| Revision as of 16:43, 24 October 2018 editAldebarium (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users914 edits Undid revision 865537048 by 173.251.29.2 (talk) Mass is what's directly measured. Diameter is neither directly measured nor observable, and is not mentioned in the article that's cited.Tag: Undo← Previous edit | Revision as of 19:15, 14 February 2019 edit undoCitation bot (talk | contribs)Bots5,420,296 editsm Alter: title. Add: arxiv, pmid, issue, bibcode. Removed accessdate with no specified URL. Removed parameters. | You can use this bot yourself. Report bugs here. | rsjaffe; Category:NGC_objects.Next edit → | ||
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| | gal_v = 5168 km/s<ref name="ned" /> | | gal_v = 5168 km/s<ref name="ned" /> | ||
| | dist_ly = {{convert|73|Mpc|Mly|abbr=on|lk=on}}<ref name="trujilo"/> | | dist_ly = {{convert|73|Mpc|Mly|abbr=on|lk=on}}<ref name="trujilo"/> | ||
| | group_cluster = ]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brunzendorf|first=J.|last2=Meusinger|first2=H.|date=October 1, 1999|title=The galaxy cluster Abell 426 (Perseus). A catalogue of 660 galaxy positions, isophotal magnitudes and morphological types |
| group_cluster = ]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brunzendorf|first=J.|last2=Meusinger|first2=H.|date=October 1, 1999|title=The galaxy cluster Abell 426 (Perseus). A catalogue of 660 galaxy positions, isophotal magnitudes and morphological types|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series|language=en|volume=139|issue=1|pages=141–161|doi=10.1051/aas:1999111|issn=0365-0138|bibcode=1999A&AS..139..141B}}</ref><ref name="trujilo"/> | ||
| | type = S0^+, pec<ref name="ned" /> | | type = S0^+, pec<ref name="ned" /> | ||
| | mass = | | mass = | ||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
| | accessdate=November 29, 2012}}</ref> | | accessdate=November 29, 2012}}</ref> | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''NGC 1277''' is a ] in the constellation of ]. It is a member of the ] of galaxies and is located approximately 73Mpc (Mega ]s)<ref name=trujilo>{{cite journal|last1=Trujillo|first1=Ignacio|last2=Ferré-Mateu|first2=Anna|last3=Balcells|first3=Marc|last4=Vazdekis|first4=Alexandre|last5=Sánchez-Blázquez|first5=Patricia|title=NGC 1277: A Massive Compact Relic Galaxy in the Nearby Universe|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|date=1 January 2014|volume=780|pages=L20|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/780/2/L20|issn=0004-637X|bibcode=2014ApJ...780L..20T|arxiv = 1310.6367 }}</ref> or 220 million ]s from the ]. It has an apparent magnitude of about 14.7. It was discovered on December 4, 1875 by ]. | '''NGC 1277''' is a ] in the constellation of ]. It is a member of the ] of galaxies and is located approximately 73Mpc (Mega ]s)<ref name=trujilo>{{cite journal|last1=Trujillo|first1=Ignacio|last2=Ferré-Mateu|first2=Anna|last3=Balcells|first3=Marc|last4=Vazdekis|first4=Alexandre|last5=Sánchez-Blázquez|first5=Patricia|title=NGC 1277: A Massive Compact Relic Galaxy in the Nearby Universe|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|date=1 January 2014|volume=780|issue=2|pages=L20|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/780/2/L20|issn=0004-637X|bibcode=2014ApJ...780L..20T|arxiv = 1310.6367 }}</ref> or 220 million ]s from the ]. It has an apparent magnitude of about 14.7. It was discovered on December 4, 1875 by ]. | ||
| NGC 1277 has been called a "relic of the early universe" due to its stars being formed during a 100 million year interval about 12 billion years ago. Stars were formed at a rate of 1000 times that of the ] galaxy's formation rate in a short burst of time. After this process of stellar formation ran its course, NGC 1277 was left populated with metal-rich stars that are about 7 billion years older than our ].<ref name="trujilo"/> It is still uncertain whether or not NGC 1277 is a "relic galaxy"; current studies are still researching the possibility.<ref name="walsh"/><ref name="graham"/>However, observations with ] indicate that NGC 1277 lacks metal-poor globular clusters, suggesting that it has accreted little mass over its lifetime and supporting the relic galaxy hypothesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beasley|first=Michael A.|last2=Trujillo|first2=Ignacio|last3=Leaman|first3=Ryan|last4=Montes|first4=Mireia|date=2018-03-12|title=A single population of red globular clusters around the massive compact galaxy NGC 1277 |
NGC 1277 has been called a "relic of the early universe" due to its stars being formed during a 100 million year interval about 12 billion years ago. Stars were formed at a rate of 1000 times that of the ] galaxy's formation rate in a short burst of time. After this process of stellar formation ran its course, NGC 1277 was left populated with metal-rich stars that are about 7 billion years older than our ].<ref name="trujilo"/> It is still uncertain whether or not NGC 1277 is a "relic galaxy"; current studies are still researching the possibility.<ref name="walsh"/><ref name="graham"/>However, observations with ] indicate that NGC 1277 lacks metal-poor globular clusters, suggesting that it has accreted little mass over its lifetime and supporting the relic galaxy hypothesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beasley|first=Michael A.|last2=Trujillo|first2=Ignacio|last3=Leaman|first3=Ryan|last4=Montes|first4=Mireia|date=2018-03-12|title=A single population of red globular clusters around the massive compact galaxy NGC 1277|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=555|issue=7697|pages=483–486|doi=10.1038/nature25756|pmid=29531319|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2018Natur.555..483B|arxiv=1803.04893}}</ref> | ||
| ==Supermassive black hole== | ==Supermassive black hole== | ||
| ] image of galaxies in the Perseus Cluster. NGC 1277 is the bright galaxy just to the left of the center of the image.]] | ] image of galaxies in the Perseus Cluster. NGC 1277 is the bright galaxy just to the left of the center of the image.]] | ||
| Initial observations made using the ] at Texas's ] suggested the presence of a black hole with a mass of about {{math|{{val|1.7|e=10|u=solar mass}}}} (17 billion solar masses), equivalent to 14% of the total stellar mass of the galaxy, due to the motions of the stars near the center of the galaxy.<ref name=vandenBosch>{{cite journal |last1=van den Bosch |first1=Remco C. E. |last2=Gebhardt |first2=Karl |last3=Gültekin |first3=Kayhanl |last4=van de Ven |first4=Glenn |last5=van der Wel |first5=Arjen |display-authors=1 |title=An over-massive black hole in the compact lenticular galaxy |
Initial observations made using the ] at Texas's ] suggested the presence of a black hole with a mass of about {{math|{{val|1.7|e=10|u=solar mass}}}} (17 billion solar masses), equivalent to 14% of the total stellar mass of the galaxy, due to the motions of the stars near the center of the galaxy.<ref name=vandenBosch>{{cite journal |last1=van den Bosch |first1=Remco C. E. |last2=Gebhardt |first2=Karl |last3=Gültekin |first3=Kayhanl |last4=van de Ven |first4=Glenn |last5=van der Wel |first5=Arjen |display-authors=1 |title=An over-massive black hole in the compact lenticular galaxy NGC 1277 |journal=] |volume=491 |issue=7426 |pages=729–731 |date=29 Nov 2012 |doi=10.1038/nature11592 |arxiv = 1211.6429 |bibcode = 2012Natur.491..729V |pmid=23192149}}</ref> This resulted in the initial claim that the black hole in NGC 1277 is ] in relation to the mass of its host galaxy. | ||
| A follow-up study,<ref name=Emsellem>{{cite journal |last=Emsellem |first=Eric |title=Is the black hole in NGC 1277 really overmassive? |journal=] |volume=433 |issue=3 |pages=1862–1870 |date=Aug 2013 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stt840 |bibcode = 2013MNRAS.433.1862E |arxiv = 1305.3630 }}</ref> based on the same data and published the following year, reached a very different conclusion. The black hole that was initially suggested at {{math|{{val|1.7|e=10|u=solar mass}}}} was not as massive as once thought. The black hole was estimated to be between 2 and 5 billion solar masses. This is less than a third of the previously estimated mass, a significant decrease. Models with no black hole at all were also found to provide reasonably good fits to the data, including the central region. | A follow-up study,<ref name=Emsellem>{{cite journal |last=Emsellem |first=Eric |title=Is the black hole in NGC 1277 really overmassive? |journal=] |volume=433 |issue=3 |pages=1862–1870 |date=Aug 2013 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stt840 |bibcode = 2013MNRAS.433.1862E |arxiv = 1305.3630 }}</ref> based on the same data and published the following year, reached a very different conclusion. The black hole that was initially suggested at {{math|{{val|1.7|e=10|u=solar mass}}}} was not as massive as once thought. The black hole was estimated to be between 2 and 5 billion solar masses. This is less than a third of the previously estimated mass, a significant decrease. Models with no black hole at all were also found to provide reasonably good fits to the data, including the central region. | ||
| Subsequent investigations employed ] to acquire a better estimate of the mass of the black hole.<ref name=walsh>{{cite journal|last1=Walsh|first1=Jonelle L.|last2=van den Bosch|first2=Remco C. E.|last3=Gebhardt|first3=Karl|last4=Yildirim|first4=Akin|last5=Richstone|first5=Douglas O.|last6=Gültekin|first6=Kayhan|last7=Husemann|first7=Bernd|title=A 5 x 109 Msun Black Hole in NGC 1277 from Adaptive Optics Spectroscopy|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=1 January 2016|volume=817|pages=2|doi=10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/2|issn=0004-637X|bibcode=2016ApJ...817....2W|arxiv = 1511.04455 }}</ref><ref name=graham>{{cite journal|last1=Graham|first1=Alister W.|last2=Durré|first2=Mark|last3=Savorgnan|first3=Giulia A. D.|last4=Medling|first4=Anne M.|last5=Batcheldor|first5=Dan|last6=Scott|first6=Nicholas|last7=Watson|first7=Beverly|last8=Marconi|first8=Alessandro|title=A Normal Supermassive Black Hole in NGC 1277|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=1 March 2016|volume=819|pages=43|doi=10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/43|issn=0004-637X|bibcode=2016ApJ...819...43G|arxiv = 1601.05151 }}</ref> | Subsequent investigations employed ] to acquire a better estimate of the mass of the black hole.<ref name=walsh>{{cite journal|last1=Walsh|first1=Jonelle L.|last2=van den Bosch|first2=Remco C. E.|last3=Gebhardt|first3=Karl|last4=Yildirim|first4=Akin|last5=Richstone|first5=Douglas O.|last6=Gültekin|first6=Kayhan|last7=Husemann|first7=Bernd|title=A 5 x 109 Msun Black Hole in NGC 1277 from Adaptive Optics Spectroscopy|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=1 January 2016|volume=817|issue=1|pages=2|doi=10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/2|issn=0004-637X|bibcode=2016ApJ...817....2W|arxiv = 1511.04455 }}</ref><ref name=graham>{{cite journal|last1=Graham|first1=Alister W.|last2=Durré|first2=Mark|last3=Savorgnan|first3=Giulia A. D.|last4=Medling|first4=Anne M.|last5=Batcheldor|first5=Dan|last6=Scott|first6=Nicholas|last7=Watson|first7=Beverly|last8=Marconi|first8=Alessandro|title=A Normal Supermassive Black Hole in NGC 1277|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=1 March 2016|volume=819|issue=1|pages=43|doi=10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/43|issn=0004-637X|bibcode=2016ApJ...819...43G|arxiv = 1601.05151 }}</ref> | ||
| One group made observations using the Gemini Near Infrared Integral Field Spectrometer to better determine the mass of the black hole at the center of NGC 1277.<ref name="walsh"/> The group used similar models to that of van den Bosch, but with higher spatial resolution. After using stellar dynamics and luminosity models to estimate the mass of the black hole, they came to a mass of {{math|{{val|4.9|e=9|u=solar mass}}}}, similar to the estimate from the follow-up study done by Emsellem,<ref name="Emsellem"/> which estimated a mass between 2–5 billion solar masses. | One group made observations using the Gemini Near Infrared Integral Field Spectrometer to better determine the mass of the black hole at the center of NGC 1277.<ref name="walsh"/> The group used similar models to that of van den Bosch, but with higher spatial resolution. After using stellar dynamics and luminosity models to estimate the mass of the black hole, they came to a mass of {{math|{{val|4.9|e=9|u=solar mass}}}}, similar to the estimate from the follow-up study done by Emsellem,<ref name="Emsellem"/> which estimated a mass between 2–5 billion solar masses. | ||
| More recently, a new group<ref name="graham"/> made observations using the larger ] with superior spatial resolution, and calculated that a black hole with mass {{math|{{val|1.2|e=9|u=solar mass}}}} fits best. Moreover, this value is an order of magnitude smaller than first reported by van den Bosch,<ref name="vandenBosch"/> and was noted to probably be an upper limit due to the edge-on rotating disk in NGC 1277. | More recently, a new group<ref name="graham"/> made observations using the larger ] with superior spatial resolution, and calculated that a black hole with mass {{math|{{val|1.2|e=9|u=solar mass}}}} fits best. Moreover, this value is an order of magnitude smaller than first reported by van den Bosch,<ref name="vandenBosch"/> and was noted to probably be an upper limit due to the edge-on rotating disk in NGC 1277. | ||
Revision as of 19:15, 14 February 2019
| NGC 1277 | |
|---|---|
 NGC 1277 as seen by the HST | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Perseus |
| Right ascension | 03 19 51.5 |
| Declination | 41° 34′ 25″ |
| Redshift | 0.016898 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 5066 km/s |
| Galactocentric velocity | 5168 km/s |
| Distance | 73 Mpc (240 Mly) |
| Group or cluster | Perseus Cluster |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 14.66 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | S0^+, pec |
| Size | ~52,700 ly (16.16 kpc) (estimated) |
| Apparent size (V) | 1.0 x 0.4 |
| Other designations | |
| PGC 12434, LGG 088 | |
| References: | |
NGC 1277 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Perseus. It is a member of the Perseus Cluster of galaxies and is located approximately 73Mpc (Mega parsecs) or 220 million light years from the Milky Way. It has an apparent magnitude of about 14.7. It was discovered on December 4, 1875 by Lawrence Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse.
NGC 1277 has been called a "relic of the early universe" due to its stars being formed during a 100 million year interval about 12 billion years ago. Stars were formed at a rate of 1000 times that of the Milky Way galaxy's formation rate in a short burst of time. After this process of stellar formation ran its course, NGC 1277 was left populated with metal-rich stars that are about 7 billion years older than our Sun. It is still uncertain whether or not NGC 1277 is a "relic galaxy"; current studies are still researching the possibility.However, observations with Hubble Space Telescope indicate that NGC 1277 lacks metal-poor globular clusters, suggesting that it has accreted little mass over its lifetime and supporting the relic galaxy hypothesis.
Supermassive black hole
Initial observations made using the Hobby-Eberly Telescope at Texas's McDonald Observatory suggested the presence of a black hole with a mass of about 1.7×10 M☉ (17 billion solar masses), equivalent to 14% of the total stellar mass of the galaxy, due to the motions of the stars near the center of the galaxy. This resulted in the initial claim that the black hole in NGC 1277 is one of the largest known in relation to the mass of its host galaxy.
A follow-up study, based on the same data and published the following year, reached a very different conclusion. The black hole that was initially suggested at 1.7×10 M☉ was not as massive as once thought. The black hole was estimated to be between 2 and 5 billion solar masses. This is less than a third of the previously estimated mass, a significant decrease. Models with no black hole at all were also found to provide reasonably good fits to the data, including the central region.
Subsequent investigations employed adaptive optics to acquire a better estimate of the mass of the black hole. One group made observations using the Gemini Near Infrared Integral Field Spectrometer to better determine the mass of the black hole at the center of NGC 1277. The group used similar models to that of van den Bosch, but with higher spatial resolution. After using stellar dynamics and luminosity models to estimate the mass of the black hole, they came to a mass of 4.9×10 M☉, similar to the estimate from the follow-up study done by Emsellem, which estimated a mass between 2–5 billion solar masses. More recently, a new group made observations using the larger Keck Telescope with superior spatial resolution, and calculated that a black hole with mass 1.2×10 M☉ fits best. Moreover, this value is an order of magnitude smaller than first reported by van den Bosch, and was noted to probably be an upper limit due to the edge-on rotating disk in NGC 1277.
References
- ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 1277. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
- ^ Trujillo, Ignacio; Ferré-Mateu, Anna; Balcells, Marc; Vazdekis, Alexandre; Sánchez-Blázquez, Patricia (1 January 2014). "NGC 1277: A Massive Compact Relic Galaxy in the Nearby Universe". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 780 (2): L20. arXiv:1310.6367. Bibcode:2014ApJ...780L..20T. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/780/2/L20. ISSN 0004-637X.
- Brunzendorf, J.; Meusinger, H. (October 1, 1999). "The galaxy cluster Abell 426 (Perseus). A catalogue of 660 galaxy positions, isophotal magnitudes and morphological types". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 139 (1): 141–161. Bibcode:1999A&AS..139..141B. doi:10.1051/aas:1999111. ISSN 0365-0138.
- ^ Walsh, Jonelle L.; van den Bosch, Remco C. E.; Gebhardt, Karl; Yildirim, Akin; Richstone, Douglas O.; Gültekin, Kayhan; Husemann, Bernd (1 January 2016). "A 5 x 109 Msun Black Hole in NGC 1277 from Adaptive Optics Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 817 (1): 2. arXiv:1511.04455. Bibcode:2016ApJ...817....2W. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/2. ISSN 0004-637X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Graham, Alister W.; Durré, Mark; Savorgnan, Giulia A. D.; Medling, Anne M.; Batcheldor, Dan; Scott, Nicholas; Watson, Beverly; Marconi, Alessandro (1 March 2016). "A Normal Supermassive Black Hole in NGC 1277". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (1): 43. arXiv:1601.05151. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819...43G. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/43. ISSN 0004-637X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Beasley, Michael A.; Trujillo, Ignacio; Leaman, Ryan; Montes, Mireia (2018-03-12). "A single population of red globular clusters around the massive compact galaxy NGC 1277". Nature. 555 (7697): 483–486. arXiv:1803.04893. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..483B. doi:10.1038/nature25756. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29531319.
- ^ van den Bosch, Remco C. E.; et al. (29 Nov 2012). "An over-massive black hole in the compact lenticular galaxy NGC 1277". Nature. 491 (7426): 729–731. arXiv:1211.6429. Bibcode:2012Natur.491..729V. doi:10.1038/nature11592. PMID 23192149.
- ^ Emsellem, Eric (Aug 2013). "Is the black hole in NGC 1277 really overmassive?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 433 (3): 1862–1870. arXiv:1305.3630. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.433.1862E. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt840.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)