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| {{About|the mountain|the 1960s rock band|Mount Rushmore (band)}} | |||
| {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}} | |||
| {{Infobox protected area | |||
| |name = Mount Rushmore National Memorial | |||
| |iucn_category = III | |||
| |photo = File:Mount rushmore July 2017.jpg | |||
| |photo_caption = Mount Rushmore with sculptures of ], ], ] and ] (left to right) | |||
| |map = USA | |||
| |relief = 4 | |||
| |map_caption = | |||
| |location = ], ] | |||
| |nearest_city = ] | |||
| |coordinates = {{coord|43|52|44|N|103|27|35|W|type:landmark_region:US-SD|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | |||
| |coords_ref = | |||
| |area_acre = 1278 | |||
| |established = March 3, 1925 | |||
| |visitation_num = 2,431,231 | |||
| |visitation_year = 2016 | |||
| |visitation_ref = <ref name=tourismstat>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/moru/learn/management/statistics.htm|title=Park Statistics|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|publisher=]|accessdate=January 23, 2018}}</ref> | |||
| |governing_body = ] | |||
| |website = | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Mount Rushmore National Memorial''' is a ] carved into the ] face of '''Mount Rushmore''', a ] in the ] in ], ]. Sculptor ] created the sculpture's design and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son, ].<ref name="delBianco">{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/29/nyregion/luigi-del-bianco-mount-rushmore.html | title = An Immigrant’s Contribution to Mount Rushmore Is Recognized, 75 Years Later | last = Roberts | first = Sam | date = June 28, 2016 | accessdate = September 19, 2017 | newspaper = ]}}</ref><ref name="delBiancoSDMag">{{cite magazine | magazine = ] | title = Slight of Hand | url = http://www.southdakotamagazine.com/slight-of-hand | accessdate = September 22, 2017 | last = Andrews | first = John | date = May 2014}}</ref> Mount Rushmore features {{convert|60|ft|m|adj=on}} sculptures of the heads of four ]: ] (1732–1799), ] (1743–1826), ] (1858–1919), and ] (1809–1865).<ref>. December 6, 2005.60 SD Web Traveler, Inc. Retrieved April 7, 2006.</ref> The memorial park covers {{convert|1278.45|acre|sqmi km2|sigfig=3}}<ref>McGeveran, William A. Jr. ''et al.'' (2004). ''The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2004''. New York: World Almanac Education Group, Inc. {{ISBN|0-88687-910-8}}.</ref> and is<!--which part of it? It covers a wide range of elevations--> {{convert|5725|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name="peakbagger"> (November 1, 2004). Peakbagger.com. Retrieved March 13, 2006.</ref> | |||
| South Dakota historian ] is credited with conceiving the idea of carving the likenesses of famous people into the Black Hills region of South Dakota in order to promote tourism in the region. Robinson's initial idea was to sculpt the ]; however, Gutzon Borglum rejected the Needles because of the poor quality of the granite and strong opposition from Native American groups. They settled on Mount Rushmore, which also has the advantage of facing southeast for maximum sun exposure. Robinson wanted it to feature ] heroes like ], ],<ref>'!'', episode 5x08 "Mount Rushmore", May 10, 2007</ref> and ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohranger.com/mount-rushmore/making-mount-rushmore |title=Making Mount Rushmore | Mount Rushmore |publisher=Oh, Ranger! |date= |accessdate=October 31, 2012}}</ref> but Borglum decided the sculpture should have broader appeal and chose the four presidents. | |||
| After securing federal funding through the enthusiastic sponsorship of "Mount Rushmore's great political patron" U.S. Senator ],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/rushmore-norbeck/|title=Biography:Senator Peter Norbeck|work=American Experience: Mount Rushmore|publisher=PBS|accessdate=July 20, 2013}}</ref> construction on the memorial began in 1927, and the presidents' faces were completed between 1934 and 1939. Upon Gutzon Borglum's death in March 1941, his son ] took over as leader of the construction project. Each president was originally to be depicted from head to waist. Lack of funding forced construction to end on October 31, 1941.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mount Rushmore|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/rushmore-transcript/|website=American Experience – TV's Most Watched History Series|publisher=PBS|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref> | |||
| Mount Rushmore has become an iconic symbol of the United States, and it has appeared in works of fiction, as well as being discussed or depicted in other popular works. It attracts over two million visitors annually.<ref name="tourismstat" /> | |||
| == History == | |||
| {{See also|Construction of Mount Rushmore|Post-presidency of George Washington}} | |||
| {{Black Hills and Badlands}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| Originally known to the ] ] as "The Six Grandfathers" (Tunkasila Sakpe) or "Cougar Mountain" (Igmu Tanka Paha),<ref>{{cite web|title=Feature Detail Report for: Mount Rushmore|url=https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq|publisher=US Board on Geographic Names|date=February 13, 1980}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-tc.pbs.org/nationalparks/media/pdfs/untold_stories_mount_rushmore.pdf|series=]|title=Untold Stories Discussion Guide: Baker and Mount Rushmore|publisher=]|page=2|quote=Mount Rushmore – a rocky outcropping the Lakota had called 'The Six Grandfathers,' named for the earth, the sky, and the four directions|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018095719/http://www-tc.pbs.org/nationalparks/media/pdfs/untold_stories_mount_rushmore.pdf|archivedate=October 18, 2015|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> the mountain was renamed after ], a prominent ] lawyer, during an expedition in 1885.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Belanger|first1=Ian A.|last2=Kennedy|first2=Sally|author3=Allison|last4=McMeen|first4=Melissa|last5=Arnold|first5=John |url=http://t3.preservice.org/T0211461/history/|title=Mt. Rushmore — presidents on the rocks|date=April 21, 2002|archivedate=May 14, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514075853/http://t3.preservice.org/T0211461/history/ |deadurl=yes|accessdate=January 11, 2016}}</ref> At first, the project of carving Rushmore was undertaken to increase tourism in the ] region of South Dakota. After long negotiations involving a ] delegation and President ], the project received Congressional approval. The carving started in 1927 and ended in 1941 with no fatalities.<ref name=NPSfacts>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/faqs.htm |title=Mount Rushmore National Memorial Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=December 2, 2009}}</ref> | |||
| As Six Grandfathers, the mountain was part of the route that Lakota leader ] took in a spiritual journey that culminated at ]. Following a series of ] from 1876 to 1878, the United States asserted control over the area, a claim that is still disputed on the basis of the 1868 ] (see section "]" below). Among American settlers, the peak was known variously as Cougar Mountain, Sugarloaf Mountain, Slaughterhouse Mountain, and Keystone Cliffs. It was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by Charles Rushmore, David Swanzey (husband of ]), and Bill Challis.<ref name=KAHS>Keystone Area Historical Society {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909061644/http://www.keystonechamber.com/kahs/characters.html |date=September 9, 2006 }}. Retrieved October 3, 2006.</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Historian ] conceived the idea for Mount Rushmore in 1923 to promote ] in South Dakota. In 1924, Robinson persuaded sculptor ] to travel to the Black Hills region to ensure the carving could be accomplished. Borglum had been involved in sculpting the ], a massive ] memorial to ] leaders on ] in ], but was in disagreement with the officials there.<ref name=Carving>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rushmore/peopleevents/e_stonemtn.html|title=People & Events: The Carving of Stone Mountain|work=American Experience|publisher=PBS|accessdate=March 17, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413223326/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rushmore/peopleevents/e_stonemtn.html|archivedate=April 13, 2010|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> | |||
| The original plan was to make the carvings in ] pillars known as the ]. However, Borglum realized that the eroded Needles were too thin to support sculpting. He chose Mount Rushmore, a grander location, partly because it faced southeast and enjoyed maximum exposure to the sun. Borglum said upon seeing Mount Rushmore, "America will march along that skyline."<ref name=autogenerated1> (October 2, 2004). National Park Service.</ref> ] authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission on March 3, 1925.<ref name=autogenerated1/> | |||
| ] | |||
| Between October 4, 1927, and October 31, 1941, Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/historyculture/carving-history.htm |title=Carving History |accessdate=February 22, 2013 |publisher=National Park Service }}</ref> sculpted the colossal 60 foot (18 m) high carvings of ] ], ], ], and ] to represent the first 130 years of American history. These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory.<ref name=autogenerated1/><ref name="autogenerated2">], "Patriarchy Fixed in Stone: Gutzon Borglum's 'Mount Rushmore'," ''American Art'', Vol. 5, No. 1/2. (Winter – Spring, 1991), pp. 142–67.</ref> The carving of Mount Rushmore involved the use of ], followed by the process of "honeycombing", a process where workers drill holes close together, allowing small pieces to be removed by hand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/moru/park_history/carving_hist/workers.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801031839/http://www.nps.gov/archive/moru/park_history/carving_hist/workers.htm|archivedate=August 1, 2008|title=Honeycombing process explained from|publisher=nps.gov|date=June 14, 2004|accessdate=March 20, 2010|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In total, about {{convert|450,000|ST}} of rock were blasted off the mountainside.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/moru/|title=Geology Fieldnotes|publisher=nps.gov|date=January 4, 2005|accessdate=October 22, 2010}}</ref> The image of Thomas Jefferson was originally intended to appear in the area at Washington's right, but after the work there was begun, the rock was found to be unsuitable, so the work on the Jefferson figure was dynamited, and a new figure was sculpted to Washington's left.<ref name=autogenerated1/> | |||
| The Chief Carver of the mountain was Luigi del Bianco, artisan and headstone carver in Port Chester, NY. Del Bianco emigrated to the U.S. from ] in Italy, and was chosen to work on this project because of his remarkable skill at etching emotions and personality into his carved portraits.<ref name=delBianco /><ref name=delBiancoSDMag /> | |||
| In 1933, the National Park Service took Mount Rushmore under its jurisdiction. Julian Spotts helped with the project by improving its infrastructure. For example, he had the tram upgraded so it could reach the top of Mount Rushmore for the ease of workers. By July 4, 1934, Washington's face had been completed and was dedicated. The face of Thomas Jefferson was dedicated in 1936, and the face of Abraham Lincoln was dedicated on September 17, 1937. In 1937, a bill was introduced in Congress to add the head of civil-rights leader ], but a ] was passed on an appropriations bill requiring federal funds be used to finish only those heads that had already been started at that time.<ref name=timeline> "Timeline: Mount Rushmore" (2002). Retrieved March 20, 2006.</ref> In 1939, the face of Theodore Roosevelt was dedicated. | |||
| The Sculptor's Studio – a display of unique plaster models and tools related to the sculpting – was built in 1939 under the direction of Borglum. Borglum had planned to make a secret room behind the hairline of Abraham Lincoln which was supposed to be a doorway to a chamber originally intended to hold some of America's most treasured documents but was left unfinished due to his death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.history.com/news/mount-rushmores-secret-chamber|title=Mount Rushmore's Secret Chamber – History in the Headlines|newspaper=HISTORY.com|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> Borglum died from an ] in March 1941. His son, ], continued the project. Originally, it was planned that the figures would be carved from head to waist,<ref>.</ref> but insufficient funding forced the carving to end. Borglum had also planned a massive panel in the shape of the ] commemorating in eight-foot-tall gilded letters the ], ], Louisiana Purchase, and seven other territorial acquisitions from ] to ] to the ].<ref name="autogenerated2" /> In total, the entire project cost US$989,992.32.<ref name=SDTourism>. Tourism in South Dakota. Laura R. Ahmann. Retrieved March 19, 2006.</ref> Unusually for a project of such size, no workers died during the carving.<ref>. Outdoorplaces.com. Retrieved June 7, 2006.</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] and ] designed the original visitor center, finished in 1957.<ref name=sdhistory_37_4>{{cite article|title = Designing for South Dakota and the Upper Midwest: The Career of Architect Harold T. Spitznagel, 1930—1974|journal = ]|volume = 37|number=4|pages=271-305|date=Winter 2007|url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-37-4/designing-for-south-dakota-and-the-upper-midwest-the-career-of-architect-harold-t-spitznagel-1930-1974/vol-37-no-4-designing-for-south-dakota-and-the-upper-midwest.pdf|format=pdf|last=Lathrop|first=Alan K.}}</ref> These structures were part of the ] effort to improve visitors' facilities at national parks and monuments across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/465700|title=Mission 66 Visitor Centers: The History of a Building Type|last=Allaback|first=Sarah|date=2000|website=]}}</ref> | |||
| On October 15, 1966, Mount Rushmore was listed on the ]. A 500-word essay giving the history of the United States by ] student William Andrew Burkett was selected as the college-age group winner in a 1934 competition, and that essay was placed on the Entablature on a bronze plate in 1973.<ref name=timeline/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/learn/historyculture/upload/THE-BURKETT-PLAQUE.pdf|title=Text of 1934 Essay – History of the United States|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> In 1991, President ] officially dedicated Mount Rushmore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29656|title=George Bush: Remarks at the Dedication Ceremony of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial in South Dakota|date=July 3, 1991|publisher=The American Presidency Project|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| In a canyon behind the carved faces is a chamber, cut only 70 feet (21 m) into the rock, containing a vault with sixteen porcelain enamel panels. The panels include the text of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, biographies of the four presidents and Borglum, and the history of the U.S. The chamber was created as the entrance-way to a planned "Hall of Records"; the vault was installed in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hall of Records|work=Mount Rushmore National Memorial web site|publisher=National Park Service|date=June 14, 2004|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/moru/park_history/carving_hist/hall_of_records.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011230039/http://nps.gov/archive/moru/park_history/carving_hist/hall_of_records.htm|archivedate=October 11, 2007|accessdate=July 4, 2007|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> | |||
| Ten years of redevelopment work culminated with the completion of extensive visitor facilities and sidewalks in 1998, such as a Visitor Center, the ], and the Presidential Trail. Maintenance of the memorial requires mountain climbers to monitor and seal cracks annually. Due to budget constraints, the memorial is not regularly cleaned to remove ]s. However, on July 8, 2005, ], a German manufacturer of ] and steam cleaning machines, conducted a free cleanup operation which lasted several weeks, using pressurized water at over {{convert|200|F|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/10/AR2005071000754.html|title=For Mount Rushmore, An Overdue Face Wash|date=July 11, 2005|work=Washington Post|accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| == Ecology == | |||
| ] opposite Mount Rushmore.]] | |||
| ] | |||
| The flora and fauna of Mount Rushmore are similar to those of the rest of the Black Hills region of South Dakota. Birds including the ], ], ], and ] fly around Mount Rushmore, occasionally making ] in the ledges of the mountain. Smaller birds, including songbirds, ]es, and ]s, inhabit the surrounding pine forests.<ref name=npspdf/> Terrestrial mammals include the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name=npspdf>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/naturescience/upload/wildlife%20safety%20correct%20size-2.pdf|title=Enjoy Wildlife......Safely.|website=National Park Service|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref><ref name=usatoday>{{cite news|last=Freeman|first=Mary|title=Mount Rushmore, South Dakota for Tourists|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/mount-rushmore-south-dakota-tourists-12916.html|newspaper=USA Today|location=Tysons Corner, VA |publisher=Gannett Company|accessdate=January 3, 2014}}</ref> The striped chorus frog, ], and ] also inhabit the area,<ref name=amphib>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/naturescience/amphibians.htm|title=Amphibians|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|website=National Park Service|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref> along with several species of ]. Grizzly Bear Brook and Starling Basin Brook, the two streams in the memorial, support fish such as the ] and the ].{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} ]s are not indigenous to the region. Those living near Mount Rushmore are descendants of a tribe that Canada gifted to ] in 1924, which later escaped.<ref name=npspdf/><ref name=animal>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/naturescience/animals.htm|title=Nature & Science- Animals|date=November 26, 2006|work=NPS |accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref><ref name=FloraFauna>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/ru/flora/index.html|title=Mount Rushmore- Flora and Fauna|publisher=American Park Network|accessdate=January 11, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212031013/http://www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/ru/flora/index.html|archivedate=December 12, 2007|year=2001|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> | |||
| At lower elevations, ] trees, mainly the ], surround most of the monument, providing shade from the sun. Other trees include the ], the ], and the ]. Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore. There is also a wide variety of wildflowers, including especially the ], ], and ]. Towards higher elevations, plant life becomes sparser.<ref name=FloraFauna/> However, only approximately five percent of the plant species found in the Black Hills are indigenous to the region.<ref name=Plants>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/naturescience/plants.htm|title=Nature & Science – Plants |date=December 6, 2006|work=NPS|accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| The area receives about {{convert|18|in|mm}} of precipitation on average per year, enough to support abundant animal and plant life. Trees and other plants help to control ]. Dikes, seeps, and springs help to dam up water that is flowing downhill, providing watering spots for animals. In addition, stones like ] and ] help to hold ], creating ]s.<ref>. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2006.</ref> | |||
| A study of the fire scars present in ] samples indicates that ]s occur in the ponderosa forests surrounding Mount Rushmore around every 27 years. Large fires are not common. Most events have been ground fires that serve to clear forest debris.<ref>. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2006.</ref> The area is a ]. Recent {{when|date=June 2016}} ] infestations have threatened the forest.<ref name=usatoday/> | |||
| == Geography == | |||
| === Geology === | |||
| ] of rocks from the sculpting and construction.]] | |||
| Mount Rushmore is largely composed of ]. The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the ] granite ] in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore. The batholith ] intruded into the pre-existing ] ] rocks during the ], 1.6 billion years ago.<ref name="autogenerated3">. National Park Service.</ref> Coarse grained ] ] are associated with the ] intrusion of Black Elk Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light-colored streaks on the foreheads of the presidents. | |||
| The Black Hills granites were exposed to ] during the ], but were later buried by ] and other sediments during the ]. Remaining buried throughout the ], they were re-exposed again during the ] around 70 million years ago.<ref name=autogenerated3/> The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome.<ref>Irvin, James R. (2001). Retrieved March 16, 2006.</ref> Subsequent erosion stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist. Some schist does remain and can be seen as the darker material just below the sculpture of Washington. | |||
| The tallest mountain in the region is ] ({{convert|7,242|ft|m|disp=or|abbr=on}}). Borglum selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons. The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine-grained granite. The durable granite erodes only {{convert|1|in|mm}} every 10,000 years, thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long-term exposure.<ref name=autogenerated1/> The mountain's height of {{convert|5725|ft|m}} above sea level<ref name=peakbagger/> made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day. | |||
| === Soils === | |||
| The Mount Rushmore area is underlain by well drained ] soils of very gravelly loam (Mocmount) to silt loam (Buska) texture, brown to dark grayish brown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/gmap/|title=SoilWeb: An Online Soil Survey|publisher=]|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| === Climate === | |||
| Mount Rushmore has a ] (''Dwb'' in the ]). It is inside a ] of 5a, meaning certain plant life in the area can withstand a low temperature of no less than {{convert|-20|F}}.<ref name=hardiness>{{cite web |url=http://www.garden.org/zipzone/index.php?img=nwusa |title=USDA Hardiness Zone Finder |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=The National Gardening Association |publisher=National Gardening Association |accessdate=January 3, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| The two wettest months of the year are May and June. ] causes brief but strong afternoon thunderstorms during the summer.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706092640/http://www.nps.gov/archive/moru/travel_info/weather_hist.htm|title=Weather History|accessdate=January 27, 2013|publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior|archivedate=July 6, 2008|date=June 23, 2004|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/moru/travel_info/weather_hist.htm|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> | |||
| {{clear left}} | |||
| {{Weather box | |||
| |single line= y | |||
| |location= Mount Rushmore National Memorial, 1981-2011 normals | |||
| |Jan record high F=68 | |||
| |Feb record high F=68 | |||
| |Mar record high F=78 | |||
| |Apr record high F=85 | |||
| |May record high F=93 | |||
| |Jun record high F=99 | |||
| |Jul record high F=100 | |||
| |Aug record high F=99 | |||
| |Sep record high F=97 | |||
| |Oct record high F=86 | |||
| |Nov record high F=75 | |||
| |Dec record high F=67 | |||
| |year record high F= | |||
| <!-- Average high temperatures --> | |||
| |Jan high F=36.3 | |||
| |Feb high F=36.7 | |||
| |Mar high F=43.2 | |||
| |Apr high F=50.7 | |||
| |May high F=60.7 | |||
| |Jun high F=71.0 | |||
| |Jul high F=79.1 | |||
| |Aug high F=78.1 | |||
| |Sep high F=67.8 | |||
| |Oct high F=54.9 | |||
| |Nov high F=42.9 | |||
| |Dec high F=35.3 | |||
| |year high F=54.7 | |||
| <!-- Mean daily temperature --> | |||
| |Jan mean F=27.5 | |||
| |Feb mean F=27.8 | |||
| |Mar mean F=33.9 | |||
| |Apr mean F=41.4 | |||
| |May mean F=51.1 | |||
| |Jun mean F=61.1 | |||
| |Jul mean F=69.0 | |||
| |Aug mean F=67.9 | |||
| |Sep mean F=58.0 | |||
| |Oct mean F=45.7 | |||
| |Nov mean F=34.5 | |||
| |Dec mean F=26.7 | |||
| |year mean F=45.4 | |||
| <!-- Average low temperatures --> | |||
| |Jan low F=18.7 | |||
| |Feb low F=19.0 | |||
| |Mar low F=24.6 | |||
| |Apr low F=32.0 | |||
| |May low F=41.6 | |||
| |Jun low F=51.3 | |||
| |Jul low F=58.9 | |||
| |Aug low F=57.7 | |||
| |Sep low F=48.2 | |||
| |Oct low F=36.5 | |||
| |Nov low F=26.0 | |||
| |Dec low F=18.1 | |||
| |year low F= 36.0 | |||
| <!-- Record low temperatures --> | |||
| |Jan record low F=-38 | |||
| |Feb record low F=-29 | |||
| |Mar record low F=-12 | |||
| |Apr record low F=1 | |||
| |May record low F=14 | |||
| |Jun record low F=27 | |||
| |Jul record low F=35 | |||
| |Aug record low F=33 | |||
| |Sep record low F=19 | |||
| |Oct record low F=1 | |||
| |Nov record low F=-12 | |||
| |Dec record low F=-31 | |||
| |year record low F= | |||
| <!-- Total precipitation, this should include rain and snow. --> | |||
| |precipitation colour= green | |||
| |Jan precipitation inch=0.38 | |||
| |Feb precipitation inch=0.70 | |||
| |Mar precipitation inch=1.19 | |||
| |Apr precipitation inch=2.23 | |||
| |May precipitation inch=4.22 | |||
| |Jun precipitation inch=3.41 | |||
| |Jul precipitation inch=2.90 | |||
| |Aug precipitation inch=1.99 | |||
| |Sep precipitation inch=1.81 | |||
| |Oct precipitation inch=1.68 | |||
| |Nov precipitation inch=0.62 | |||
| |Dec precipitation inch=0.43 | |||
| |year precipitation inch= | |||
| <!-- Snowfall --> | |||
| |Jan snow inch=5.8 | |||
| |Feb snow inch=7.9 | |||
| |Mar snow inch=10.4 | |||
| |Apr snow inch=10.8 | |||
| |May snow inch=1.2 | |||
| |Jun snow inch=0.1 | |||
| |Jul snow inch=0.0 | |||
| |Aug snow inch=0.0 | |||
| |Sep snow inch=0.6 | |||
| |Oct snow inch=3.6 | |||
| |Nov snow inch=6.2 | |||
| |Dec snow inch=5.8 | |||
| |year snow inch= | |||
| <!-- Average number of precipitation days --> | |||
| |unit precipitation days= 0.01 | |||
| |Jan precipitation days=4.3 | |||
| |Feb precipitation days=4.7 | |||
| |Mar precipitation days=6.3 | |||
| |Apr precipitation days=8.2 | |||
| |May precipitation days=11.9 | |||
| |Jun precipitation days=12.6 | |||
| |Jul precipitation days=11.4 | |||
| |Aug precipitation days=9.3 | |||
| |Sep precipitation days=7.4 | |||
| |Oct precipitation days=6.8 | |||
| |Nov precipitation days=4.4 | |||
| |Dec precipitation days=4.2 | |||
| |year precipitation days= | |||
| <!-- Average number of snowy days --> | |||
| |unit snow days= 0.1 | |||
| |Jan snow days=3.9 | |||
| |Feb snow days=3.8 | |||
| |Mar snow days=3.9 | |||
| |Apr snow days=3.1 | |||
| |May snow days=0.6 | |||
| |Jun snow days=0.0 | |||
| |Jul snow days=0.0 | |||
| |Aug snow days=0.0 | |||
| |Sep snow days=0.3 | |||
| |Oct snow days=1.4 | |||
| |Nov snow days=2.7 | |||
| |Dec snow days=3.4 | |||
| |year snow days= | |||
| |source 1= <ref name=twc>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/USSD0232 |title=Monthly Averages for Mount Rushmore Natl Memorial, SD |publisher=The Weather Channel |accessdate=January 3, 2014 }}</ref> | |||
| |source 2= <ref name=noaa>{{cite web |url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=unr |title=NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=] |accessdate=January 3, 2014 }}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| == Tourism == | |||
| {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:1em; float:right" | |||
| |+ '''Historical visitor count'''<ref name=tourismstat/> | |||
| |- | |||
| ! Year !! Visitors | |||
| |- | |||
| | 1941 || 393,000 | |||
| |- | |||
| | 1950 || 740,499 | |||
| |- | |||
| | 1960 || 1,067,000 | |||
| |- | |||
| | 1970 || 1,965,700 | |||
| |- | |||
| | 1980 || 1,284,888 | |||
| |- | |||
| | 1990 || 1,671,673 | |||
| |- | |||
| | 2000 || 1,868,876 | |||
| |- | |||
| | 2010 || 2,331,237 | |||
| |} | |||
| Tourism is South Dakota's second-largest industry, and Mount Rushmore is the state's top tourist attraction.<ref name=Statesite>{{cite web |url=http://www.southdakota.com/most-popular-attractions/ |title=Popular South Dakota Attractions >>South Dakota |publisher=southdakota.com |accessdate=March 21, 2015}}</ref> In 2012, 2,185,447 people visited the park.<ref name=tourismstat/> In the 1950s and 1960s, Sioux Benjamin Black Elk (son of medicine man ]) was the "Fifth Face of Mount Rushmore", posing for photographs with thousands of tourists. He became one of the most photographed people in the world.<ref>{{cite book | title = Dakota Images: Benjamin Black Elk | publisher = South Dakota Historical Society | year = 1984 | volume = 14 | number = 1 | last = Kilen Ode | first = Jeanne | url =http://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-14-1/dakota-images-benjamin-black-elk/vol-14-no-1-dakota-images-benjamin-black-elk.pdf }}</ref> | |||
| == Conservation == | |||
| ] | |||
| The ongoing conservation of the site is overseen by the US ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/naturescience/upload/rock%20block%20display%20true%20size-2.pdf |title=Caring For A Monumental Sculpture |accessdate=July 8, 2013 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Physical efforts to conserve the monument have included replacement of the sealant applied originally by Gutzon Borglum, which had proved ineffective at providing water resistance (components include linseed oil, granite dust and white lead). A modern silicone replacement was used, disguised with granite dust. | |||
| In 1998, electronic monitoring devices were installed to track movement in the topology of the sculpture to an accuracy of 3 mm. The site has been subsequently digitally recorded using a terrestrial ] methodology in 2009 as part of the international ] project, providing a record of unprecedented resolution and accuracy to inform the conservation of the site. This data was made accessible online to be freely used by the wider community to aid further interpretation and public access.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.cyark.org/mount-rushmore-national-memorial-intro |title=Mount Rushmore National Memorial |accessdate=July 8, 2013 |publisher=CyArk}}</ref> | |||
| == Controversy == | |||
| The United States seized the area from the ] tribe after the ]. The ] from 1868 had previously granted the Black Hills to the Lakota in perpetuity. Members of the ] led an ] of the monument in 1971, naming it "Mount Crazy Horse". Among the participants were young activists, grandparents, children and Lakota holy man ], who planted a prayer staff atop the mountain. Lame Deer said the staff formed a symbolic ] over the presidents' faces "which shall remain dirty until the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled."<ref name=Glass>Matthew Glass, "Producing Patriotic Inspiration at Mount Rushmore," ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'', Vol. 62, No. 2. (Summer, 1994), pp. 265–283.</ref> | |||
| In 2004, the first Native American superintendent of the park, Gerard Baker, was appointed. Baker has stated that he will open up more "avenues of interpretation", and that the four presidents are "only one avenue and only one focus."<ref name=Native>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/28172949.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808193845/http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/28172949.html |archivedate=August 8, 2010 |title=Historic changes for Mount Rushmore |author=David Melmer |date=December 13, 2004 |work=Indiancountrytoday |accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| The ] is being constructed elsewhere in the Black Hills to commemorate the famous Native American leader as a response to Mount Rushmore. Upon completion, it would be larger than Mount Rushmore and has the support of Lakota chiefs. The Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has rejected offers of ] funds. However, this memorial is likewise the subject of controversy, even within the Native American community.<ref>Lame Deer, John (Fire) and Richard Erdoes. ''Lame Deer Seeker of Visions''. Simon and Schuster, New York, New York, 1972. Paperback {{ISBN|0-671-55392-5}}</ref> | |||
| == In popular culture == | |||
| ]) and Eve Kendall (]) dangle precariously from the sculpture of George Washington in the 1959 film '']''. Studio ]s were intercut with actual monument footage for the filming.]] | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Main article|Mount Rushmore in popular culture}} | |||
| Because of its fame as a monument, Mount Rushmore has been depicted in multiple places in popular culture. It is often depicted as a cover for a secret location; shown with faces removed or modified (as in '']''), or added; or parodied. Trey Parker and Matt Stone used the location as the headquarters for their film '']''. '']'' also depicts this location as a secret cover for a fictional gold city. The memorial was also famously used as the location of the climactic ] in ]'s 1959 movie '']''.<ref>{{cite book |author=John Brady |title=The Craft of the Screenwriter |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0671252291 |year=1981}}, p. 201.</ref> ]'s breakthrough album, 1970's '']'', parodies the sculpture.<ref>{{cite book|title=From Blues to Rock: An Analytical History of Pop Music|author=David Hatch, Stephen Millward|p=160|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-719-02349-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Material Engagements: Studies in Honour of Colin Renfrew|p=72|author=Neil Brodie|publisher=McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research|year=2004|isbn=978-1-902-93726-7}}</ref> | |||
| == Legacy and commemoration == | |||
| On August 11, 1952, the U.S. Post Office issued the Mount Rushmore Memorial ] on the 25th anniversary of the dedication of the Mt. Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota.<ref>{{cite web |title=3c Mt. Rushmore single |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |accessdate=July 1, 2014 |url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=145349}}</ref> On January 2, 1974, a ] depicting the monument was also issued.<ref>{{cite book |title=Scotts United States Stamp catalogue, 1982 |publisher=Scott's Publishing Company |isbn=0-89487-042-4 |year=1981}}, p. 289.</ref> | |||
| {{Clear}} | |||
| == See also == | |||
| * ] | |||
| * {{Portal-inline|South Dakota}} | |||
| == References == | |||
| '''Notes''' | |||
| {{reflist|30em}} | |||
| '''Further reading''' | |||
| * ]. ''Mount Rushmore: An Icon Reconsidered'' New York: Nation Books, 2002. | |||
| * Taliaferro, John. ''Great White Fathers: The Story of the Obsessive Quest to Create Mount Rushmore''. New York: PublicAffairs, c2002. {{ISBN|9781586482053}}. Puts the creation of the monument into a historical and cultural context. | |||
| * Coutant, Arnaud, "Les Visages de l'Amérique, les constructeurs d'une démocratie fédérale", Mare et Martin, 2014 ({{ISBN|9782849341605}}). French Study about the Four Presidents, Life, presidency, influence about American political evolution. https://web.archive.org/web/20160311133645/http://www.mareetmartin.com/livre/_les-visages-de-l-amerique | |||
| * ''The National Parks: Index 2001–2003''. Washington: ] | |||
| * {{cite web|url=http://www.ohranger.com/mount-rushmore/making-mount-rushmore|title=Making Mount Rushmore|accessdate=January 27, 2013|publisher=APN Media|work=Oh, Ranger!}} | |||
| * {{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115290739146207240?mod=todays_us_pursuits|title=A Monumental Achievement|last=Dobrzynski|first=Judith H.|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=July 15, 2006|accessdate=January 27, 2013}} | |||
| * {{cite web|first=Matthew|last=Buckingham|url=http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/7/sixgrandfathers.php|title=The Six Grandfathers, Paha Sapa, in the Year 502,002 C.E.|accessdate=January 27, 2013|work=Cabinet Magazine|date=Summer 2002|publisher=Immaterial Incorporated}} | |||
| * {{cite web|url=http://www.luigimountrushmore.com |title=Luigi Del Bianco: chief stone carver on Mount Rushmore, 1933–1940 |accessdate=January 27, 2013|publisher=Lou Del Bianco}} | |||
| * {{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/moru/learn/historyculture/preservation.htm |title=Caring For A Monumental Sculpture|accessdate=July 8, 2013|publisher=National Park Service}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| *{{commonscat-inline|Mount Rushmore National Memorial}} | |||
| *{{wikivoyage-inline|Mount Rushmore National Memorial}} | |||
| *{{official website|http://www.nps.gov/moru}} | |||
| {{List of official United States national symbols}} | |||
| {{Gutzon Borglum}} | |||
| {{Black Hills, South Dakota}} | |||
| {{George Washington}} | |||
| {{Thomas Jefferson}} | |||
| {{Abraham Lincoln}} | |||
| {{Theodore Roosevelt}} | |||
| {{Registered Historic Places}} | |||
| {{Protected areas of South Dakota}} | |||
| {{Mountains of South Dakota}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Mount Rushmore}} | |||
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