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White Mountains
Looking south on the Franconia Ridge Trail towards Mount Flume (left) and Mount Liberty (center)
Highest point
Peak	Mount Washington
Elevation	6,288 ft (1,917 m)
Coordinates	44°16′15″N 71°18′12.5″W / 44.27083°N 71.303472°W / 44.27083; -71.303472
Geography
Country	United States
States	New Hampshire and Maine
Region	New England
Range coordinates	44°16′16″N 71°18′18″W / 44.271°N 71.305°W / 44.271; -71.305
Parent range	Appalachian Mountains

The White Mountains are a mountain range covering about a quarter of the state of New Hampshire and a small portion of western Maine in the United States. They are part of the northern Appalachian Mountains and the most rugged mountains in New England. The range is heavily visited due to its proximity to Boston and, to a lesser extent, New York City and Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Most of the area is public land, including the White Mountain National Forest and a number of state parks. Its most famous mountain is 6,288-foot (1,917 m) Mount Washington, which is the highest peak in the Northeastern U.S. and for 76 years held the record for fastest surface wind gust in the world (231 miles per hour (372 km/h) in 1934). Mount Washington is part of a line of summits, the Presidential Range, that are named after U.S. presidents and other prominent Americans.

The White Mountains also include the Franconia Range, Sandwich Range, Carter-Moriah Range and Kinsman Range in New Hampshire, and the Mahoosuc Range straddling the border between it and Maine. In all, there are 48 peaks within New Hampshire as well as one (Old Speck Mountain) in Maine over 4,000 feet (1,200 m), known as the four-thousand footers.

The Whites are known for a system of alpine huts for hikers operated by the Appalachian Mountain Club. The Appalachian Trail crosses the area from southwest to northeast.

Etymology

It is not clear where the name "White Mountains" came from. There is no record of what Native Americans called the range, although pre-Colonial names for many individual peaks are known. The name and similar ones such as "White Hills" or "Wine Hills" are found in literature from Colonial times. According to tradition, the mountains were first sighted from shipboard off the coast near the Piscataqua estuary. The highest peaks would often be snow-capped, appearing white. An alternate theory is that the mica-laden granite of the summits looked white to observers.

Geology and physiography

The White Mountains are a physiographic section of the larger New England province, which in turn is part of the larger Appalachian physiographic division.

Four major periods of intrusive igneous activity have been recognized in central New Hampshire: The Highlandcroft, Oliverian, New Hampshire, and White Mountain petrogenic cycles. The Highlandcroft cycle includes diorite, quartz diorite, granodiorite, and granite. They are younger than Partridge slate and older than Clough conglomerate; are definitely pre-Silurian, and probably late Ordovician. The Oliverian rocks are largely biotite granite; younger than Devonian but older than major period of orogeny. The New Hampshire magma series consists of diorite, quartz diorite, granodiorite, trondhjemite, and granite, younger than Devonian and essentially contemporaneous with the great period of folding. Youngest of all is White Mountain ("alkaline") magma series, which is younger than Devonian, and later than the period of orogeny. Thus 3 of the igneous series are younger than Devonian, and to them belong 90 percent of the igneous rocks of central New Hampshire. The other 10 percent (the Highlandcroft group) is pre-Silurian, probably late Ordovician but possibly older. On 1932 geologic map of US only the White Mountain magma series is shown as Paleozoic; all others being included in pre-Cambrian. In other words, Paleozoic intrusives are much more abundant than map shows.

Widespread evidence of glaciation may be seen in the U-shaped form of various notches, or mountain passes. Glacial cirques form the heads of Tuckerman Ravine on Mt. Washington and King Ravine on Mt. Adams. Glacial striations are visible at numerous locations, including on the exposed rocks at the summit of Pine Mountain in Gorham.

Attractions

The Mount Washington Auto Road and the historic Mount Washington Cog Railway ascend the range's highest peak. Heavily visited Arethusa Falls, the second tallest waterfall in New Hampshire, lies on a southwest flank of Crawford Notch. The Old Man of the Mountain, a rock formation on Cannon Mountain that resembled the craggy profile of a man's face, was a White Mountain landmark until it fell in May 2003. It remains the state symbol of New Hampshire. The range also includes a natural feature dubbed "The Basin", consisting of a granite bowl, 20 feet (6 m) in diameter, fed by a waterfall, worn smooth by the Pemigewasset River. The areas around The Basin are popular spots for swimming in the ice-cold mountain-fed water.

The range is crossed north–south by U.S. Route 3 and Interstate 93 through Franconia Notch and New Hampshire Route 16 through Pinkham Notch, and east–west by the Kancamagus Highway (part of New Hampshire Route 112) through Kancamagus Pass and U.S. Route 302 through Crawford Notch.

Mapping

Some of the earliest maps of the White Mountains were produced as tourist maps and not topographical maps. One of the first two tourist maps of the mountains was that produced by Franklin Leavitt, a self-taught artist born near Lancaster, New Hampshire in 1824. Leavitt's hand-drawn map, today in the collection of Harvard University, is largely folk art, but does convey some of the region's features. Leavitt drew several versions of his map, beginning in 1852. The fourth version, printed in 1871, was printed at Boston and carried a retail price of one dollar. Other early maps of the region were drawn by H. Conant and by Harvard astronomer George Phillips Bond, who published the first topographical map of the region in 1853.

Art

The White Mountains drew hundreds of painters during the 19th century. This group of artists is sometimes referred to as belonging to the "White Mountain school" of art. Others dispute the notion that these painters were a "school", since they did not all paint in the same style as, for example, those artists of the Hudson River School.

In literature and drama

Nathaniel Hawthorne chose the White Mountains as the setting for his short story, "The Great Carbuncle". Other White Mountain tales by Hawthorne include "The Ambitious Guest", "Sketches from Memory" and "The Great Stone Face". The White Mountain region also figures prominently in the writings of Louisa May Alcott, including the novel Eight Cousins and its sequel, Rose in Bloom.

See also

• List of mountain passes in New Hampshire
• List of mountains of New Hampshire
• White Mountains Region

References

1. AMC: "How the White Mountains Were Named"
2. "Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S." U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
3. https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/UnitRefs/WhiteMountainRefs_4380.html
4. Franklin Leavitt, Map of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, WhiteMountainHistory.org
5. Franklin Leavitt White Mountains Map, Harvard University
6. 1871 Franklin Leavitt Map, WhiteMountainHistory.org
7. George P. Bond: Map of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, WhiteMountainHistory.org

External links

• The Grand Hotels, The Glory and The Conflagration, Randall E. Spalding, WhiteMountainHistory.org
• "White Mountains" . The American Cyclopædia. 1879.

• White Mountains (New Hampshire)
• Mountain ranges of New Hampshire
• Mountain ranges of Maine
• Subranges of the Appalachian Mountains
• White Mountain National Forest
• Geography of New England
• Cretaceous magmatism
• Igneous petrology of New Hampshire
• Physiographic sections