "It is the hobby of the Western media to distort the facts for their own purposes." U.S. military officials have increasingly said, they do not notify Pakistani officials before conducting operations against the Afghan Taliban or Al Qaeda, because they fear Pakistani officials may tip them off.

International officials have accused the ISI of continuing to support and even lead the Taliban today in the War in Afghanistan (2001–present). As Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Mike Mullen stated:

The fact remains that the Quetta Shura and the Haqqani Network operate from Pakistan with impunity ... Extremist organizations serving as proxies of the government of Pakistan are attacking Afghan troops and civilians as well as US soldiers. ... For example, we believe the Haqqani Network—which has long enjoyed the support and protection of the Pakistani government ... is, in many ways, a strategic arm of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Agency.

— 

The Associated Press reported that "the president said Mullen's statement 'expressed frustration' over the insurgent safe havens in Pakistan. But Obama said 'the intelligence is not as clear as we might like in terms of what exactly that relationship is.' Obama added that whether Pakistan's ties with the Haqqani network are active or passive, Pakistan has to deal with it."

The Guantanamo Bay files leak, however, showed that the US authorities unofficially consider the ISI as a terrorist organization equally dangerous as Al Qaeda and Taliban, and many allegations of its supporting terrorist activities have been made.

In 2017, General Joseph Dunford, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, accused ISI of having ties to terror groups. In a Senate hearing, Dunford told members of the U.S. Senate: "It is clear to me that the ISI has connections with terrorist groups."

Indian government

India, being the nuclear archival of Pakistan has accused ISI of plotting the Mumbai terror attacks in March 1993 which were carried out Indian underworld gangsters. According to the United States diplomatic cables leak, the ISI had previously shared intelligence information with Mossad regarding possible terrorist attacks against Jewish and Israeli sites in India in late 2008. ISI is also accused of supporting pro-independence militias in the disputed region Jammu & Kashmir while Pakistan denies all such claims. and maintains that it only provides moral support to the 'oppressed' people of occupied Kashmir.

Controversies

The ISI has been accused of using proxies against its neighbors particularly India and Afghanistan. According to Grant Holt and David H. Gray "The agency specializes in utilizing proxies for Pakistani foreign policy, covert action abroad, and controlling domestic politics." James Forest says there has been increasing proof from counter-terrorism organizations that militants and the Taliban continue to receive assistance from the ISI. All external operations are carried out under the supervision of the S Wing of the ISI.

Support for Militants in the Indian Administered Kashmir

Hizbul Mujahideen

Hizbul Mujahideen were created as the Kashmiri branch of Jamaat-i-Islami. It has been reported that JI founded Hizbul Mujahideen at the request of the ISI to counter the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front(JKLF) who are advocates for the independence of Kashmir. Although the failure of 1987 elections in Kashmir and afterwards arrest of Muhammad Yusuf a.k.a. Syed Salahuddin led to the events that created armed struggle in the valley.

Al-Badr

There have been three incarnations of the group Al-Badr. According to Peter Tomsen, the ISI in conjunction with Jamaat-e-Islami formed the first Al-Badr who resisted the Indian trained influx of Mukti Bahini in Bangladesh in the 1970s. The third Al-Badr (India)

Haqqani network

The CIA and ISI jointly created Haqqani network to counter USSR in Afghanistan. It is widely believed the suicide attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul was planned with the help of the ISI to retaliate the attack on Pakistan embassy in Kabul which ISI believed was R&AW's handiwork. Former US Secretary of Defence Chuck Hagel said, "India has over the years financed problems for Pakistan from across the border in Afghanistan".

A report in 2008 from the Director of National Intelligence stated that the ISI provides intelligence and funding to help with attacks against the International Security Assistance Force, the Afghan government and Indian targets. However, on 5 November 2014, Lt. Gen. Joseph Anderson, a senior commander for US and NATO forces in Afghanistan, said in a Pentagon-hosted video briefing from Afghanistan that the Haqqani network is now "fractured" like the Taliban. "They are fractured. They are fractured like the Taliban is. That's based pretty much on the Pakistan's operations in North Waziristan this entire summer-fall," he said, acknowledging the effectiveness of Pakistan's military offensive in North Waziristan. "That has very much disrupted their efforts in Afghanistan and has caused them to be less effective in terms of their ability to pull off an attack in Kabul," Anderson added. Former Director CIA General David Petraeus also rubbished such claims and went further to state that ISI like any other spy agency of the world maintains communication with such groups for operational purposes but CIA never found any evidence of ISI supporting terrorism or playing doublegames with USA.

Nepal

The ISI is also active in Nepal. On 1 August 2007, Abdul Wahab, a Pakistani national and ISI agent was detained in Kathmandu with $252,000 worth of counterfeit Indian currency.

Attacks on journalists

Amnesty International published document over the investigation of ISI over murder case of Saleem Shahzad. However, the judicial commission formed by the Government of Pakistan comprising judges of country’s highest judiciary, after hearing testimonies of media bigwigs and spy chiefs concluded that nothing concrete has been provided by the complainants that could establish complicity of spy agencies in the murder.

Losses

Soon after Pakistan became a front line US ally in the War on Terror against Al-Qaeda, Taliban and their affiliates, the country's armed forces, intelligence services (particularly ISI & MI), military industrial complexes, paramilitary forces and law enforcement agencies have come under intense attacks. ISI has played major role in identification and targeting of these groups, therefore it has faced retaliatory strikes as well. As of 2011, more than 300 ISI officials have laid down their lives in the line of duty. Below are some major incidents when attempts were made to target ISI.

• 28 November 2007: A suicide bomber rammed his vehicle into bus carrying ISI officials just as it was entering the gate of Hamza Camp, a walled compound where the ISI maintain offices and residential buildings in Rawalpindi. Thirty 30 agents lost their lives.
• 27 May 2009: Suicide attackers rammed explosives-laden van into a building housing provincial headquarters of the ISI in Lahore. Almost 300 people were wounded in the attack whereas 30 people including four officials of ISI and 14 policemen were killed. ISI Station Chief Lahore Lt Col Mirza Aamir Baig embraced martyrdom fighting the attackers. . His elder brother rose to the rank of three star officer (Lt Gen Shahid Baig Mirza). The attack was financed financed by a US citizen and carried out by Maldivian national.
• 13 November 2009: At least 13 people among 10 intelligence officials were killed and 60 were injured when a suicide bomber boarded on an explosive-laden truck first tried to cross the military check post but upon resistance of security personnel, the bomber detonated 400 kgs of explosive-laden vehicle near provincial headquarters of the ISI in Peshawar.
• 8 December 2009: In a failed attempt, two suicide attackers TTP tried to ambush regional office of ISI (Multan) but faced tough resistance at police check point. 8 innocent people lost their lives including two ISI agents and 47 were injured on . Two army personnel were dead and seven while seven officials were injured. About 800–1000 kg of explosives were used.
• 14 September 2011: Three ISI officials were killed and one was wounded when a vehicle carrying agency personnel was ambushed in FR Bannu.
• 4 July 2013: Five terrorists rammed an explosives-laden vehicle into the regional office of ISI (Sukkur). It was followed by intense firing. The local ISI commander Major Zeeshan Suddle fought the terrorist bravely and received eight bullets before embracing martyrdom.
• February 17, 2014: Major Daanish Abdul Wahid of Counter-terrorism (CT) directorate of ISI successfully tracked and intercepted terrorists near Khanewal. The panicked terrorist opened fire from their AK-47s and emptied full magazine into Major Wahid's body. The daring action by the officer not only led to apprehension of militants but also saved the provincial capital Lahore from a major disaster. He was posthumously awarded Tamgha-e-Basalat.
• June 16, 2014: Inspector Umer Mubeen Jilani was kidnapped by seven armed men when he left his house in Multan. His bullet-riddled body was found after two years on March 05, 2017. Wrapped in a black plastic bag, the body was dressed in an orange uniform similar to the ones worn by prisoners at the US military’s Guantanamo Bay detention camp with following words written on the uniform: ‘Daesh Al-Bakistan’, ‘Inspector Umer Mubeen Jilani’. Daesh is acronym for terrorist group Islamic State. He was hit by five bullets; two in the back and one each in the head, right arm and left leg.
• 29 October 2014: Umer Sajid, Deputy Director ISI had Masters in Economic Policy from University of Boston, USA. He embraced martyrdom during an intelligence based operation fighting militants in Noshki, Balochistan.
• 9 Aug 2017: Inspector Yasir Manzoor of ISI was riding a motorcycle when he got killed in a drive-by ambush in Multan.

In popular culture and literature

ISI was portrayed in the fourth season of the American television drama series Homeland in which the protagonist Carrie Mathison CIA operative working as Station Chief in Afghanistan was embroiled in complicated web of espionage and concludes that the ISI might be working with the Taliban in connivance with top CIA bigwigs of Langley.

ISI was also portrayed in the second season of The Americans, an American period spy thriller television series set in the early 1980s during the Cold War about two KGB illegal working in USA. They honey trapped ISI officer on his visit to USA where he was sent to discuss developments of joint ISI-CIA clandestine operations during the Soviet-Afghan war with his counterpart.

2007 Hollywood movie Charlie Wilson's War is based on the true story of U.S. Congressman Charlie Wilson  who lobbied for equipping Afghan mujahideen with FIM-43 Redeye MANPADS surface-to-air anti-aircraft missiles during Operation Cyclone. The movie underscores the significant covert role played by ISI during the war.

See also

• Afghan War documents leak
• Brigadier Imtiaz
• Colonel Imam
• History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)
• Intelligence cycle management
• Inter-Service Intelligence activities in Afghanistan
• Inter Services Public Relations
• Military Intelligence of Pakistan
• Operation Cyclone

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Bibliography

• Gregory, Shaun (2007), "The ISI and the War on Terrorism", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30 (12): 1013–1031, doi:10.1080/10576100701670862, ISSN 1057-610X {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)

Further reading

• Ayub, Muhammad (2005), An Army, Its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil from 1947–1999, Pittsburgh: RoseDog Books, ISBN 0-8059-9594-3
• Jan, Abid Ullah (2006), From BCCI to ISI: The Saga of Entrapment Continues, Ottawa: Pragmatic Publishing, ISBN 0-9733687-6-4
• Yousaf, Mohammad; Adkin, Mark (2001), Afghanistan the Bear Trap: The Defeat of a Superpower, Barnsley: Leo Cooper, ISBN 0-85052-860-7
• Coll, Steve (2004), Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to 10 September 2001, New York: Penguin Press, ISBN 1-59420-007-6
• Henderson, Robert D'A (2003), Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook, Dulles, VA: Brassey's, ISBN 1-57488-550-2
• Schneider, Jerrold E.; Chari, P. R.; Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal; Cohen, Stephen Phillip (2003), Perception, Politics and Security in South Asia: The Compound Crisis in 1990, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-30797-X
• Crile, George (2003), Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History, New York: Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-4124-2
• Todd, Paul; Bloch, Jonathan (2003), Global Intelligence: The World's Secret Services Today, Dhaka: University Press, ISBN 1-84277-113-2
• Bamford, James (2004), A Pretext for War: 9/11, Iraq, and the Abuse of America's Intelligence Agencies, New York: Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-50672-4
• Kiessling, Hein G. (2016), Faith, Unity, Discipline: The ISI of Pakistan: India: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-93-5177-796-0

External links

• Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU)

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