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| {{TopicTOC-World War II}} | |||
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| '''Resistance movements during World War II''' occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda, to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns. In many countries, resistance movements were sometimes also referred to as '''The Underground'''. | |||
| Among the most notable ]s were the ], including the ], ], and the whole ]; ], the ],{{Ref label|a|a|none}} the ] led mainly by the ]; the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ] ] itself (there were 16 main resistance groups and at least 27 failed ] with many more planned): in short, across ]. | |||
| Many countries had resistance movements dedicated to fighting the ], and ] itself also had an ]. Although Britain was not occupied during the war, the British made complex preparations for a British resistance movement. The main organisation was created by the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, aka ]) and is now known as Section VII.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Fighting Nazi Occupation: British Resistance 1939-1945|last = Atkin|first = Malcolm|publisher = Pen and Sword|year = 2015|isbn = 978-1-47383-377-7|location = Barnsley|pages = Chapter 11}}</ref> In addition there was a short-term secret commando force called the ].<ref name="coleshillhouse.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.coleshillhouse.com/|title=British Resistance Archive - Churchill's Auxiliary Units - A comprehensive online resource.|website=www.coleshillhouse.com}}</ref> Various organizations were also formed to establish foreign resistance cells or support existing resistance movements, like the British ] and the American ] (the forerunner of the ]). | |||
| There were also resistance movements fighting against the ] invaders. In ], after the Italian forces were defeated during the ], some Italians participated in a ] (1941–1943). The German Nazi resistance movement ("]") never amounted to much. The "]" of ], ] and ] included many fighters who operated against the ] into the 1960s. During or after the war, similar anti-Soviet resistance rose up in places like ], ], ], ], and ]. While the Japanese were famous for "fighting to the last man", ]s tended to be individually motivated and there is little indication that there was any organized Japanese resistance after the war. | |||
| == Organization == | |||
| After the first shock following the ], people slowly started to get organized, both locally and on a larger scale, especially when ] and other groups were starting to be deported and used for the '']'' (] for the Germans). Organization was dangerous, so much resistance was done by individuals. The possibilities depended much on the terrain; where there were large tracts of uninhabited land, especially hills and forests, resistance could more easily get organised undetected. This favoured in particular the ] in ]. In the much more densely populated ], the ] wilderness could be used to go into hiding. In ], both the ] and the ] offered shelter to partisan brigades, though many groups operated directly inside the major cities. | |||
| There were many different types of groups, ranging in activity from ] to armed resistance, and sometimes cooperating to a varying degree. Resistance usually arose spontaneously, but was encouraged and helped mainly from London and Moscow. | |||
| ==Size== | |||
| <!--a graph could be made combining the table from Yugoslav_Partisans#Composition and https://commons.wikimedia.org/File:AK-Soviet_partisans_numbers.JPG--> | |||
| The five largest resistance movements in Europe were the Dutch, the French, the Polish, the Soviet and the Yugoslav; overall their size can be seen as comparable, particularly in the years 1941-1944. | |||
| A number of sources note that the Polish ] was the largest resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe. ] writes that the "Armia Krajowa (Home Army), the AK,... could fairly claim to be the largest of European resistance ."<ref name="Davies2005">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=God's Playground: 1795 to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBpghdZeIwAC&pg=PA344|accessdate=30 May 2012|date=28 February 2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12819-3|page=344}}</ref> ] writes that the "Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) in late 1943 numbered around 400,000, making it the largest resistance organization in Europe."<ref>Gregor Dallas, ''1945: The War That Never Ended'', Yale University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-300-10980-6}}, </ref> ] writes that the "Armia Krajowa was considered the largest underground resistance unit in wartime Europe."<ref>Mark Wyman, ''DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945–1951'', Cornell University Press, 1998, {{ISBN|0-8014-8542-8}}, </ref> However, the numbers of ] were very similar to those of the Polish resistance<ref>See, for example, Leonid D. Grenkevich, ''The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–44: A Critical Historiographical Analysis'', p. 229, and ], ''The Guerilla Reader: A Historical Anthology'', New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990, p. 233.</ref> as were the numbers of Yugoslav partisans.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz1PW_wnHYMC|last1=Cohen|first1=Philip J.|last2=Riesman|first2=David|title=Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History| publisher=Texas A&M University Press|year=1996|isbn=0-89096-760-1|ref=refCohen1996|page=96}}</ref> For the French Resistance, ] ventured an estimate of 200,000 activists and a further 300,000 with substantial involvement in Resistance operations.{{Cite book |last=Laffont |first=Robert |title= Dictionnaire historique de la Résistance |year=2006 |publisher=Bouquins |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-221-09997-1 |page=339}} | |||
| == Forms of resistance == | |||
| Various forms of resistance were: | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] – the '']'' ("Work Contribution") forced locals to work for the Germans, but work was often done slowly or intentionally badly | |||
| ** ] and ] | |||
| ** Based on existing organizations, such as the churches, students, communists and doctors (professional resistance) | |||
| * Armed | |||
| ** raids on distribution offices to get food coupons or various documents such as '']'' or on birth registry offices to get rid of information about ] and others to whom the Nazis paid special attention | |||
| ** temporary liberation of areas, such as in ], ], and ], occasionally in cooperation with the ] | |||
| ** uprisings such as in ] in ] and ], and in ]s such as in ] in 1943 and ] in 1944 | |||
| ** continuing battle and ], such as the partisans in the ] and Yugoslavia and the ] in ] | |||
| * ], including sending reports of military importance (e.g. troop movements, weather reports etc.) | |||
| * Illegal press to counter ] | |||
| * Anti-Nazi propaganda including movies for example anti-Nazi color film ''Calling Mr. Smith'' (1943) about current Nazi crimes in German-occupied Poland. | |||
| * Covert listening to ] broadcasts for news bulletins and coded messages | |||
| * Political resistance to prepare for the reorganization after the war | |||
| * Helping people to go into hiding (e.g., to escape the ''Arbeitseinsatz'' or ])—this was one of the main activities in the ], due to the large number of Jews and the high level of administration, which made it easy for the Germans to identify Jews. | |||
| * Helping Allied military personnel caught behind ] lines | |||
| * Helping ]s with illegal supplies, breakouts, communication, etc. | |||
| * Forgery of documents | |||
| == Resistance operations == | |||
| === 1939–1940 === | |||
| ] and his unit - Poland winter 1939]] | |||
| In March 1940, a ] unit of the first ] organization of the Second World War in Europe, led by Major ] (Hubal) completely destroyed a ] of German infantry in a skirmish near the Polish village of ]. A few days later in an ambush near the village of ] it inflicted heavy casualties upon another German unit. As time progressed, resistance forces grew in size and number. To counter this threat, the German authorities formed a special 1,000 man-strong anti-partisan unit of combined ]-''Wehrmacht'' forces, including a ] group. Although Dobrzański's unit never exceeded 300 men, the Germans fielded at least 8,000 men in the area to secure it.<ref>*Marek Szymanski: ''Oddzial majora Hubala'', Warszawa 1999, {{ISBN|978-83-912237-0-3}}</ref><ref>*]: ''Polish Hero Roman Rodziewicz Fate of a Hubal Soldier in Auschwitz, Buchenwald and Postwar England, Lexington Books, 2013, {{ISBN|978-0-7391-8535-3}}</ref> | |||
| In 1940, ], ], presented to his superiors a plan to enter Germany's ], gather intelligence on the camp from the inside, and organize inmate resistance.<ref>Jozef Garlinski, Fighting Auschwitz: the Resistance Movement in the Concentration Camp, Fawcett, 1975, {{ISBN|978-0-449-22599-8}}, reprinted by Time Life Education, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-8094-8925-1}}</ref> The ] approved this plan, provided him with a false identity card, and on 19 September 1940, he deliberately went out during a street roundup in Warsaw-], and was caught by the Germans along with other civilians and sent to Auschwitz. In the camp he organized the underground organization ] (ZOW).<ref name= hoh>Hershel Edelheit, ''History of the Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary'', Westview Press, 1994, {{ISBN|978-0-8133-2240-7}}, </ref> | |||
| From October 1940, ZOW sent the first reports about the camp and its ] to Home Army Headquarters in Warsaw through the resistance network organized in Auschwitz.<ref>], Ochotnik do Auschwitz - Witold Pilecki 1901–1948 , Oświęcim 2000. {{ISBN|978-83-912000-3-2}}</ref> | |||
| On the night of January 21–22, 1940, in the Soviet-occupied ]n town of ], the ] started. It was the first Polish uprising and the first anti-Soviet uprising of World War II. Anti-Soviet Poles, most of them teenagers from local high schools, stormed the local ] barracks and a prison, in order to release Polish soldiers kept there. | |||
| 1940 was the year of establishing ] and infamous death camp ] by the German Nazis in occupied Poland. | |||
| Among the many activities of Polish resistance and Polish people one was helping endangered Jews. Polish citizens have the world's highest count of individuals who have been recognized as ] by ] as non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews from extermination during the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/statistics|title=Names of Righteous by Country - www.yadvashem.org|website=www.yadvashem.org}}</ref> | |||
| One of the events that helped the growth of the French Resistance was the targeting of the French Jews, Communists, Gypsies, homosexuals, Catholics, and others, forcing many into hiding. This in turn gave the French Resistance new people to incorporate into their political structures. | |||
| The 'Special Operations Executive' ] was a ] ] organisation. Following ] approval, it was officially formed by ] ] on 22 July 1940, to develop a spirit of resistance in the occupied countries and to prepare a ] of resistance fighters to engage in open opposition to the occupiers at such time that the United Kingdom was able to return to the continent.{{sfn|Foot|2004|p=14}} To aid in the transport of agents and the supply of the resistance fighters, a ] was developed. Whereas the ] was primarily involved in ], the SOE and the resistance fighters were geared toward ] of German defenses and ]. In England the SOE was also involved in the formation of the ], a top secret ] resistance organisation which would have been activated in the event of a ]. The SOE operated in all countries or former countries occupied by or attacked by the Axis forces, except where demarcation lines were agreed with Britain's principal allies (the ] and the ]). | |||
| After the war, the organisation was officially dissolved on 15 January 1946. | |||
| === 1941 === | |||
| In February 1941, the ] organized a general strike in ] and surrounding cities, known as the ], in protest against ] measures by the Nazi occupying force and violence by fascist street fighters against Jews. Several hundreds of thousands of people participated in the strike. The strike was put down by the Nazis and some participants were executed. | |||
| In April 1941, the ] was established in the ]. Its armed wing were the ]. It represented both the working class and the Slovene ethnicity.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.si/books?id=lolpAAAAMAAJ |title=Euroslovenstvo |language=Slovenian |trans-title=European Slovenehood |first=Tine |last=Hribar |author-link=Tine Hribar |year=2004 |publisher=Slovenska matica |isbn=961-213-129-5}}</ref> | |||
| From April 1941, ] of the ] started in Poland ''']''' headed by ]. Action was complex of ], ] and ] activities carried out by the ] against ] ] during ]<ref>Halina Auderska, Zygmunt Ziółek, ''Akcja N. Wspomnienia 1939–1945'' (''Action N. Memoirs 1939–1945''), Wydawnictwo Czytelnik, Warszawa, 1972 {{pl icon}}</ref> | |||
| Beginning in March 1941, Witold Pilecki's reports were being forwarded via the ] to the ] and through it, to the British government in London and other Allied governments. These reports were the first information about the ] and the principal source of intelligence on Auschwitz for the Western Allies.<ref>], ''Europe: A History'', Oxford University Presse, 1996, ISBN</ref> | |||
| In May 1941, the Resistance Team "Elevtheria" (Freedom) was established in ] by politicians Paraskevas Barbas, Apostolos Tzanis, Ioannis Passalidis, Simos Kerasidis, Athanasios Fidas, Ioannis Evthimiadis and military officer ]. Its armed wing concluded two armed forces; ] with armed action in ], with Christodoulos Moschos ''(captain "Petros")'' as leader, and ] with armed action in ], with Athanasios Genios ''(captain "Lassanis")'' as leader.<ref></ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603120351/http://www.proti-selida.gr/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE/4377.html |date=2013-06-03 }}</ref><ref></ref> | |||
| ] during World War II began on June 22, 1941 (the start-date of ]) in ]. | |||
| Also on June 22, 1941 as a reaction to Nazi invasion of USSR ] was formed in Croatia, near the town of Sisak. It was first armed Anti-Fascist partisan detachment in Croatia. | |||
| Communist-initiated ] against Axis started in Serbia on July 7, 1941., and six days later in ]. The ] (Ужичка република) was a short-lived liberated Yugoslav territory, the first part of occupied Europe to be liberated. Organized as a military mini-state it existed throughout the autumn of 1941 in the western part of Serbia. The Republic was established by the Partisan resistance movement and its administrative center was in the town of Užice. The government was made of "people's councils" (''odbors''), and the Communists opened schools and published a newspaper, ''Borba'' (meaning "Struggle"). They even managed to run a postal system and around {{convert|145|km|mi|abbr=on}} of railway and operated an ammunition factory from the vaults beneath the bank in Užice. | |||
| In July 1941 ] (using the codename ''"Rygor"''—Polish for "Rigor") set up "]," one of World War II's most successful intelligence organizations.<ref>Tessa Stirling ''et al.'', ''Intelligence Co-operation between Poland and Great Britain during World War II'', vol. I: ''The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee'', London, Vallentine Mitchell, 2005</ref> His Polish allies in these endeavors included Lt. Col. ] and Major ]. The information gathered by the Agency was used by the Americans and British in planning the amphibious November 1942 ]<ref name="WSC_Closing the Ring">{{cite book|last=Churchill|first=Winston Spencer|title=The Second World War: Closing the Ring |year=1951|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston|page=643}}</ref><ref>Major General Rygor Slowikowski, "In the secret service - The lightning of the Torch", The Windrush Press, London 1988, s. 285</ref> landings in North Africa. | |||
| On 13 July 1941, in Italian-occupied ], Montenegrin separatist ] proclaimed an Independent State of Montenegro under Italian protectorate, upon which a nationwide rebellion escalated raised by Partisans, Yugoslav Royal officers and various other armed personnel. It was the first organized armed uprising in then occupied Europe, and involved 32,000 people. Most of Montenegro was quickly liberated, except major cities where Italian forces were well fortified. On 12 August — after a major Italian offensive involving 5 divisions and 30,000 soldiers — the uprising collapsed as units were disintegrating; poor leadership occurred as well as collaboration. The final toll of July 13 uprising in Montenegro was 735 dead, 1120 wounded and 2070 captured Italians and 72 dead and 53 wounded Montenegrins.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}} | |||
| The ], 31 August 1941, ] attacked and freed the town of ] in Serbia from the Germans. Several Germans were killed and wounded; 93 were captured. | |||
| On 11 October 1941, in Bulgarian-occupied Prilep, Macedonians attacked post of the Bulgarian occupation police, which was the start of Macedonian resistance against the fascists who occupied Macedonia: Germans, Italians, Bulgarians and Albanians. The resistance finished successfully in August–November 1944 when independent Macedonian state was formed, and later it was added to the Federation - Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (later to be SFRJ). | |||
| During the time within which Hitler gave his anti-resistance '']'' decree - made on the very day of the ] in the Pacific - the planning for Britain's ] was underway, as a resistance move during World War II to assassinate ], the Nazi “Protector of ]” and the chief of Nazi's ], by the ] in Prague. Over fifteen thousand Czechs were killed in reprisals, with the most infamous incidents being the complete destruction of the towns of ] and ]. | |||
| === 1942 === | |||
| The ] was a passive resistance movement organised within a short time period to protest against a directive that incorporated the Luxembourg youth into the Wehrmacht. A national general strike, originating mainly in Wiltz, paralysed the country and forced the occupying German authorities to respond violently by sentencing 21 strikers to death. | |||
| In September 1942, "'''The Council to Aid Jews ]'''" was founded by ] and ] ("Alinka") and made up of Polish Democrats as well as other ] activists. Poland was the only country in occupied Europe where there existed such a dedicated secret organization. Half of the Jews who survived the war (thus over 50,000) were aided in some shape or form by Żegota.<ref name="Piotrowski118">{{cite book |author=]|title=Poland's Holocaust |year=1997|editor=|page=118|chapter=Assistance to Jews|chapterurl=|publisher=McFarland & Company| location=|isbn=978-0-7864-0371-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&pg=PA118&vq=%22half+were+aided%22&dq=Number+of+Jews+helped+by+Zegota&source=gbs_search_s|accessdate=}}</ref> The most known activist of Żegota was ''']''' head of the children's division who saved 2,500 ]ish children by smuggling them out of the ], providing them false documents, and sheltering them in individual and group children's homes outside the Ghetto.<ref name="Baczynska">{{cite news|last=Baczynska|first=Gabriela|author2=JonBoyle |title=Sendler, savior of Warsaw Ghetto children, dies|work=Washington Post|publisher=The Washington Post Company|date= 2008-05-12|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/12/AR2008051200522.html|accessdate=2008-05-12}} {{dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> | |||
| On the night of 7–8 October 1942, ''']''' started. It targeted rail infrastructure near ]. Similar operations aimed at disrupting German transport and communication in ] occurred in the coming months and years. It targeted railroads, bridges and supply depots, primarily near transport hubs such as Warsaw and ]. | |||
| On 25 November, Greek guerrillas with the help of twelve British saboteurs<ref>Christopher M. Woodhouse, "The struggle for Greece, 1941–1949", Hart-Davis Mc-Gibbon, 1977, </ref> carried out a successful operation which disrupted the German ammunition transportation to the German Africa Corps under ]—the destruction of ] bridge (]).<ref>Richard Clogg, "A Short History of Modern Greece", Cambridge University Press, 1979 </ref><ref>Procopis Papastratis, "British policy towards Greece during the Second World War, 1941-1944", Cambridge University Press, 1984 </ref> | |||
| On 20 June 1942, the most spectacular escape from ] took place. Four Poles, Eugeniusz Bendera,<ref name="PSB">Wojciech Zawadzki (2012), Przedborski Słownik Biograficzny, via Internet Archive.</ref> ], Stanisław Gustaw Jaster and Józef Lempart made a daring escape.<ref>"Byłem Numerem: swiadectwa Z Auschwitz" by Kazimierz Piechowski, Eugenia Bozena Kodecka-Kaczynska, Michal Ziokowski, Hardcover, Wydawn. Siostr Loretanek, {{ISBN|83-7257-122-8}}</ref> The escapees were dressed as members of the ], fully armed and in an SS staff car. They drove out the main gate in a stolen ] automobile ] 220 with a smuggled report from ] about the ]. The Germans never recaptured any of them.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522044837/http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=578&Itemid=8 |date=May 22, 2011 }}</ref> | |||
| The ''']''' was an armed uprising of ] and ] against the forced ] from the ] region (Zamość Lands, '']'') under the ] ]. Nazi Germans attempting to remove the local Poles from the Greater Zamosc area (through forced removal, transfer to forced labor camps, or, in rare cases, mass murder) to get it ready for German colonization. It lasted from 1942–1944, and despite heavy casualties suffered by the Underground, the Germans failed. | |||
| === 1943 === | |||
| {{quote|By the middle of 1943 partisan resistance to the Germans and their allies had grown from the dimensions of a mere nuisance to those of a major factor in the general situation. In many parts of occupied Europe Germany was suffering losses at the hands of partisans that he could ill afford. Nowhere were these losses heavier than in Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.znaci.net/00001/3_1_0.htm|title=Basil Davidson: PARTISAN PICTURE|website=www.znaci.net}}</ref>|]}} | |||
| ] group of the ] Brigade.]] | |||
| ] fighters behind German front lines in ], 1943.]] | |||
| In early January 1943, the 20,000 strong main operational group of the ], stationed in western ], came under ferocious attack by over 150,000 German and Axis troops, supported by about 200 ] ] in what became known as the ] (the German codename was ''"Fall Weiss"'' or ''"Case White"'').<ref name="Vojska.net"></ref> The Axis rallied eleven divisions, six German, three Italian, and two divisions of the ] (supported by ] formations) as well as a number of ] brigades.<ref></ref> The goal was to destroy the Partisan HQ and main field hospital (all Partisan wounded and prisoners faced certain execution), but this was thwarted by the diversion and retreat across the ], planned by the Partisan supreme command led by Marshal ]. The main Partisan force escaped into ]. | |||
| On 19 April 1943, three members of the ] movement were able to stop the ], which was the 20th prisoner transport in ] organised by the Germans during ]. The exceptional action by members of the Belgian resistance occurred to free ] and ] ("gypsy") civilians who were being transported by train from the Dossin army base located in ], ] to the concentration camp ]. The 20th train convoy transported 1,631 Jews (men, women and children). Some of the prisoners were able to escape and marked this particular kind of liberation action by the Belgian resistance movement as unique in the European history of the ]. | |||
| In October 1943, ] meant that nearly all of the Danish Jews were saved from KZ camps by the ]. This action is considered one of the bravest and most significant displays of public defiance against the Nazis. However, the action was largely due to the personal intervention of German diplomat ], who both leaked news of the intended round up of the Jews to both the Danish opposition and Jewish groups and negotiated with the Swedes to ensure Danish Jews would be accepted in Sweden. | |||
| On 26 March 1943 in ], ''']''' was conducted by the ] (Gray Ranks) ] formation and led to the release of arrested troop leader ]. In an attack on the prison, Bytnar and 24 other prisoners were set free.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620063106/http://wilk.wpk.p.lodz.pl/~whatfor/akc_arsenal.htm |date=June 20, 2008 }}</ref> | |||
| <!-- ] violation: ] by ] after the ], 1943.]] --> | |||
| The ] from 15 May-16 June 1943 was a joint attack of the Axis forces that once again attempted to destroy the main Yugoslav Partisan force, near the ] river in southeastern Bosnia. The Axis rallied 127,000 troops for the offensive, including German, ], ], ]n and ] units, as well as over 300 airplanes (under German operational command), against 18,000 soldiers of the primary Yugoslav Partisans operational group organised in 16 brigades. Facing almost exclusively German troops in the final encirclement, the Yugoslav Partisans finally succeeded in breaking out across the Sutjeska river through the lines of the German ''118th Jäger Division,'' ''104th Jäger Division'' and ''369th (Croatian) Infantry Division'' in the northwestern direction, towards eastern Bosnia. Three brigades and the central hospital with over 2,000 wounded remained surrounded and, following Hitler's instructions, German commander-in-chief General ] ordered and carried out their annihilation, including the wounded and unarmed medical personnel. In addition, Partisan troops suffered from a severe lack of food and medical supplies, and many were struck down by ]. However, the failure of the offensive marked a turning point for ] during World War II. | |||
| ''']''' started—an action of serial ] of the Nazi personnel sentenced to death by the ] for crimes against Polish citizens in ]. The Resistance fighters of Polish ]'s unit ] kill ] during ] in 1943, and ] during ] in 1944. Both men were high-ranking Nazi German ] and secret police officers responsible for the murder and brutal interrogation of thousands of Polish Jews and Polish resistance fighters and supporters. | |||
| The ] lasted from 19 April-16 May, and cost the Nazi forces 17 dead and 93 wounded. | |||
| On 30 September the ] forces occupying the ] city of ] were forced out by the townsfolk and the ] before the ] in the city on 1 October. This popular uprising is known as the ].<ref>Barbagallo, Corrado, ''Napoli contro il terrore nazista''. Maone, Naples.</ref> | |||
| On October 9, 1943, the Kinabalu guerillas launched the ] against the ]. | |||
| From November 1943, ''']''' started. The Armia Krajowa provided the Allies with crucial intelligence on the German ]. In effect, some {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of the most important parts of the captured V-2, as well as the final report, analyses, sketches and photos, were transported to ] by a ] ] aircraft. In late July 1944, the V-2 parts were delivered to ].<ref>Ordway, Frederick I., III. ''The Rocket Team''. Apogee Books Space Series 36 (pp. 158, 173)</ref> | |||
| === 1944 === | |||
| ] defending a barricade in ] Powiśle district during the ], August 1944]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] group ] in ], 14 September 1944, ]]] | |||
| ] with troops of the US ] in front of the Lambertus church in Veghel during ], September 1944]] | |||
| ] production, and a part of the German nuclear program, ] between 1942 and 1944]] | |||
| ].]] | |||
| ] fighter ] shouting "Smrt fašizmu sloboda narodu!" ("Death to fascism, freedom to the people!") (the Partisan slogan) seconds before plunging to his death.]] | |||
| ] ({{ill|Onkel Emil|de}})]] | |||
| On 11 February 1944, the Resistance fighters of Polish ]'s unit ] executed ], ] and ]'s Police Chief in ] in action known as ''']'''.<ref>Piotr Stachniewicz, "Akcja" "Kutschera", Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa 1982,</ref><ref>Joachim Lilla (Bearb.): ''Die Stellvertretenden Gauleiter und die Vertretung der Gauleiter der NSDAP im „Dritten Reich“'', Koblenz 2003, S. 52-3 (Materialien aus dem Bundesarchiv, Heft 13) {{ISBN|978-3-86509-020-1}}</ref> | |||
| In the spring of 1944, a plan was laid out by the Allies to kidnap General Müller, whose harsh repressive measures had earned him the nickname "the Butcher of ]". The operation was led by Major ], together with Captain ], Greek ] agents and ]. However, Müller left the island before the plan could be carried out. Undeterred, Fermor decided to abduct ] instead. | |||
| On the night of 26 April, General Kreipe left his headquarters in ] and headed without escort to his well-guarded residence, "Villa Ariadni", approximately {{convert|50|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}25 km outside ]. Major Fermor and Captain Moss, dressed as German military policemen, waited for him {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} before his residence. They asked the driver to stop and asked for their papers. As soon as the car stopped, Fermor quickly opened Kreipe's door, rushed in and threatened him with his gun while Moss took the driver's seat. After driving some distance the British left the car, with suitable decoy material being planted that suggesting an escape off the island had been made by ], and with the General began a cross-country march. Hunted by German patrols, the group moved across the mountains to reach the southern side of the island, where a British ] (''ML 842'', commanded by Brian Coleman) was to pick them up. Eventually, on 14 May 1944, they were picked up (from Peristeres beach near Rhodakino) and transferred to Egypt. | |||
| In April–May 1944, the ] launched the daring airborne ] aimed at capturing Marshal ], the commander-in-chief of the ], as well as disrupting their leadership and command structure. The Partisan headquarters were in the hills near ], ] at the time. The representatives of the ], ]'s ] and ], were also present. Elite German SS parachute commando units fought their way to Tito's ] headquarters and exchanged heavy gunfire resulting in numerous casualties on both sides.<ref>pp. 343-376, Eyre</ref> ] under ] also flocked to the firefight in their own attempt to capture Tito. By the time German forces had penetrated to the cave, however, Tito had already fled the scene. He had a train waiting for him that took him to the town of ]. It would appear that Tito and his staff were well prepared for emergencies. The commandos were only able to retrieve Tito’s marshal's uniform, which was later displayed in ]. After fierce fighting in and around the village cemetery, the Germans were able to link up with mountain troops. By that time, Tito, his British guests and ] survivors were fêted aboard the ] ] {{HMS|Blackmore||6}} and her captain Lt. Carson, RN. | |||
| An intricate series of resistance operations were launched in France prior to, and during, ]. | |||
| On June 5, 1944, the ] broadcast a group of unusual sentences, which the Germans knew were code words—possibly for the invasion of Normandy. The BBC would regularly transmit hundreds of personal messages, of which only a few were really significant. A few days before D-Day, the commanding officers of the Resistance heard the first line of ] poem, "]", ''"Les sanglots longs des violons de l'automne"'' (''Long sobs of autumn violins'') which meant that the "day" was imminent. When the second line ''"Blessent mon cœur d'une langueur monotone"'' (''wound my heart with a monotonous langour'') was heard, the Resistance knew that the invasion would take place within the next 48 hours. They then knew it was time to go about their respective pre-assigned missions. All over France resistance groups had been coordinated, and various groups throughout the country increased their sabotage. Communications were cut, trains derailed, roads, water towers and ammunition depots destroyed and German garrisons were attacked. Some relayed info about German defensive positions on the beaches of Normandy to American and British commanders by radio, just prior to 6 June. Victory did not come easily; in June and July, in the ] a newly reinforced maquis group fought more than 10,000 German soldiers (no Waffen-SS) under General Karl Pflaum and was defeated, with 840 casualties (639 fighters and 201 civilians). Following the ], Major Otto Diekmann's Waffen-SS company wiped out the village of ] on 10 June. The resistance also assisted the later Allied invasion in the south of France (]). | |||
| They started insurrections in cities such as ] when allied forces came close. | |||
| ], which took place between August and December 1944,<ref name="Pešić2004">{{cite book|author=Miodrag D. Pešić|title=Misija Haljard: spasavanje savezničkih pilota od strane četnika Draže Mihailovića u Drugom svetskom ratu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=305nAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Pogledi}}</ref> was an Allied ] operation behind enemy lines during World War II conducted by ] in occupied Yugoslavia. In July 1944, the ] (OSS) drew up plans to send a team to Chetniks led by General ] in the ]-occupied ] for the purpose of evacuating Allied airmen shot down over that area.<ref name="Leary 1995 p. 30"/> This team, known as the Halyard team, was commanded by ] ], along with ] Michael Rajacich, and Specialist Arthur Jibilian, the radio operator. The team was detailed to the ] ] and designated as the 1st Air Crew Rescue Unit.<ref name="Ford 1992 p. 100">], p. 100</ref> It was the largest rescue operation of American Airmen in history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usafe.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1009490/us-commemorates-serbian-support-during-wwii/|title=US commemorates Serbian support during WWII|publisher=}}</ref> According to historian Professor ], a report submitted to the OSS showed that 417<ref name="Tomasevich 1975 p. 378">], p. 378</ref> Allied airmen who had been downed over occupied Yugoslavia were rescued by Mihailović's Chetniks,<ref name="Leary 1995 p. 32">], p. 32</ref> and airlifted out by the Fifteenth Air Force.<ref name="Leary 1995 p. 30">], p. 30</ref> According to Lt. Cmdr. Richard M. Kelly (OSS) grand total of 432 U.S. and 80 Allied personnel were airlifted during the Halyard Mission.<ref name="Kelly p. 62">], p. 62</ref> | |||
| ] launched in Poland in 1944 would lead to several major actions by ], most notable of them being the ] that took place in between August 1 and October 2, and failed due to the Soviet refusal, due to differences in ideology, to help; another one was ]: the ] or ] turned the weapons given to them by the Nazi Germans (in hope that they would fight the incoming Soviets) against the nazi Germans—in the end the Home Army together with the Soviet troops took over the Greater ] area to the dismay of the ]ns. | |||
| On 25 June 1944, the ''']''' started—one of the largest battles between the Polish resistance and ] in ] during ], essentially a continuation of the ].<ref>Martin Gilbert, ''Second World War A Complete History'', Holt Paperbacks, 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-8050-7623-3}}, </ref> During ], in 1944, the Polish ] or ] provided the British with the parts of the ] rocket. | |||
| Norwegian ] of the German nuclear program drew to a close after three years on 20 February 1944, with the saboteur bombing of the ferry ]. The ferry was to carry railway cars with ] drums from the ] hydroelectric plant, where they were produced, across ] so they could be shipped to Germany. Its sinking effectively ended Nazi nuclear ambitions. The series of raids on the plant was later dubbed by the British ] as the most successful act of sabotage in all of World War II, and was used as a basis for the US war movie '']''. | |||
| As an initiation of their uprising, ] entered Banská Bystrica on the morning of 30 August 1944, the second day of the rebellion, and made it their headquarters. By 10 September, the insurgents gained control of large areas of central and eastern Slovakia. That included two captured airfields, and as a result of the two-week-old insurgency, the Soviet Air Force were able to begin flying in equipment to Slovakian and Soviet partisans. | |||
| == Resistance movements during World War II == | |||
| * British resistance movements <ref name="coleshillhouse.com"/><ref>{{Cite book|title = Fighting Nazi Occupation: British Resistance 1939 - 1945|last = Atkin|first = Malcolm|publisher = Pen and Sword|year = 2015|isbn = 978-1-47383-377-7|location = Barnsley|pages = Chapters 4 and 11}}</ref> | |||
| ** SIS Section D and Section VII (planned Resistance organisations) | |||
| ** ] (planned hidden commando force to operate during military anti-invasion campaign) | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| **] | |||
| ** ] (anti-Italian and later anti-communist and anti-Yugoslav resistance movements) | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ]* ] | |||
| ** '']'' (anti-communist) | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] (ABR) | |||
| ** ] (AS) | |||
| ** ] (CDJ, Jewish resistance) | |||
| ** ] (FI) | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] (KL) | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] (MP-PM) | |||
| ** ] (MNB) | |||
| ** ] (MNR-NKB) | |||
| ** ] (OMBR) | |||
| ** ] (PA) | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] - Bulgarian anti-communist resistance from 1944 | |||
| * ] (AFPFL – Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League) | |||
| * ]n, ]n and ]n anti-] resistance movements ("]") | |||
| * ] (anti-Soviet) | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| *** Muslim Detachment (回民義勇隊 Huimin Zhidui) | |||
| *** Muslim corps | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ], a Dutch resistance movement, which mainly operated around the S-Gravenhage area. | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] (BCRA) | |||
| ** ] (CNR) | |||
| ** ] (FTP) | |||
| ** ] (FFL) | |||
| ** ] (FFI) | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ]s | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| *German pro-Nazi resistance in Allied-occupied areas | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] (EAM) and the ] (ELAS), EAM's guerrilla forces | |||
| ** ] (EDES) | |||
| ** ] (EKKA) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Indian resistance movements: | |||
| ** ], largely ] anti-British resistance within Indian territory | |||
| ** ], pro-] force fighting against Allied forces in SE Asia and along India's eastern-most borderlands | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** '']'' | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** '']'' | |||
| ** '']'' | |||
| ** '']'' | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** '']'' | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ], ], and ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** '']'' | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * Italian resistance against the Allies | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ] (transnational) | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** '']'' | |||
| ** '']'' | |||
| ** ] (Kompani Linge) | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] ] (composed of unsurrendered ] troops including ] civilians).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Triumph/USA-P-Triumph-33.html|title=HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Triumph in the Philippines |website=www.ibiblio.org}}</ref> | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** '']'' | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] (Home Army—mainstream: Authoritarian/Western Democracy) | |||
| ** '']'' (Peoples' Army ) | |||
| ** '']'' (Farmers' Battalions—mainstream, apolitical, stress on private property) | |||
| ** ] (anti-communist) | |||
| ** '']'' (Peoples' Guard ) | |||
| ** '']'' (The Peoples' Guard Freedom Equailty Independence—mainstream Polish Socialist Party's underground, progressive, anti—nazi and anti—Soviet) | |||
| ** '']'' (various "forest People") | |||
| ** '']'' (National Armed Forces - Anti-Nazi, Anti-Communist) | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** '']'' (ZOB, Jewish Fighting Organisation in Poland) | |||
| ** '']'' (ZZW, Jewish Fighting Union in Poland) | |||
| * ] (anti-communist) | |||
| * Singaporean resistance movement | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (anti-German, anti-Soviet and anti-Polish resistance movement) | |||
| * ] (anti-German, anti-Soviet and anti-Polish resistance movement) | |||
| * '']'' (Vietnamese resistance organization that fought Vichy France and the Japanese, and later against the French attempt to re-occupy Vietnam) | |||
| * ] | |||
| ** ] (People's Liberation Army — ]-led ] and anti-Axis resistance movement) | |||
| ** ] (Yugoslav Army in the Homeland — anti-], anti-Nazi German, and anti-Yugoslav communist resistance movement) | |||
| == Notable individuals == | |||
| {{div col|colwidth=18em}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (]) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (]) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{div col end}} | |||
| == Documentaries == | |||
| * ''Confusion was their business'' (from the BBC series ''Secrets of World War II'' is a documentary about the SOE (Special Operations Executive) and its operations | |||
| * ''The Real Heroes of Telemark'' is a book and documentary by survival expert ] about the Norwegian sabotage of the German nuclear program (]) <!-- it also said this was "from the BBC series "Secrets of World War II", but I assume this was a confusion with the previous entry, so I removed that (DirkvdM) --> | |||
| * '''' (2005) This award-winning, hour-long documentary tells the stories of four participants in the ] and the miracles that saved them from certain death at the hands of the Nazis. | |||
| == Dramatisations == | |||
| * '']'' (1982–1992) a ] about the French resistance movement (a parody of ''Secret Army'') | |||
| * '']'' (1969) internal and external battles of the French resistance. Directed by ] | |||
| * '']'' (1969) is a movie depicting events that took place during the ] (''Fall Weiss''), also known as The Battle for the Wounded | |||
| * '']'' (2006) depicts double and triple crosses amongst the Dutch Resistance | |||
| * ''Bonhoeffer'' (2004 premier at the ]) is a play about ], a pastor in the ] executed for his participation in the German resistance. | |||
| * '']'' (1978) tells the tale of a boy who conned his way into partisan ranks at age of 15 and became legendary for his talent of destroying enemy bunkers | |||
| * ''] (2001)'' – thought to be based on ] | |||
| * '']'' (1985) is a Soviet made film about partisans in Belarus, as well as war crimes committed by the war's various factions. | |||
| * '']'' (2008) tells the story of the ], a group of Jewish resistance fighters operating in ]. | |||
| * '']'' (2008) is a movie based on two Danish resistance fighters who were in the ]. | |||
| * '']'' (1962) is a movie based on the popular uprising against the German forces occupying the Italian city of ]. | |||
| * '']'' (1955) (Polish) two young men involved in resistance by ] | |||
| * '']'' (1965) is very loosely based on the Norwegian sabotage of the German nuclear program (the later ''Real Heroes of Telemark'' is more accurate) | |||
| * '']'' (1982) (Dutch) is about Dutch resistance fighter ] | |||
| * '']'' (1956) (Polish) first film ever to depict ] | |||
| * '']'' (1962) features scenes of the resistance operations during ] | |||
| * '']'' (1973) is based on a true story about Nazi retaliation after a resistance attack in Rome | |||
| * ''] (2007)'' is a Canadian film about Justice Inspector ] of ] who challenged the Nazis before and during the war | |||
| * '']'' (2003): a film based on a 1995 book of the same title by ]. The plot revolves around a downed American pilot who is sheltered by the Belgian resistance. | |||
| * '']'' (1977) a television series about the Belgian resistance movement, based on real events | |||
| * '']'' (1971) a North Korean opera depicting Anti-Japanese resistance | |||
| * '']'' (1977) (Dutch) is about some Dutch students who enter the resistance in cooperation with England | |||
| * '']'' (2005) is about the last days in the life of ] | |||
| * '']'' (1954) (East German) follows the story of a group of German Communist resistance fighters | |||
| * '']'' (1973) is a movie based on the events that took place during the ] (''Fall Schwartz'') | |||
| * ], 2008 adaptation of ]'s 1972 novel, about a Dutch youth whose favors for members of the Dutch Resistance during the last winter of World War II have a devastating impact on his family | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| '''a''' {{Note label|a|a|none}} Sources vary with regard to what was the largest resistance movement during World War II. The confusion often stems from the fact that as war progressed, some resistance movements grew larger - and other diminished. In particular, Polish and Soviet territories were mostly freed from Nazi German control in the years 1944-1945, eliminating the need for their respective (anti-Nazi) partisan forces (in Poland, ] continued to fight against the Soviets). Fighting in Yugoslavia, however, with Yugoslavian partisans fighting German units, ]. The numbers for each of those three movements can be roughly estimated as approaching 100,000 in 1941, and 200,000 in 1942, with Polish and Soviet partisan numbers peaking around 1944 at 350,000-400,000, and Yugoslavian, growing till the very end till they reached the 800,000.<ref name="Vukšić2003"/><ref name="Vukšić2003"/><ref name=ac/> | |||
| Several sources note that Polish ] was the largest resistance movement in ]. For example, ] wrote "Armia Krajowa (Home Army), the AK, which could fairly claim to be the largest of European resistance";<ref>], ''God's Playground: A History of Poland'', Columbia University | |||
| Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-231-12819-3}}, </ref> ] wrote "Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) in late 1943 numbered around 400,000, making it the largest resistance organization in Europe";<ref>Gregor Dallas, ''1945: The War That Never Ended'', Yale University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-300-10980-6}}, </ref> ] wrote "Armia Krajowa was considered the largest underground resistance unit in wartime Europe".<ref>Mark Wyman, ''DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945-1951'', Cornell University Press, 1998, {{ISBN|0-8014-8542-8}}, </ref> Certainly, Polish resistance was the largest resistance till German ] and ] in 1941. | |||
| After that point, the numbers of ] and ] begun growing rapidly. The numbers of ] quickly caught up and were very similar to that of the Polish resistance (a graph is also available ]).<ref name="Vukšić2003"/><ref>See for example: Leonid D. Grenkevich in The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941-44: A Critical Historiographical Analysis, p.229 or Walter Laqueur in The Guerilla Reader: A Historical Anthology, (New York, Charles Scribiner, 1990, p.233.</ref> | |||
| The numbers of Tito's ] were roughly similar to those of the Polish and Soviet partisans in the first years of the war (1941–1942), but grew rapidly in the latter years, outnumbering the Polish and Soviet partisans by 2:1 or more (estimates give Yugoslavian forces about 800,000 in 1945, to Polish and Soviet forces of 400,000 in 1944).<ref name="Vukšić2003">{{cite book|author=Velimir Vukšić|title=Tito's partisans 1941-45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLix5hc4WRgC&pg=PA11|accessdate=1 March 2011|date=23 July 2003|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84176-675-1|pages=11–}}</ref><ref name=ac>Anna M. Cienciala, , History 557 Lecture Notes</ref> Some authors also call it the largest resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe, for example, ] wrote: "The Yugoslav partisan guerrilla campaign, which developed into the largest resistance army in occupied Western and Central Europe...".<ref name="Malley-Morrison2009">{{cite book|author=Kathleen Malley-Morrison|title=State Violence and the Right to Peace: Western Europe and North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hV-y4BNWTt0C&pg=RA1-PA27|accessdate=1 March 2011|date=30 October 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-275-99651-2|pages=1–}}</ref> | |||
| The numbers of ] were smaller, around 10,000 in 1942, and swelling to 200,000 by 1944.<ref name="NadeauBarlow2003">{{cite book|author1=Jean-Benoît Nadeau|author2=Julie Barlow|title=Sixty million Frenchmen can't be wrong: why we love France but not the French|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtUWuzzYqa8C&pg=PA89|accessdate=6 March 2011|year=2003|publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4022-0045-8|pages=89–}}</ref> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{commonscat}} | |||
| * on the ] website | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * Eyewitness accounts of Russia's Jewish resistance during World War II; website & documentary film. | |||
| * From the at the ] | |||
| * From the at the ] | |||
| * {{Cite web|url = http://www.mwatkin.com|title = British Resistance in WW2|date = 2015|accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }} | |||
| {{Resistance in World War II by country}} | |||
| {{World War II}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Resistance During World War Ii}} | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 18:19, 29 December 2018
ok thats fine every thing on here is fake