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| {{Infobox Writer | |||
| | name = J.K. Rowling | |||
| | image = JKRowling.jpg | |||
| | caption = | |||
| | birth_date = ], ] | |||
| | birth_place = ] in ], ] | |||
| | death_date = | |||
| | death_place = | |||
| | occupation = Novelist | |||
| | genre = ] | |||
| | movement = | |||
| | debut_works = '']'' | |||
| | magnum_opus = '']'' series | |||
| | influences = | |||
| | influenced = | |||
| | religion = ] | |||
| | website = http://www.jkrowling.com | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Joanne “Jo”<!--Her name does NOT contain "Kathleen"; please see the section entitled "Her Name"--> Rowling''', ] (born ], ]<ref name="lexicon-muggle-y"><span class="plainlinks">, '' - ''. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref>) is an ] fiction ] who writes under the ] '''J. K. Rowling'''.<ref><span class="plainlinks">, ''''. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> Rowling is most famously known as the ] of the '']'' ] series, which has gained international attention, won multiple awards, and sold over 300 million copies worldwide.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> In February 2004, '']'' magazine estimated her fortune at ]576 million (just over ]1 billion), making her the first person to become a US-dollar billionaire by writing books.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> Watson, Julie and Kellner, Tomas. . , ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| ==Early life== | |||
| Joanne Rowling was born in ], ], ] on ], ],<ref name="lexicon-muggle-y" /> 12 miles northeast of ].<ref name="rowling-bio"><span class="plainlinks"> . . Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> Her sister Dianne was born at their home when Rowling was almost two years old.<ref name="rowling-bio" /> The family moved to the nearby village ] when Rowling was four where she attended ],<ref>Winterbourne Family History Online, - Rowling listed as admission No.305. Accessed ] ].</ref> later moving to ], near ], South ] at the age of nine.<ref name="rowling-bio" /> She attended secondary school at ]. In December 1990, Rowling’s mother succumbed to a 10-year-long battle with ].<ref name="rowling-bio" /> Rowling commented, “I was writing ''Harry Potter'' at the moment my mother died. I had never told her about ''Harry Potter''. Dad called me at seven o’clock the next morning and I just knew what had happened before he spoke. … I was alternately a wreck and then in total denial. … Barely a day goes by when I do not think of her. There would be so much to tell her, impossibly much.” <ref><span class="plainlinks"> ''The Daily Telegraph.'' Accessed ] ].</span></ref> Her mother’s passing contributed to her own fear of death and its ] in the ''Harry Potter'' series. | |||
| After studying ] and ] at the ] (she had previously applied to ] but was turned down), with a year of study in ], she moved to ] to work as a researcher and bilingual secretary for ]. During this period, she had the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry while she was on a four-hour delayed-train trip between ] and ].<ref name="rowling-bio" /> When she had reached her destination, she began writing immediately.<ref name="rowling-bio" /> <ref><span class="plainlinks"> . Radio 4, ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| Rowling then moved to ], ] to teach English as a foreign language. While there, she married Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes on ] ].<ref name="marriage"><span class="plainlinks">. . Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> They had one child, Jessica, who was named after Rowling’s heroine, ]. They divorced in 1993 after a fight in which Jorge threw her out of the house.<ref name="rowling-bio" /><ref name="marriage" /><ref><span class="plainlinks"> Weeks, Linton. . ''The Washington Post'', ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| In December 1994, Rowling and her daughter moved to be near Rowling’s sister in ], ], ].<ref name="rowling-bio" /> Unemployed and living on state benefits, she completed her first novel. She did much of the work in the Elephant House café whenever she could get Jessica to fall asleep.<ref name="rowling-bio" /><ref name="hpandme"><span class="plainlinks"> . BBC Christmas Special, ] ]. Transcribed by "Marvelous Marvolo" and Jimmi Thøgersen. . Accessed ] ].</span></ref> There was a rumour that she wrote in local cafés to escape from her unheated flat, but in a 2001 BBC interview Rowling remarked, “I am not stupid enough to rent an unheated flat in Edinburgh in midwinter. It had heating.”<ref name="hpandme" /> | |||
| ==''Harry Potter''== | |||
| {{main|Harry Potter}} | |||
| ===''Harry Potter'' books=== | |||
| <!--Please note: the two booklets Rowling composed for the Comic Relief charity are listed in the "Charity" section--> | |||
| In 1995, Rowling completed her manuscript for '']'' on an old manual typewriter.<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books"><span class="plainlinks">, ''''. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evans, a reader who had been asked to review the book’s first three chapters, the Fulham-based ] agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher. The book was handed to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected it.<ref name="scotsman">McGinty, Stephen ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> A year later she was finally given the greenlight (and a £1500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from the small publisher ].<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . Accessed ] ]. </span></ref><ref name="scotsman" /> The decision to take Rowling on was apparently largely due to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of the company’s chairman, who was given the first chapter to review by her father, and immediately demanded the next. <ref name="Eight year old saves Potter">{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/6/story.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10333960 |publisher=New Zeland Herald|title= Revealed: The eight-year-old girl who saved Harry Potter|date=July 3, 2005}}</ref>Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in children’s books.<ref> ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| Soon after, Rowling received an £8000 grant from the ] to enable her to continue writing.<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /> <ref> ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> The following spring, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by ], who paid Rowling more than $100,000. Rowling has said she “nearly died” when she heard the news.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> , ''''. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> In June 1997, Bloomsbury published ''Philosopher’s Stone'' with an initial print run of only one-thousand copies, five-hundred of which were distributed to libraries. Today, such copies are each valued at between £16,000 and £25,000. <ref> ] ]. Accessed ] ].</ref> Five months later, it won its first award, a ]. In February, the novel won the prestigious ] for Children’s Book of the Year, and, later the Children’s Book Award. In October 1998, Scholastic published ''Philosopher’s Stone'' in the US under the title of ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone'', a change Rowling claims she now regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time.<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /><ref name="darkmark-bbc"><span class="plainlinks"> . March 2001. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| In December 1999, the third ''Harry Potter'' novel, '']'', won the Smarties Prize, making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running.<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /> She later withdrew the fourth ''Harry Potter'' novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance. In January 2000, ''Prisoner of Azkaban'' won the inaugural ], though it narrowly lost the Book of the Year prize to ]’s translation of '']''.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> Gibbons, Fiachra. . , ] ], accessed ] ].</span></ref> That June, the Queen honoured Rowling by making her an ].<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /> | |||
| To date, six of the seven volumes of the ''Harry Potter'' series, one for each of Harry’s school years, have already been published and all have broken sales records. The last three volumes in the series have been the fastest-selling books in history, grossing more in their opening 24-hours than blockbuster films. <ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /><ref><span class="plainlinks"> . ''EOnline'', ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref><ref><span class="plainlinks"> . ''Infoplease'', ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> Book six of her series earned The ] Award for being the fastest selling book ever. The sixth book of the series sold more copies in 24-hours than '']'' sold in a year. (''The Da Vinci Code'' was the best-selling book of the previous year.) | |||
| Rowling is currently writing the seventh and ] of the series. Its title is currently unknown.<ref><span class="plainlinks">. . Accessed ], ].</span></ref> On June 26, 2006, Rowling revealed that in the final book of the ''Harry Potter'' series at least two characters will die, one of whom may be Harry himself.<ref name="Rowling to kill two in final book ">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/5119836.stm?ls |publisher=BBC News|title=Rowling to kill two in final book |date=2006-06-27}}</ref> Author ] asked Rowling not to kill off Harry in book seven during a press conference, but Rowling remained ambiguous regarding Harry’s fate. | |||
| In June 2006, the British public named Rowling “the greatest living British writer” in a poll by ]. Rowling topped the poll, receiving nearly three times as many votes as the second-place author, fantasy writer ].<ref><span class="plainlinks"> , ''''. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| ===''Harry Potter'' films=== | |||
| In October, 1998, ] purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum.<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /> A film version of '']'' was released on ], ] and '']'' on ], ].<ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /> Both were directed by ].<ref>{{imdb title|id=0241527|title=Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone}}</ref><ref>{{imdb title|id=0295297|title=Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets}}</ref> The ], ] film version of '']'' was directed by ].<ref>{{imdb title|id=0304141|title=Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban}}</ref><ref name="lexicon-timeline-books" /> The fourth film, '']'', was directed by yet another new director, ]. A film of ] is now in production, under British television director ], and new screenwriter ], projected for release on July 13, 2007.<ref>{{imdb title|id=0330373|title=Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire}}</ref><ref>{{imdb title|id=0373889|title=Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix}}</ref> | |||
| In contrast to the treatment of most authors by Hollywood studios, Warner Bros. took considerable notice of Rowling's desires and thoughts in their attempt to bring her books to the screen. One of her principal stipulations was the films be shot in Britain with an all-British cast, which has so far been adhered to strictly. <ref><span class="plainlinks"> "J.K. Rowling, the interview"]. ''The Times (UK)'', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> In an unprecedented move, Rowling also demanded that ], the victor in the race to ] their products to the film series, donate $18 million to the American charity ], as well as a number of community charity programs. <ref><span class="plainlinks"> Coke backs Harry Potter literacy drive. BBC News, ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| The first four films were scripted by ]; Rowling assisted him in the writing process, ensuring that his scripts did not contradict future books in the series. She says she has told him more about the later books than anybody else, but not everything.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> Mzimba, Lizo, moderator. . , February 2003. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> She has also said that she has told ] and ] certain secrets about their characters that have not yet been revealed.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . ''cBBC Newsround'', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> ] was approached to direct the first film, but dropped out. The press has repeatedly claimed that Rowling played a role in his departure, but Rowling stated on her website that she has no say in who directs the films.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> Rowling's first choice for the director of the first Harry Potter{{Polytonic|}} film had been ] alumnus ], being a fan of Gilliam's work. Warner Bros. studios wanted a more family friendly film, however, and eventually they settled for Chris Columbus. | |||
| <ref><span class="plainlinks"> . Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| ==After ''Harry Potter''== | |||
| ''Harry Potter'' has made Rowling a well known and a very successful author, but after Rowling finishes the final ''Harry Potter'' book, she plans to continue writing. Rowling declared, in a recent interview, that she will most likely not use a new pen name as the press would quickly discover her true identity.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . Radio 4, ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| In 2006, Rowling revealed that she had completed a few short stories and another children's book (a "political fairy story") about a monster, aimed at a younger audience than ''Harry Potter'' readers.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| She is not planning to write an eighth ''Harry Potter'' book, but has suggested she might publish an "encyclopedia" of the ''Harry Potter'' world consisting of all her unpublished material and notes. Any profits from such a book would be given to charity.<ref> Accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| ==Charity== | |||
| In 2001, the UK fundraiser ] asked three bestselling British authors (Rowling, lifestyle guru ] and ] creator ]) to submit booklets related to their most famous works for publication. For every pound raised, a pound would go towards combatting poverty and social inequality across the globe. Rowling's two booklets, '']'' and '']'', are ostensibly facsimiles of books found in the ] library, and are written under the names of their fictional authors, ] and ].<ref><span class="plainlinks"> , ''''. Accessed ], ]. </span></ref> Since going on sale in March, 2001, the books have raised £15.7 million ($30 million) for the fund. The £10.8 million ($20 million) raised outside the UK has been channelled into a newly created International Fund for Children and Young People in Crisis.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> ''''. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> She has also personally given £22 million to Comic Relief.<ref name=dailymail>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/femail/article.html?in_article_id=402027&in_page_id=187 | |||
| |title=What does JK Rowling do with her money? | |||
| |work=Daily Mail | |||
| |last=Boshoff | |||
| |first=Alison | |||
| |accessdate=24 August | |||
| |accessyear=2006}}</ref> | |||
| Rowling has contributed money and support to many other charitable causes, especially research and treatment of ], from which her mother died in 1990. This death heavily affected her writing, according to Rowling.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . Accessed ] ]. </ref><ref><span class="plainlinks"> Greig, Geordie. . ''Tatler Magazine'', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref><ref> In fact, on ], ],], she said that she introduced much more detail about Harry's loss in the first book, because she knew about how it felt. <span class="plainlinks"> , Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> In 2006, Rowling contributed a substantial sum toward the creation of a new ] in ]. For reasons unknown, Scotland, Rowling's country of adoption, has the highest rate of MS in the world.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> MS Society, Scotland . ''Edinburgh Research and Innovation, University of Edinburgh'', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| In January 2006, Rowling went to ] to raise funds for the Children's High Level Group, an organization devoted to enforcing the human rights of children, particularly in eastern Europe.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| On August 1st & 2nd, 2006, she read alongside ] and ] at ] in New York City. Profits from the event were donated to the ], a charity that aids actors left uninsurable and unable to work, and the medical ] ].<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . ] ] Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| ==Her name== | |||
| Rowling's full name is "Joanne Rowling", not, as is often assumed, "Joanne Kathleen Rowling". Before publishing her first volume, ] feared that the target group of young boys might be reluctant to buy books written by a female author. They requested that Rowling use two initials, rather than reveal her first name. As she had no middle name, she chose K from her grandmother's name Kathleen, as the second initial of her pseudonym. The name Kathleen has never been part of her legal name.<ref name="darkmark-bbc" /> She calls herself "Jo" and claims, "No one ever called me 'Joanne' when I was young, unless they were angry."<ref><span class="plainlinks"> Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. . ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> Her ] is pronounced like "rolling" (IPA: {{IPA|/rəʊ.lɪŋ/}}), not a rhyme for "howling".<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| ==Current life and family== | |||
| In 2001, Rowling purchased a luxurious 19th-century ], Killiechassie House, on the banks of the ], near ], in ], Scotland.<ref name="lexicon-muggle-k"><span class="plainlinks">, '' - ''. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> Rowling also owns a home in ], Edinburgh, and a ] house in London, on a street where, according to ''The Guardian'', the average price of a house is £4.27 million ($8 million), possibly including an underground swimming pool and 24-hour security.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> Collinson, Patrick. . '''', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| On 26 December 2001, Rowling married Dr. Neil Murray, an ], in a private ceremony at her home in Aberfeldy.<ref name="lexicon-muggle-k" /> Their son David Gordon Rowling Murray was born on March 3rd, 2003, shortly after Rowling began writing ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'', Rowling took a break from working on the novel to care for him in his early infancy.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> Rowling's youngest child, Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, to whom she dedicated '']'', was born in January of 2005.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| ==In her honour== | |||
| The ] (43844) Rowling was named in her honour in early 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/~cgi/ShowCitation.COM?num=43844|accessdate=2006-04-28|title=Citation for (43844)}}</ref> and the newly-discovered ] ] ''] hogwartsia'', currently at the Children's Museum in ], was named in honour of her world in May 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2194527,00.html|accessdate=2006-06-08|title=Citation for Dracorex Hogwartsia}}</ref> There is a housing development in Bristol, near to her childhood home called Rowling Gate.{{cn}} | |||
| ==Television== | |||
| <!-- Unsourced image removed: ]''.]] --> | |||
| Rowling made a guest appearance as herself on the American animated sitcom '']'', in a special British-themed episode entitled '']''. The amusing dialog consisted of a short conversation between Rowling and ], who mispronounces Rowling's name: | |||
| '''Lisa:''' Look! It's J.K. Rowling, author of ''Harry Potter'' books! You've turned a generation of kids onto reading.<br> | |||
| '''Rowling''': Thank you, young Muggle.<br> | |||
| '''Lisa''': Can you tell me what happens at the end of the series?<br> | |||
| '''Rowling''': (sigh) He grows up and marries you. (angrily) Is that what you want to hear?<br> | |||
| '''Lisa''': (dreamily) Yes! | |||
| Producer ] asked Rowling to pen an episode of the 2005 season of '']''; Rowling was "amused by the suggestion, but simply have the time".<ref><span class="plainlinks"> Davies, Russell T. . ''Doctor Who Magazine'', Issue 343. ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| In a July 2005 interview with the ] and ] websites' managers, Rowling revealed that she is a great admirer of ]'s work on the American TV show '']''.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> Anelli, Melissa. . , 19 July 2005. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| <br style="clear:both"> | |||
| In 2002, Rowling appeared on the BBC documentary "The Importance of Being Morrissey". | |||
| ==Lawsuits== | |||
| Rowling has been involved in several ] over the Harry Potter series. | |||
| ===Nancy Stouffer=== | |||
| In the late 1990s ], an author of children's books published in the 1980s, began to charge publicly that Rowling's books were based on her books, including ''The Legend of Rah and the Muggles'' and ''Larry Potter and His Best Friend Lilly''. Stouffer sued Rowling and ] in U.S. District Court, also naming ] as a party. Rowling, Scholastic and Warner Bros. sued Stouffer in New York, asking the court to judge that there was no infringement of Stouffer's ]s or ].<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> Rowling and her co-litigants argued that much of the evidence that Stouffer presented was fraudulent, and asked for sanctions and attorneys' fees as punishment.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . . ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> In September 2002 the court found in Rowling's favour, stating that Stouffer had lied to the court and falsified and forged documents to support her case. Stouffer was fined US $50,000 and ordered to pay part (but not all) of the plaintiffs' costs.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> Reuters. . Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> In January 2004 it was reported that Stouffer's appeal against the judgment had been rejected. The appeals court agreed that Stouffer's claims were properly dismissed because "no reasonable juror could find a likelihood of confusion as to the source of the two parties' works".<ref name="hpana-nancy"><span class="plainlinks"> . . The 2002 judgment can be found . | |||
| ===''New York Daily News''=== | |||
| On ] ] Rowling and her publisher Scholastic announced that they would sue the '']'' for $100 million because the ] had printed information on her work ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'' before the book's official release date. The novel was due for release on Saturday ], but the ] published a plot summary and short quotes on the previous Wednesday. An accompanying image even revealed two pages from the book with legible text. However, the story was complicated further when it was revealed that the paper had purchased the book from a health store whose owner received the novels ] and decided to place them in the window. The man claimed he was unaware he was supposed to wait until that Saturday.<ref><span class="plainlinks">. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| ===''The Bashu Publishing House, Chengdu''=== | |||
| In 2003, unauthorized ] "sequels" to the ] series, such as '']'', appeared for sale in the ]. These books, written by ]s, contain characters from the works of other authors, including ] from ]'s '']'', and the title character from ]'s '']''. Rowling's lawyers successfully took legal action against the publishers, who were forced to pay damages.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> August, Oliver and Malvern, Jack. . ''The Times of London'', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. </span></ref> | |||
| ===Eksmo Publishers=== | |||
| Also in 2003, courts in the ] prevented the distribution of a ] translation of ''Tanya Grotter and the Magical Double Bass'', the first of ]' popular ] series about a female apprentice wizard, ]. Rowling and her publishers sued, arguing that the Grotter books violate ] law. Yemets and his original ]-based publishers, ], argued unsuccessfully that the books constitute a parody, permitted under copyright.<ref><span class="plainlinks"> . , ] ]. Accessed ] ].</span></ref> | |||
| ==Bibliography== | |||
| *'']'' (] ]) (titled ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'' in the ]) | |||
| *'']'' (] ]) | |||
| *'']'' (] ]) | |||
| *'']'' (] ]) | |||
| *'']'' (2001) | |||
| *'']'' (2001) | |||
| *'']'' (] ]) | |||
| *'']'' (], ]) | |||
| *'']'' (unreleased) | |||
| == See also == | |||
| *'']'' illustrator of the US editions of the Harry Potter series. | |||
| == References == | |||
| <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> | |||
| <references/> | |||
| </div> | |||
| <!-- Dead note "film6-imdb": {{imdb title|id=0417741|title=Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince}}--><!--not actually cited at the moment, but there just in case--> | |||
| </div></span></span> | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * {{isfdb name|id=J._K._Rowling|name=J. K. Rowling}} | |||
| * {{imdb name | id=0746830 | name=J.K. Rowling}} | |||
| * {{IBList |type=author|id=146|name=J.K. Rowling}} | |||
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| *"" — BBC News article, dated ] ] (reference) | |||
| *"" — BBC News article, dated ] ] (reference) | |||
| *"" — BBC News article, dated ] ] (reference) | |||
| *, ''].com'' — ], ] make plea during charity reading event. | |||
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| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Joanne Rowling, Jo Rowling | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION=Author of the ] series | |||
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Revision as of 05:17, 4 November 2006
SHE DEAD! LOLZ! SNAPE KILLS DUMBLEDORE!