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==Reviews and studies== ==Reviews and studies==
In 2012, the ] produced a survey of the prospects of the world's ]s: ''Spineless''. It estimated that about 20% of all species were threatened with extinction and that species with the least mobility and smallest ranges were the most at risk.<ref name=ZSL/><ref name=SA/> In 2012, the ] produced a survey of the prospects of the world's ]s: ''Spineless''. It estimated that about 20% of all species were threatened with extinction and that species with the least mobility and smallest ranges were the most at risk.<ref name=ZSL/><ref name=SA/>

A comparison of the amount of ]s in the ] showed a large decline from 1976 to 2012. Depending the method of collection, the declines ranged from a factor of 4 to 60. A corresponding decline in the number of ] species such as birds, frogs and lizards was also observed. The decline was attributed to a rise in the average temperature as tropical insect species cannot tolerate a wide range of temperatures.<ref name=PNAS/><ref name=WP/>


A 2014 review in '']'' – ''Defaunation in the Anthropocene'' – found that "Of all insects with IUCN-documented population trends, 33% are declining ... Globally, a compiled index of all invertebrate population declines over the past 40 years shows an overall 45% decline".<ref name=NYT18/><ref name=S14/> A 2014 review in '']'' – ''Defaunation in the Anthropocene'' – found that "Of all insects with IUCN-documented population trends, 33% are declining ... Globally, a compiled index of all invertebrate population declines over the past 40 years shows an overall 45% decline".<ref name=NYT18/><ref name=S14/>
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<ref name=NYT17>{{citation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/world/europe/krefeld-germany-insect-armageddon.html |title=The German Amateurs Who Discovered ‘Insect Armageddon’ |newspaper=The New York Times |author=Sally McGrane |date=4 December 2017}}</ref> <ref name=NYT17>{{citation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/world/europe/krefeld-germany-insect-armageddon.html |title=The German Amateurs Who Discovered ‘Insect Armageddon’ |newspaper=The New York Times |author=Sally McGrane |date=4 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=PLoS>{{citation |last1=Hallmann |first1=CA |last2=Sorg |first2=M |last3=Jongejans |first3=E |last4=Siepel |first4=H |last5=Hofland |first5=N |last6=Schwan|first6=H |title=More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=12 |number=10 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0185809 |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0185809 |date=18 October 2017}}</ref> <ref name=PLoS>{{citation |last1=Hallmann |first1=CA |last2=Sorg |first2=M |last3=Jongejans |first3=E |last4=Siepel |first4=H |last5=Hofland |first5=N |last6=Schwan|first6=H |title=More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=12 |number=10 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0185809 |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0185809 |date=18 October 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=PNAS>{{citation |title=Climate-driven declines in arthropod abundance restructure a rainforest food web |first1=Bradford C. |last1=Lister |first2=Andres |last2=Garcia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=October 2018 |volume=115 |number=44 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1722477115}}</ref>
<ref name=WP>{{citation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.2529193c7530 |title=‘Hyperalarming’ study shows massive insect loss |newspaper=The Washington Post |author=Ben Guarino |date=15 October 2018}}</ref>
}} }}


Revision as of 13:01, 18 February 2019

In the 21st century, there appears to be a widespread decline in the number of insects. About 40% of species are threatened by extinction and the types most affected include ants, bees, butterflies, moths and wasps. While some species such as flies and cockroaches might increase as a result, the total biomass of insects is decreasing by about 2.5% per year. The phenomenon is due to multiple factors including habitat destruction, pesticides, introduced species and climate change.

Reviews and studies

In 2012, the Zoological Society of London produced a survey of the prospects of the world's invertebrates: Spineless. It estimated that about 20% of all species were threatened with extinction and that species with the least mobility and smallest ranges were the most at risk.

A comparison of the amount of arthopods in the El Yunque National Forest showed a large decline from 1976 to 2012. Depending the method of collection, the declines ranged from a factor of 4 to 60. A corresponding decline in the number of insect-eating species such as birds, frogs and lizards was also observed. The decline was attributed to a rise in the average temperature as tropical insect species cannot tolerate a wide range of temperatures.

A 2014 review in Science – Defaunation in the Anthropocene – found that "Of all insects with IUCN-documented population trends, 33% are declining ... Globally, a compiled index of all invertebrate population declines over the past 40 years shows an overall 45% decline".

In 2016, the Entomologischer Verein Krefeld produced a report from their long-term records of insect collections in nature reserves in Germany. This showed that, in the period 1990 to 2016, there had been a decline of 75% in the amount of flying insects.

See also

References

  1. Matt McGrath (11 February 2019), Global insect decline may see 'plague of pests', BBC
  2. Sánchez-Bayo, Francisco; Wyckhuys, Kris A.G. (31 January 2019), "Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers", Biological Conservation, 232: 8–27, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020
  3. Damian Carrington (10 February 2019), "Plummeting insect numbers 'threaten collapse of nature'", The Observer
  4. Gretchen Vogel (10 May 2017), "Where have all the insects gone?", Science
  5. Ben Collen, Monika Böhm, Rachael Kemp, Jonathan E. M. Baillie, ed. (2012), Spineless – Status and trends of the world's invertebrates (PDF), Zoological Society of London, ISBN 978-0-900881-70-1{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  6. Brendan Borrell (4 September 2012), "One Fifth of Invertebrate Species at Risk of Extinction", Scientific American
  7. Lister, Bradford C.; Garcia, Andres (October 2018), "Climate-driven declines in arthropod abundance restructure a rainforest food web", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115 (44), doi:10.1073/pnas.1722477115
  8. Ben Guarino (15 October 2018), "'Hyperalarming' study shows massive insect loss", The Washington Post
  9. Brooke Jarvis (27 November 2018), "The Insect Apocalypse Is Here", The New York Times
  10. Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick; Collen, Ben (25 July 2014), "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF), Science, 345 (6195): 401–406, doi:10.1126/science.1251817
  11. Sally McGrane (4 December 2017), "The German Amateurs Who Discovered 'Insect Armageddon'", The New York Times
  12. Hallmann, CA; Sorg, M; Jongejans, E; Siepel, H; Hofland, N; Schwan, H (18 October 2017), "More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas", PLoS ONE, 12 (10), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185809{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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