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Narendra ModiMP
14th Prime Minister of India
Incumbent
Assumed office 26 May 2014
President	Pranab Mukherjee Ram Nath Kovind
Preceded by	Manmohan Singh
14th Chief Minister of Gujarat
In office 7 October 2001 – 22 May 2014
Governor	Sunder Singh Bhandari Kailashpati Mishra Balram Jakhar Nawal Kishore Sharma S. C. Jamir Kamla Beniwal
Preceded by	Keshubhai Patel
Succeeded by	Anandiben Patel
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
Incumbent
Assumed office 16 May 2014
Preceded by	Murli Manohar Joshi
Constituency	Varanasi
Member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly for Maninagar
In office 1 January 2002 – 16 May 2014
Preceded by	Kamlesh Patel
Succeeded by	Suresh Patel
Personal details
Born	Narendra Damodardas Modi (1950-09-17) 17 September 1950 (age 74) Vadnagar, Bombay State, India (present-day Gujarat)
Political party	Bharatiya Janata Party
Spouse	Jashodaben ​(m. 1968)​ (estranged)
Residence(s)	7, Lok Kalyan Marg, New Delhi
Alma mater	University of Delhi Gujarat University
Signature
Website	Official website Government website

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Narendra Damodardas Modi (pronounced [ˈnəɾendrə dɑmodəɾˈdɑs ˈmodiː] ; born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current Prime Minister of India since 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi. Modi is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation.

Born to a Gujarati family in Vadnagar, Modi helped his father sell tea as a child and later ran his own stall. He was introduced to the RSS at the age of eight, beginning a long association with the organisation. He left home after graduating from school, partly because of an arranged marriage which he rejected. Modi travelled around India for two years and visited a number of religious centres. He returned to Gujarat and moved to Ahmedabad in 1969 or 1970. In 1971 he became a full-time worker for the RSS. During the state of emergency imposed across the country in 1975, Modi was forced to go into hiding. The RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985, and he held several positions within the party hierarchy until 2001, rising to the rank of General Secretary.

Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2001, due to Keshubhai Patel's failing health and poor public image following the earthquake in Bhuj. Modi was elected to the legislative assembly soon after. His administration has been considered complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots, or otherwise criticised for its handling of it; however, a Supreme Court-appointed Special Investigation Team (SIT) found no evidence to initiate prosecution proceedings against Modi personally. His policies as chief minister, credited with encouraging economic growth, have received praise. His administration has been criticised for failing to significantly improve health, poverty, and education indices in the state.

Modi led the BJP in the 2014 general election, which gave the party a majority in the Lok Sabha, the first time a single party had achieved this since 1984. Modi himself was elected to parliament from Varanasi. Since taking office, Modi's administration has tried to raise foreign direct investment in the Indian economy, increased spending on infrastructure, and reduced spending on healthcare and social welfare programmes. Modi has attempted to improve efficiency in the bureaucracy, and centralised power by abolishing the planning commission and replacing it with the NITI Aayog. He has begun a high-profile sanitation campaign, and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws. Credited with engineering a political realignment towards right-wing politics, Modi remains a figure of controversy domestically and internationally over his Hindu nationalist beliefs and his role during the 2002 Gujarat riots, cited as evidence of an exclusionary social agenda.

Early life and education

Narendra Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a family of grocers in Vadnagar, Mehsana district, Bombay State (present-day Gujarat). He was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi (c.1915 – 1989) and Hiraben Modi (born c.1920). Modi's family belonged to the Modh-Ghanchi-Teli (oil-presser) community, which is categorised as an Other Backward Class by the Indian government.

As a child, Modi helped his father sell tea at the Vadnagar railway station and later ran a tea stall with his brother near a bus terminus. Modi completed his higher secondary education in Vadnagar in 1967, where a teacher described him as an average student and a keen debater, with interest in theatre. Modi had an early gift for rhetoric in debates, and his teachers and students noted this. Modi preferred playing larger-than-life characters in theatrical productions, which has influenced his political image.

When eight years old, Modi discovered the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and began attending its local shakhas (training sessions). There, Modi met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, popularly known as Vakil Saheb, who inducted him as a balswayamsevak (junior cadet) for RSS and became his political mentor. While Modi was training with the RSS, he also met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, Bharatiya Jana Sangh leaders who were founding members of the BJP's Gujarat unit in 1980. Engaged while still a child to Jashodaben, a girl from a family who lived close by, Modi rejected the arranged marriage at the same time he graduated from high school. The resulting familial tensions contributed to his decision to leave home in 1967.

Modi spent the ensuing two years travelling across Northern and North-eastern India, though few details of where he went have emerged. In interviews, Modi has described visiting Hindu ashrams founded by Swami Vivekananda: the Belur Math near Kolkata, followed by the Advaita Ashrama in Almora and the Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot. Modi remained only a short time at each, since he lacked the required college education. Vivekananda has been described as a large influence in Modi's life.

In the early summer of 1968, Modi reached the Belur Math but was turned away, after which Modi wandered through Calcutta, West Bengal and Assam, stopping in Siliguri and Guwahati. Modi then went to the Ramakrishna Ashram in Almora, where he was again rejected, before travelling back to Gujarat via Delhi and Rajasthan in 1968–69. Sometime in late 1969 or early 1970, Modi returned to Vadnagar for a brief visit before leaving again for Ahmedabad. There, Modi lived with his uncle, working in the latter's canteen at the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation.

In Ahmedabad, Modi renewed his acquaintance with Inamdar, who was based at the Hedgewar Bhavan (RSS headquarters) in the city. After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, he stopped working for his uncle and became a full-time pracharak (campaigner) for the RSS, working under Inamdar. Shortly before the war, Modi took part in a non-violent protest against the Indian government in New Delhi, for which he was arrested; this has been cited as a reason for Inamdar electing to mentor him. Many years later Modi would co-author a biography of Inamdar, published in 2001.

In 1978 Modi received a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from School of Open Learning at University of Delhi, graduating with a third class. Five years later, in 1983, he received a Master of Arts degree in political science from Gujarat University, as an external distance learning student.

Early political career

In June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India which lasted until 1977. During this period, known as "The Emergency", many of her political opponents were jailed and opposition groups were banned. Modi was appointed general secretary of the "Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti", an RSS committee coordinating opposition to the Emergency in Gujarat. Shortly afterwards, the RSS was banned. Modi was forced to go underground in Gujarat and frequently travelled in disguise to avoid arrest. He became involved in printing pamphlets opposing the government, sending them to Delhi and organising demonstrations. Modi was also involved with creating a network of safe houses for individuals wanted by the government, and in raising funds for political refugees and activists. During this period, Modi wrote a book in Gujarati, Sangharsh Ma Gujarat (In The Struggles of Gujarat), describing events during the Emergency. Among the people he met in this role was trade unionist and socialist activist George Fernandes, as well as several other national political figures. In his travels during the Emergency, Modi was often forced to move in disguise, once dressing as a monk, and once as a Sikh.

Modi became an RSS sambhag pracharak (regional organiser) in 1978, overseeing RSS activities in the areas of Surat and Vadodara, and in 1979 he went to work for the RSS in Delhi, where he was put to work researching and writing the RSS's version of the history of the Emergency. He returned to Gujarat a short while later, and was assigned by the RSS to the BJP in 1985. In 1987 Modi helped organise the BJP's campaign in the Ahmedabad municipal election, which the BJP won comfortably; Modi's planning has been described as the reason for that result by biographers. After L. K. Advani became president of the BJP in 1986, the RSS decided to place its members in important positions within the BJP; Modi's work during the Ahmedabad election led to his selection for this role, and Modi was elected organising secretary of the BJP's Gujarat unit later in 1987.

Modi rose within the party and was named a member of the BJP's National Election Committee in 1990, helping organise L. K. Advani's 1990 Ram Rath Yatra in 1990 and Murli Manohar Joshi's 1991–92 Ekta Yatra (Journey for Unity). However, he took a brief break from politics in 1992, instead establishing a school in Ahmedabad; friction with Shankersingh Vaghela, a BJP MP from Gujarat at the time, also played a part in this decision. Modi returned to electoral politics in 1994, partly at the insistence of Advani, and as party secretary, Modi's electoral strategy was considered central to the BJP victory in the 1995 state assembly elections. In November of that year Modi was elected BJP national secretary and transferred to New Delhi, where he assumed responsibility for party activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. The following year, Shankersinh Vaghela, a prominent BJP leader from Gujarat, defected to the Indian National Congress (Congress, INC) after losing his parliamentary seat in the Lok Sabha elections. Modi, on the selection committee for the 1998 Assembly elections in Gujarat, favoured supporters of BJP leader Keshubhai Patel over those supporting Vaghela to end factional division in the party. His strategy was credited as key to the BJP winning an overall majority in the 1998 elections, and Modi was promoted to BJP general secretary (organisation) in May of that year.

Chief Minister of Gujarat

Taking office

In 2001, Keshubhai Patel's health was failing and the BJP lost a few state assembly seats in by-elections. Allegations of abuse of power, corruption and poor administration were made, and Patel's standing had been damaged by his administration's handling of the earthquake in Bhuj in 2001. The BJP national leadership sought a new candidate for the chief ministership, and Modi, who had expressed misgivings about Patel's administration, was chosen as a replacement. Although BJP leader L. K. Advani did not want to ostracise Patel and was concerned about Modi's lack of experience in government, Modi declined an offer to be Patel's deputy chief minister, telling Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee that he was "going to be fully responsible for Gujarat or not at all". On 3 October 2001 he replaced Patel as Chief Minister of Gujarat, with the responsibility of preparing the BJP for the December 2002 elections. On 7 October 2001, Modi was administered the oath of office. On 24 February 2002 he entered the Gujarat state legislature by winning a by-election to the Rajkot – II constituency, defeating Ashwin Mehta of the INC by 14,728 votes, which enabled him to take office.

2002 Gujarat riots

On 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred passengers burned near Godhra, killing approximately 60 people. The train carried a large number of Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya after a religious ceremony at the site of the demolished Babri Masjid. In making a public statement after the incident, Modi said that the attack had been terror attack planned by local Muslims. The next day, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad called for a bandh across the state. Riots began during the bandh, and anti-Muslim violence spread through Gujarat. The government's decision to move the bodies of the train victims from Godhra to Ahmedabad further inflamed the violence. The state government stated later that 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed. Independent sources put the death toll at over 2000. Approximately 150,000 people were driven to refugee camps. Numerous women and children were among the victims; the violence included mass rapes and mutilations of women.

The government of Gujarat itself is generally considered by scholars to have been complicit in the riots, and has otherwise received heavy criticism for its handling of the situation. Several scholars have described the violence as a pogrom, while others have called it an example of state terrorism. Summarising academic views on the subject, Martha Nussbaum said: "There is by now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing, that in many ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the state government and officers of the law." The Modi government imposed a curfew in 26 major cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders and called for the army to patrol the streets, but was unable to prevent the violence from escalating. The president of the state unit of the BJP expressed support for the bandh, despite such actions being illegal at the time. State officials later prevented riot victims from leaving the refugee camps, and the camps were often unable to meet the needs of those living there. Muslim victims of the riots were subject to further discrimination when the state government announced that compensation for Muslim victims would be half of that offered to Hindus, although this decision was later reversed after the issue was taken to court. During the riots, police officers often did not intervene in situations where they were able. In 2012 Maya Kodnani, a minister in Modi's government from 2007 to 2009, was convicted by a lower court for participation in the Naroda Patiya massacre during the 2002 riots. Although Modi's government had announced that it would seek the death penalty for Kodnani on appeal, it reversed its decision in 2013. On 21 April 2018, the Gujarat High Court acquitted Kodnani while noting that there were several shortfalls in the investigation.

Modi's personal involvement in the 2002 events has continued to be debated. During the riots, Modi said that "What is happening is a chain of action and reaction." Later in 2002, Modi said the way in which he had handled the media was his only regret regarding the episode. Modi has not offered an apology for the riots and has stated that he should be rather punished and not forgiven if he is guilty. In March 2008, the Supreme Court reopened several cases related to the 2002 riots, including that of the Gulbarg Society massacre, and established a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to look into the issue. In response to a petition from Zakia Jafri (widow of Ehsan Jafri, who was killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre), in April 2009 the court also asked the SIT to investigate the issue of Modi's complicity in the killings. The SIT questioned Modi in March 2010; in May, it presented to the court a report finding no evidence against him. In July 2011, the court-appointed amicus curiae Raju Ramachandran submitted his final report to the court. Contrary to the SIT's position, he said that Modi could be prosecuted based on the available evidence. The Supreme Court gave the matter to the magistrate's court. The SIT examined Ramachandran's report, and in March 2012 submitted its final report, asking for the case to be closed. Zakia Jaffri filed a protest petition in response. In December 2013 the magistrate's court rejected the protest petition, accepting the SIT's finding that there was no evidence against the chief minister.

2002 election

In the aftermath of the violence there were widespread calls for Modi to resign as chief minister from within and outside the state, including from leaders of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Telugu Desam Party (allies in the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance coalition), and opposition parties stalled Parliament over the issue. Modi submitted his resignation at the April 2002 BJP national executive meeting in Goa, but it was not accepted. His cabinet had an emergency meeting on 19 July 2002, after which it offered its resignation to the Gujarat Governor S. S. Bhandari, and the state assembly was dissolved. Despite opposition from the election commissioner, who said that a number of voters were still displaced, Modi succeeded in advancing the election to December 2002. In the elections, the BJP won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly. Although Modi later denied it, he made significant use of anti-Muslim rhetoric during his campaign, and the BJP profited from religious polarisation among the voters. He won the Maninagar constituency, receiving 1,13,589 of 1,54,981 votes and defeating INC candidate Yatin Oza by 75,333 votes. On 22 December 2002, Bhandari swore Modi in for a second term. Modi framed the criticism of his government for human rights violations as an attack upon Gujarati pride, a strategy which led to the BJP winning two-thirds of the seats in the state assembly.

Second term

During Modi's second term the rhetoric of the government shifted from Hindutva to Gujarat's economic development. Modi curtailed the influence of Sangh Parivar organisations such as the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (BKS) and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), entrenched in the state after the decline of Ahmedabad's textile industry, and dropped Gordhan Zadafia (an ally of former Sangh co-worker and VHP state chief Praveen Togadia) from his cabinet. When the BKS staged a farmers' demonstration Modi ordered their eviction from state-provided houses, and his decision to demolish 200 illegal temples in Gandhinagar deepened the rift with the VHP. Sangh organisations were no longer consulted or informed in advance about Modi's administrative decisions. Nonetheless, Modi retained connections with some Hindu nationalists. Modi wrote a foreword to a textbook by Dinanath Batra released in 2014, which stated that ancient India possessed technologies including test-tube babies.

Modi's relationship with Muslims continued to attract criticism. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee (who asked Modi for tolerance in the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat violence and supported his resignation as chief minister) distanced himself, reaching out to North Indian Muslims before the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. After the elections Vajpayee called the violence in Gujarat a reason for the BJP's electoral defeat and said it had been a mistake to leave Modi in office after the riots.

Questions about Modi's relationship with Muslims were also raised by many Western nations during his tenure as chief minister. Modi was barred from entering the United States by the State Department, in accordance with the recommendations of the Commission on International Religious Freedom formed under the aegis of the International Religious Freedom Act, the only person denied a US visa under this law. The UK and the European Union refused to admit him because of what they saw as his role in the riots. As Modi rose to prominence in India, the UK and the EU lifted their bans in October 2012 and March 2013, respectively, and after his election as prime minister he was invited to Washington.

During the run-up to the 2007 assembly elections and the 2009 general election, the BJP intensified its rhetoric on terrorism. In July 2006, Modi criticised Prime Minister Manmohan Singh " for his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislation" such as the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act. He asked the national government to allow states to invoke tougher laws in the wake of the 2006 Mumbai train bombings. In 2007 Modi authored Karmayog, a 101-page booklet discussing manual scavenging. In it, Modi argued that scavenging was a "spiritual experience" for Valmiks, a sub-caste of Dalits. However, this book was not circulated that time because of the election code of conduct. After the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, Modi held a meeting to discuss the security of Gujarat's 1,600-kilometre (990 mi)-long coastline, resulting in government authorisation of 30 high-speed surveillance boats. In July 2007 Modi completed 2,063 consecutive days as chief minister of Gujarat, making him the longest-serving holder of that post, and the BJP won 122 of 182 state-assembly seats in that year's election.

Development projects

As Chief Minister, Modi favoured privatisation and small government, which was at odds with the philosophy of the RSS, usually described as anti-privatisation and anti-globalisation. His policies during his second term have been credited with reducing corruption in the state. He established financial and technology parks in Gujarat and during the 2007 Vibrant Gujarat summit, real-estate investment deals worth ₹6.6 trillion were signed.

The governments led by Patel and Modi supported NGOs and communities in the creation of groundwater-conservation projects. By December 2008, 500,000 structures had been built, of which 113,738 were check dams, which helped recharge the aquifers beneath them. Sixty of the 112 tehsils which had depleted the water table in 2004 had regained their normal groundwater levels by 2010. As a result, the state's production of genetically modified cotton increased to become the largest in India. The boom in cotton production and its semi-arid land use led to Gujarat's agricultural sector growing at an average rate of 9.6 percent from 2001 to 2007. Public irrigation measures in central and southern Gujarat, such as the Sardar Sarovar Dam, were less successful. The Sardar Sarovar project only irrigated 4–6% of the area intended. Nonetheless, from 2001 to 2010 Gujarat recorded an agricultural growth rate of 10.97 percent – the highest of any state. However, sociologists have pointed out that the growth rate under the 1992–97 INC government was 12.9 percent. In 2008 Modi offered land in Gujarat to Tata Motors to set up a plant manufacturing the Nano after a popular agitation had forced the company to move out of West Bengal. Several other companies followed the Tata's to Gujarat.

The Modi government finished the process of bringing electricity to every village in Gujarat that its predecessor had almost completed. Modi significantly changed the state's system of power distribution, greatly impacting farmers. Gujarat expanded the Jyotigram Yojana scheme, in which agricultural electricity was separated from other rural electricity; the agricultural electricity was rationed to fit scheduled irrigation demands, reducing its cost. Although early protests by farmers ended when those who benefited found that their electricity supply had stabilised, according to an assessment study corporations and large farmers benefited from the policy at the expense of small farmers and labourers.

Development debate

There has been a contentious debate surrounding the development of the state of Gujarat during Modi's tenure as chief minister. The GDP growth rate of Gujarat averaged 10% during Modi's tenure, a value above that of the country as a whole, and similar to other highly industrialised states. Gujarat also had a high rate of economic growth in the 1990s, before Modi took office. Some scholars have stated the rate of growth did not accelerate during Modi's tenure, although the state is considered to have maintained a high growth rate during Modi's Chief Ministership. Under Modi, Gujarat topped the World Bank's "ease of doing business" rankings among Indian states for two consecutive years. In 2013, Gujarat was ranked first among Indian states for "economic freedom" by a report measuring governance, growth, citizens' rights and labour and business regulation among the country's 20 largest states. In the later years of Modi's government, Gujarat's economic growth was frequently used as an argument to counter allegations of communalism. Tax breaks for businesses were easier to obtain in Gujarat than in other states, as was land. Modi's policies to make Gujarat attractive for investment included the creation of Special Economic Zones, where labour laws were greatly weakened.

Despite its growth rate, Gujarat had a relatively poor record on human development, poverty relief, nutrition and education during Modi's tenure. In 2013, Gujarat ranked 13th in the country with respect to rates of poverty and 21st in education. Nearly 45 percent of children under five were underweight and 23 percent were undernourished, putting the state in the "alarming" category on the India State Hunger Index. A study by UNICEF and the Indian government found that Gujarat under Modi had a poor record with respect to immunisation in children.

Over the decade from 2001 to 2011, Gujarat did not change its position relative to the rest of the country with respect to poverty and female literacy, remaining near the median of the 29 Indian states. It showed only a marginal improvement in rates of infant mortality, and its position with respect to individual consumption declined. With respect to the quality of education in government schools, the state ranked below most Indian states. The social policies of the government generally did not benefit Muslims, Dalits, and Adivasis, and generally increased social inequalities. Development in Gujarat was generally limited to the urban middle class, and citizens in rural areas or from lower castes were increasingly marginalised. In 2013 the state ranked 10th of 21 Indian states in the Human Development Index. Political Scientist Christophe Jaffrelot says that under Modi the number of families below the poverty line has increased and conditions for rural adivasi and dalits, in particular, have declined. Under Modi, the state government spent far less than the national average on education and healthcare. In July 2013, economics Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen expressed disapproval of Modi's governance record, saying that under his administration Gujarat's "record in education and healthcare is pretty bad". However, economists Arvind Panagariya and Jagdish Bhagwati say that Gujarat's social indicators have improved from a lower baseline than that of other Indian states. According to them, Gujarat's performance in raising literacy rates has been superior to other states and the "rapid" improvement of health indicators is evidence that "its progress has not been poor by any means."

Final years

During the 2012 campaign, Modi attempted to identify himself with the state of Gujarat, a strategy similar to that used by Indira Gandhi during the Emergency, and projected himself as protecting Gujarat against persecution by the rest of India.

Despite the BJP's shift away from explicit Hindutva, Modi's election campaign in 2007 and 2012 contained elements of Hindu nationalism. Modi only attended Hindu religious ceremonies, and had prominent associations with Hindu religious leaders. During his 2012 campaign he twice refused to wear articles of clothing gifted by Muslim leaders. He did, however, maintain relations with Dawoodi Bohra. His campaign included references to issues known to cause religious polarisation, including to Afzal Guru and the killing of Sohrabuddin Sheikh. The BJP did not nominate any Muslim candidates for the assembly election of 2012. He had published a Gujarati book titled Jyotipunj in 2008, containing profiles of various RSS leaders. The longest was of M. S. Golwalkar, under whose leadership the RSS expanded and whom Modi refers to as Pujniya Shri Guruji ("Guru worthy of worship"). According to The Economic Times, his intention was to explain the workings of the RSS to his readers and to reassure RSS members that he remained ideologically aligned with them. Modi authored eight other books, mostly containing short stories for children.

While campaigning for the 2012 assembly elections, Modi made extensive use of holograms and other technologies allowing him to reach a large number of people, something he would repeat in the 2014 general election. In the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections, Modi won the constituency of Maninagar by 86,373 votes over Shweta Bhatt, the INC candidate and wife of Sanjiv Bhatt. The BJP won 115 of the 182 seats, continuing its majority during his tenure and allowing the party to form the government (as it had in Gujarat since 1995). In later by-elections the BJP won four more assembly seats and two Lok Sabha seats held by the INC, although Modi did not campaign for its candidates. In 2013, the Wharton India Economic Forum (WIEF) at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania cancelled a keynote video-conference speech by Modi following protests by Indian-Americans. After his election as prime minister, Modi resigned as the chief minister and as an MLA from Maninagar on 21 May 2014. Anandiben Patel succeeded him as the chief minister.

2014 Indian general election

In September 2013 Modi was named the BJP's candidate for prime minister in the 2014 Lok Sabha election. Several BJP leaders expressed opposition to Modi's candidature, including BJP founding member L. K. Advani, who cited concern with leaders who were "concerned with their personal agendas". Modi played a dominant role in the BJP's election campaign. Several people who voted for the BJP stated that if Modi had not been the prime-ministerial candidate, they would have voted for another party. The focus on Modi as an individual was unusual for a BJP election campaign. The election was described as a referendum on Narendra Modi.

During the campaign, Modi focused on the corruption scandals under the previous INC government, and played on his image as a politician who had created a high rate of GDP growth in Gujarat. Modi projected himself as a person who could bring about "development," without focus on any specific policies. His message found support among young Indians and among middle-class citizens. The BJP under Modi was able to downplay concerns about the protection of religious minorities and Modi's commitment to secularism, areas in which he had previously received criticism. Prior to the election Modi's image in the media had centered around his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots, but during the campaign the BJP was able to shift this to a focus on Modi's neoliberal ideology and the Gujarat model of development. Although the BJP avoided issues of Hindu nationalism to an extent, Hindutva remained a significant part of its campaign. The BJP's campaign was assisted by its wide influence in the media. Modi's campaign blitz cost approximately ₹50 billion (US$600 million), and received extensive financial support from corporate donors. In addition to more conventional campaign methods, Modi made extensive use of social media, and addressed more than 1000 rallies via hologram appearances.

The BJP won 31% of the vote, and more than doubled its tally in the Lok Sabha to 282, becoming the first party to win a majority of seats on its own since 1984. Voter dissatisfaction with the INC, as well as with regional parties in North India, was another reason for the success of the BJP, as was the support from the RSS. In states such as Uttar Pradesh in which the BJP performed well, it drew exceptionally high support from upper-caste Hindus, although the 10 percent of Muslim votes won was more than it had won before. It performed particularly well in parts of the country that had recently experienced violence between Hindus and Muslims. The magnitude of the BJP's victory led many commentators to say that the election constituted a political realignment away from progressive parties and towards the right-wing. Modi's tweet announcing his victory was described as being emblematic of the political realignment away from a secular, socialist state towards capitalism and Hindu cultural nationalism.

Modi himself was a candidate for the Lok Sabha in two constituencies: Varanasi and Vadodara. He won in both constituencies, defeating Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal in Varanasi and Madhusudan Mistry of the INC in Vadodara by 570,128 votes. Modi, who was unanimously elected leader of the BJP, was appointed prime minister by India's president. To comply with the law that an MP cannot represent more than one constituency, he vacated the Vadodara seat.

Prime Minister

Modi was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014 at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. He became the first Prime Minister born after India's independence from the British Empire. His first cabinet consisted of 45 ministers, 25 fewer than the previous United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. 21 new ministers were added to the council of ministers in November 2014.

Economic policies

The economic policies of Modi's government focused on privatisation and liberalisation of the economy, based on a neoliberal framework. Modi liberalised India's foreign direct investment policies, allowing more foreign investment in several industries, including in defence and the railways. Other proposed reforms included making it harder for workers to form unions and easier for employers to hire and fire them; some of these proposals were dropped after protests. The reforms drew strong opposition from unions: on 2 September 2015, eleven of the country's largest unions went on strike, including one affiliated with the BJP. The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, a constituent of the Sangh Parivar, stated that the underlying motivation of labour reforms favored corporations over labourers.

The funds dedicated to poverty reduction programmes and social welfare measures were greatly decreased by the Modi administration. The money spent on social programmes declined from 14.6% of GDP during the Congress government to 12.6% during Modi's first year in office. Spending on health and family welfare declined by 15%, and on primary and secondary education by 16%. The budgetary allocation for the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, or the "education for all" programme, declined by 22%. The government also lowered corporate taxes, abolished the wealth tax, increased sales taxes, and reduced customs duties on gold, and jewelry. In October 2014, the Modi government deregulated diesel prices.

In September 2014, Modi introduced the Make in India initiative to encourage foreign companies to manufacture products in India, with the goal of turning the country into a global manufacturing hub. Supporters of economic liberalisation supported the initiative, while critics argued it would allow foreign corporations to capture a greater share of the Indian market. Modi's administration passed a land-reform bill that allowed it to acquire private agricultural land without conducting a social impact assessment, and without the consent of the farmers who owned it. The bill was passed via an executive order after it faced opposition in parliament, but was eventually allowed to lapse. Modi's government put in place the Goods and Services Tax, the biggest tax reform in the country since independence. It subsumed around 17 different taxes and became effective from 1 July 2017.

On 25 June 2015, Modi launched a programme intended to develop 100 smart cities. The "Smart Cities" programme is expected to bring Information Technology companies an extra benefit of ₹20 billion (US$240 million). In June 2015, Modi launched the "Housing for All By 2022" project, which intends to eliminate slums in India by building about 20 million affordable homes for India's urban poor.

In his first cabinet decision, Modi set up a team to investigate black money. On 9 November 2016, the government demonetised ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes, with the stated intention of curbing corruption, black money, the use of counterfeit currency, and terrorism. The move led to severe cash shortages, a steep decline in the Indian stock indices BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50, and sparked widespread protests throughout the country. Several deaths were linked to the rush to exchange cash. In the subsequent year, the number of income tax returns filed for individuals rose by 25%, and the number of digital transactions increased steeply.

Over the first four years of Modi's premiership, India's GDP grew at an average rate of 7.23%, higher than the rate of 6.39% under the previous government. The level of income inequality increased, while an internal government report said that in 2017, unemployment had increased to its highest level in 45 years. The loss of jobs was attributed to the 2016 demonetization, and to the effects of the Goods and Services Tax.

Health and sanitation policies

In his first year as prime minister, Modi reduced the amount of money spent by the central government on healthcare. The Modi government launched New Health Policy (NHP) in January 2015. The policy did not increase the government's spending on healthcare, instead emphasizing the role of private healthcare organisations. This represented a shift away from the policy of the previous Congress government, which had supported programmes to assist public health goals, including reducing child and maternal mortality rates. The National Health Mission, which included public health programmes targeted at these indices received nearly 20% less funds in 2015 than in the previous year. 15 national health programmes, including those aimed at controlling tobacco use and supporting healthcare for the elderly, were merged with the National Health Mission. In its budget for the second year after it took office, the Modi government reduced healthcare spending by 15%. The healthcare budget for the following year rose by 19%. The budget was viewed positively by private insurance providers. Public health experts criticised its emphasis on the role of private healthcare providers, and suggested that it represented a shift away from public health facilities. The healthcare budget rose by 11.5% in 2018; the change included an allocation of 2000 crore for a government-funded health insurance program, and a decrease in the budget of the National Health Mission. Modi initially appointed Harsh Vardhan, a doctor and an advocate of tobacco control, as minister of health. However, Vardhan was replaced in November 2014 by Jagat Prakash Nadda. The government introduced stricter packaging laws for tobacco which requires 85% of the packet size to be covered by pictorial warnings. An article in the medical journal Lancet stated that the country "might have taken a few steps back in public health" under Modi. A new National Health Policy was approved in 2017.

Modi has generally emphasised his government's efforts at sanitation as a means of ensuring good health. On 2 October 2014, Modi launched the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ("Clean India") campaign. The stated goals of the campaign included eliminating open defecation and manual scavenging. The plan was to achieve these aims in five years. As part of the programme, the Indian government began constructing millions of toilets in rural areas and encouraging people to use them. The government also announced plans to build new sewage treatment plants. The administration plans to construct 60 million toilets by 2019. The construction projects have faced allegations of corruption, and have faced severe difficulty in getting people to use the toilets constructed for them. Since the launch of scheme, sanitation cover in the country has increased from 38.7% in October 2014 to 84.1% in May 2018. But people are not using them due to various reasons. World Health Organization (WHO) has in its report stated that at least 180,000 diarrhoeal deaths were averted in rural India since the launch of the Swachhta Bharat Mission.

Ayushman Bharat Yojana was launched by Prime Minister on 23 September 2018, to provide health insurance to 500 million beneficiaries. More than a lakh people have taken benefit of the scheme till October 2018.

Hindutva and education policy

During the 2014 election campaign, the BJP sought to identify itself with political leaders known to have opposed Hindu nationalism, including B. R. Ambedkar, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Ram Manohar Lohia. The campaign also saw the use of rhetoric based on Hindutva, however, by BJP leaders in certain states. Communal tensions were played upon especially in Uttar Pradesh and the states of Northeast India. A proposal for the controversial Uniform Civil Code was a part of the BJP's election manifesto.

Several state governments headed by the BJP have enacted policies aligned with Hindutva after the election of Modi as Prime Minister. The government of Maharashtra banned the killing of cows in 2014. The Modi administration has generally avoided directly supporting policies related to a Hindutva agenda. There has been an increase in the activities of a number of other Hindu nationalist organisations, sometimes with the support of the government. The incidents included a Hindu religious conversion programme, a campaign against the alleged Islamic practice of "Love Jihad", and attempts to celebrate Nathuram Godse, the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi, by members of the right wing Hindu Mahasabha. The attempts at religious conversion have been described by the VHP and other organisations involved with them as attempts at "reconversion" from Islam or Christianity. There have been a number of reports of intimidation or coercion of the subjects during these attempts. Officials in the government, including the Home Minister, have defended the attempts. There were additional incidents of violence targeted at religious minorities by Hindu nationalists. Modi refused to remove a government minister from her position after a popular outcry resulted from her referring to religious minorities as "bastards." Commentators have suggested, however, that the violence was perpetrated by radical Hindu nationalists to undercut the authority of Modi.

The Modi administration appointed Yellapragada Sudershan Rao, who had previously been associated with the RSS, chairperson of the Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR). In reaction to his appointment, other historians and former members of the ICHR, including those sympathetic to the ruling party, questioned his credentials as a historian. Several stated that the appointment was part of an agenda of cultural nationalism.

The government began formulating a New Education Policy, or NEP, soon after its election. As of March 2016, this policy had yet to be implemented. This was the third education policy introduced by the Indian government, following those of 1968 and 1986. The policy was described as having overtones of Hindutva. The RSS had a role in its creation, and it did not explicitly mention the goals of "socialism, secularism and democracy" that had been mentioned in the first two policies. The policy emphasised the education of minority students, as well as those of economically backward groups, in particular on improving enrolment in schools among those groups. The policy proposed bringing religious educational institutions under the Right to Education Act. There was also a debate about removing caste-based reservation in favour of reservation based on income, a move supported by the RSS, but which was criticised as being discriminatory on the basis of caste.

Foreign policy

Foreign policy played a relatively small role in Modi's election campaign, and did not feature prominently in the BJP's election manifesto. Modi invited all the other leaders of SAARC countries to his swearing in ceremony as prime minister. He was the first Indian prime minister to do so.

Modi's foreign policy, similarly to that of the preceding INC government, focused on improving economic ties, security, and regional relations. Modi continued Manmohan Singh's policy of "multi-alignment." The Modi administration tried to attract foreign investment in the Indian economy from several sources, especially in East Asia, with the use of slogans such as "Make in India" and "Digital India". As a part of this policy, the Modi government completed India's application to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, which is led by China and Russia. (SCO). The government also tried to improve relations with Islamic nations in the Middle East, such as Bahrain, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, as well as with Israel. Modi added five bilateral strategic partnerships to the 25 that had been agreed by his predecessors Singh and Vajpayee.

During the first few months after the election, Modi made trips to a number of different countries to further the goals of his policy, and attended the BRICS, ASEAN, and G20 summits. One of Modi's first visits as prime minister was to Nepal, during which he promised a billion USD in aid. Modi also made several overtures to the United States, including multiple visits to that country. While this was described as an unexpected development, due to the US having previously denied Modi a travel visa over his role during the 2002 Gujarat riots, it was also expected to strengthen diplomatic and trade relations between the two countries.

In 2015, the Indian parliament ratified a land exchange deal with Bangladesh about the India–Bangladesh enclaves, which had been initiated by the government of Manmohan Singh. Modi's administration gave renewed attention to India's "Look East Policy", instituted in 1991. The policy was renamed the "Act East Policy", and involved directing Indian foreign policy towards East Asia and Southeast Asia. The government signed agreements to improve land connectivity with Myanmar, through the state of Manipur. This represented a break with India's historic engagement with Myanmar, which prioritised border security over trade. As of July 2016, Modi had made 51 trips to 42 countries with the intent of strengthening diplomatic relations.

Defence policy

The BJP election manifesto had also promised to deal with illegal immigration into India in the Northeast, as well as to be more firm in its handling of insurgent groups. During the election campaign, Modi said that he would be willing to accommodate Hindu migrants who were being persecuted in Bangladesh, but those that came with "political objectives" would have to be sent back. The Modi government issued a notification allowing Hindu, Sikh, and Buddhist illegal immigrants from Pakistan and Bangladesh to legalise their residency in India. The government described the measure as being taken for humanitarian reasons but it drew criticism from several Assamese organisations.

Modi continued the previous INC administration's policy of increasing military spending every year, announcing an increase of 11% in the military budget in 2015. This increase was larger than the average growth under the Congress.

The Modi administration negotiated a peace agreement with the largest faction of the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCM), which was announced in August 2015. The Naga insurgency in northeast India had begun in the 1950s. The NSCM and the government had agreed to a ceasefire in 1997, but a peace accord had not previously been signed. In 2015 the government abrogated a 15-year ceasefire with the Khaplang faction of the NSCM (NSCM-K). The NSCM-K responded with a series of attacks, which killed 18 people. The Modi government carried out a raid across the border with Myanmar as a result, and labelled the NSCM-K a terrorist organisation.

Modi has repeatedly stated that Pakistan was an exporter of terrorism. On 29 September 2016, the Indian Army stated that it had conducted a surgical strike on terror launchpads in Azad Kashmir, although Pakistan denied the claim, and the details of the confrontation are still in dispute.

Environmental policies

In naming his cabinet, Modi renamed the "Ministry of Environment and Forests" the "Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change." In the first budget of the government, the money allotted to this ministry was reduced by more than 50%. The new ministry also removed or diluted a number of laws related to environmental protection. These included no longer requiring clearance from the National Board for Wildlife for projects close to protected areas, and allowing certain projects to proceed before environmental clearance was received. The government also tried to reconstitute the Wildlife board such that it no longer had representatives from non-governmental organisations: however, this move was prevented by the Supreme Court.

Modi also relaxed or abolished a number of other environmental regulations, particularly those related to industrial activity. A government committee stated that the existing system only served to create corruption, and that the government should instead rely on the owners of industries to voluntarily inform the government about the pollution they were creating. Other changes included reducing ministry oversight on small mining projects, and no longer requiring approval from tribal councils for projects inside forested areas. In addition, Modi lifted a moratorium on new industrial activity in the most polluted areas in the countries. The changes were welcomed by businesspeople, but criticised by environmentalists.

Under the UPA government that preceded Modi's administration, field trials of Genetically Modified (GM) crops had essentially been put on hold, after protests from farmers fearing for their livelihoods. Under the Modi government these restrictions were gradually lifted. The government received some criticism for freezing the bank accounts of environmental group Greenpeace, citing financial irregularities, although a leaked government report said that the freeze had to do with Greenpeace's opposition to GM crops.

Governance and other initiatives

Modi's first year as prime minister saw significant centralisation of power relative to previous administrations. Modi's efforts at centralisation have been linked to an increase in the number of senior administration officials resigning their positions. Although the government has a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha, it does not have one in the Rajya Sabha, which led to its policies frequently being stymied there. Thus, Modi resorted to passing a number of ordinances to enact his policies, leading to further centralisation of power. The government also passed a bill increasing the control that it had over the appointment of judges, and reducing that of the judiciary.

On 31 December 2014, Modi announced that the Planning Commission had been scrapped. It was replaced with a body called the National Institution for Transforming India, or NITI Aayog. The Planning Commission was a legacy of the Indian Independence movement, although critics said that it was slowing economic growth. The move had the effect of greatly centralising the power previously with the planning commission in the person of the prime minister. It also reduced the extent of control individual states had over their financial allocation from the union government, and unlike the planning commission, it does not have the power to allocate funds. The planning commission had received heavy criticism in previous years for creating inefficiency in the government, and of not filling its role of improving social welfare: however, since the economic liberalisation of the 1990s, it had been the major government body responsible for measures related to social justice.

The Modi government launched investigations by the Intelligence Bureau against numerous civil society organizations and foreign non-governmental organizations in the first year of the administration. The investigations, on the grounds that these organizations were slowing economic growth, was criticized as a witchhunt. International humanitarian aid organisation Medecins Sans Frontieres was among the groups that were put under pressure. Other organisations affected included the Sierra Club and Avaaz. Cases of sedition were filed against individuals criticising the government. This led to discontent within the BJP regarding Modi's style of functioning and drew comparisons to the governing style of Indira Gandhi.

Modi repealed 1,200 obsolete laws in first three years as prime minister, against a total of 1,301 such laws repealed by previous governments over a span of 64 years. He started a monthly radio programme titled "Mann Ki Baat" on 3 October 2014. Modi also launched the Digital India programme, with the goal of ensuring that government services are available electronically, building infrastructure to provide high-speed Internet access to rural areas, boosting manufacturing of electronic goods in the country, and promoting digital literacy. Modi govt. fast tracked infrastructure progress in general and project related to railway in particular.The gauge conversion project between Jabalpur to Gondia in central province of country reached many milestone of completion and the project has reached to last leg of completion and has scheduled to finish in summer of 2019..

Personal life and image

Personal life

In accordance with Ghanchi tradition, Modi's marriage was arranged by his parents when he was a child. He was engaged at age 13 to Jashodaben, marrying her when he was 18. They spent little time together and grew apart when Modi began two years of travel, including visits to Hindu ashrams. Reportedly, their marriage was never consummated, and he kept it a secret because otherwise he could not have become a 'pracharak' in the puritan Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Although Modi kept his marriage secret for most of his career, he acknowledged his wife when he filed his nomination for a parliamentary seat in the 2014 general elections. Modi maintains a close relationship with his mother, Hiraben and often visits her on his birthday to seek her blessings.

A vegetarian and teetotaler, Modi has a frugal lifestyle and is a workaholic and introvert. Adept at using social media, he has been since September 2014 the third-most-followed leader in the world (with over 34.6 million followers on Twitter as of September 2017), behind Barack Obama (95.6 million followers) and Donald Trump (38.8 million followers). Modi's 31 August 2012 post on Google Hangouts made him the first Indian politician to interact with netizens on live chat. Modi has also been called a fashion-icon for his signature crisply ironed, half-sleeved kurta, as well as for a suit with his name embroidered repeatedly in the pinstripes that he wore during a state visit by US President Barack Obama, which drew public and media attention and criticism. Modi's personality has been variously described by scholars and biographers as energetic, arrogant, and charismatic.

The nomination of Modi for the prime ministership drew attention to his reputation as "one of contemporary India's most controversial and divisive politicians." During the 2014 election campaign the BJP projected an image of Modi as a strong, masculine leader, who would be able to take difficult decisions. Campaigns in which he has participated have focused on Modi as an individual, in a manner unusual for the BJP and RSS. Modi has relied upon his reputation as a politician able to bring about economic growth and "development". Nonetheless, his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots continues to attract criticism and controversy. Modi's hardline Hindutva philosophy and the policies adopted by his government continue to draw criticism, and have been seen as evidence of a majoritarian and exclusionary social agenda.

Approval ratings

As a Prime Minister, Modi has received consistently high approval ratings; at the end of his first year in office, he received an overall approval rating of 87% in a Pew Research poll, with 68% of people rating him "very favorably" and 93% approving of his government. His approval rating remained largely consistent at around 74% through his second year in office, according to a nationwide poll conducted by instaVaani. At the end of his second year in office, an updated Pew Research poll showed Modi continued to receive high overall approval ratings of 81%, with 57% of those polled rating him "very favorably." At the end of his third year in office, a further Pew Research poll showed Modi with an overall approval rating of 88%, his highest yet, with 69% of people polled rating him "very favorably." A poll conducted by The Times of India in May 2017 showed 77% of the respondents rated Modi as "very good" and "good". In early 2017, a survey from Pew Research Center showed Modi to be the most popular figure in Indian politics.

However he is seen to be losing some approval in 2018 to his opposition leader Rahul Gandhi.

Awards and recognition

Modi was named the Best Chief Minister in a 2007 nationwide survey by India Today. In March 2012, he appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of Time Magazine, one of the few Indian politicians to have done so. He was awarded Indian of the Year by CNN-IBN news network in 2014. In 2014, 2015 and 2017, he was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World. He was also declared winner of the Time magazine reader's poll for Person of the Year in 2014 and as well as in 2016. Forbes Magazine ranked him the 15th-Most-Powerful Person in the World in 2014 and the 9th-Most-Powerful Person in the World in 2015, 2016 and 2018. In 2015, Modi was ranked the 13th-Most-Influential Person in the World by Bloomberg Markets Magazine. In the same year he was named one of Time's "30 Most Influential People on the Internet" as the second-most-followed politician on Twitter and Facebook. Modi was ranked fifth on Fortune Magazine's first annual list of the "World's Greatest Leaders" in 2015. In 2017, Gallup International Association (GIA) conducted a poll and ranked Modi as third top leader of the world. In 2016, a wax statue of Modi was unveiled at Madame Tussaud Wax Museum in London.

As of 2018 statistics he is the third most followed head of the state on Twitter and the topmost followed world leader on Facebook and Instagram.

In October 2018, Modi received UN's highest environmental award, the 'Champions of the Earth' for policy leadership by “pioneering work in championing” the International Solar Alliance and “new areas of levels of cooperation on environmental action”.

He was conferred the 2018 Seoul Peace Prize in recognition of his dedication to improving international cooperation, raising global economic growth, accelerating the Human Development of the people of India by fostering economic growth and furthering the development of democracy through anti-corruption and social integration efforts. He is the first Indian to win the award. In 2019, he received the first Philip Kotler Presidential Award. The awards bottom line is people, profit and planet.

In January 2019, PM Narendra Modi, a biographic film starring Vivek Oberoi as Modi, was announced.

State honours

Decoration		Country	Date	Note	Ref.
	Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud	Saudi Arabia	3 April 2016	Member Special Class, The highest civilian honour of Saudi Arabia
	State Order of Ghazi Amir Amanullah Khan	Afghanistan	4 June 2016	The highest civilian honour of Afghanistan
	Grand Collar of the State of Palestine	Palestine	10 February 2018	The highest civilian honour of Palestine for foreign dignitaries

References

Notes

1. Sources describing Modi's administration as complicit in the 2002 violence.
2. In 2012, a court stated that investigations had found no evidence against Modi.
3. Sources stating that Modi has failed to improve human development indices in Gujarat.
4. Sources discussing the controversy surrounding Modi.
5. The exact number of people killed in the train burning is variously reported. For example, the BBC says it was 59, while The Guardian put the figure at 60.

Citations

1. "PM Modi has less than Rs 50,000 cash-in-hand, owns assets worth Rs 2.28 crore".
2. ^ Bobbio, Tommaso (2012). "Making Gujarat Vibrant: Hindutva, development and the rise of subnationalism in India". Third World Quarterly. 33 (4): 657–672. doi:10.1080/01436597.2012.657423. (subscription required)
3. ^ Nussbaum, Martha Craven (2008). The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future. Harvard University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-674-03059-6.
4. ^ Shani, Orrit (2007). Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 168–173. ISBN 978-0-521-68369-2.
5. ^ Buncombe, Andrew (19 September 2011). "A rebirth dogged by controversy". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
6. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (June 2013). "Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi's 'Hattrick'—High Tech Populism and the 'Neo-middle Class'". Studies in Indian Politics. 1 (1): 79–95. doi:10.1177/2321023013482789.Jaffrelot, Christophe (2013). "Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi's 'Hattrick'—High Tech Populism and the 'Neo-middle Class'". Studies in Indian Politics. 1: 79–95. doi:10.1177/2321023013482789. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2014. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
7. "India Gujarat Chief Minister Modi cleared in riots case". BBC News. BBC. 10 April 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
8. Dasgupta, Manas (10 April 2012). "SIT finds no proof against Modi, says court". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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10. Menon, Kalyani Devaki (2012). Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India. The University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8122-2234-0. Yet, months after this violent pogrom against Muslims, the Hindu nationalist chief minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi, went to the polls and won a resounding victory
11. Mishra, Pankaj (April 2011). Visweswaran, Kamala (ed.). Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4051-0062-5. The chief minister of Gujarat, a young up-and-coming leader of the Hindu nationalists called Narendra Modi, quoted Isaac Newton to explain the killings of Muslims. "Every action", he said, "has an equal and opposite reaction."
12. ^ Stepan, Alfred (January 2015). "India, Sri Lanka, and the Majoritarian Danger". Journal of Democracy. 26 (1): 128–140. doi:10.1353/jod.2015.0006.
13. ^ Ganguly, Sumit (October 2014). "The Risks Ahead". Journal of Democracy. 25 (4): 56–60. doi:10.1353/jod.2014.0077.
14. "Indian PM Narendra Modi still mired in controversy, says expert". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 April 2015. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
15. Nair, Rupam Jain (12 December 2007). "Edgy Indian state election going down to the wire". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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17. Burke, Jason (28 March 2010). "Gujarat leader Narendra Modi grilled for 10 hours at massacre inquiry". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
18. Marino 2014, pp. 13, 15, 29–30, 74.
19. "Narendra Modi belongs to Modh-Ghanchi caste, which was added to OBCs categories in 1994, says Gujarat government | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. 9 May 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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22. "'Modi is a Teli-Ghanchi OBC': BJP". The Times of India. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
23. Ghai, Rajat (7 May 2014). "The office of Prime Minister: A largely north Indian upper-caste, Hindu affair". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
24. "'I have a special association with tea', Modi tells Lankan Tamils". www.oneindia.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
25. Sinha, N. C. High School Essays. p. 20. ISBN 978-93-5186-604-6. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
26. ^ Jose, Vinod K. (1 March 2012). "The Emperor Uncrowned". The Caravan. pp. 2–4. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
27. Marino 2014, p. 16.
28. Mukhopadhyay 2013, p. 82.
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Sources

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V. Sadananda Gowda Steel Chaudhary Birender Singh Shipping and Road Transport and Highways Nitin Gadkari Textiles Smriti Irani Tribal Affairs Jual Oram Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Nitin Gadkari Women and Child Development Maneka Gandhi Minority Affairs Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Mines Narendra Singh Tomar v t e Ministers of State (Independent Charge) AYUSH Shripad Yasso Naik Communications Manoj Sinha Culture Mahesh Sharma Development of North Eastern Region Jitendra Singh Labour and Employment Santosh Kumar Gangwar Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Giriraj Singh New and Renewable Energy Raj Kumar Singh Planning Rao Inderjit Singh Power Raj Kumar Singh Tourism Alphons Kannanthanam Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Hardeep Singh Puri Youth Affairs and Sports Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore v t e Ministers of State Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Parsottambhai Rupala S. S. Ahluwalia Sudarshan Bhagat Atomic Energy Jitendra Singh Chemicals and Fertilizers Mansukh L. Mandaviya Civil Aviation Jayant Sinha Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Disturbution Chhotu Ram Chaudhary Corporate Affairs Arjun Ram Meghwal Defence Subhash Ramrao Bhamre Drinking Water and Sanitation Ramesh Jigajinagi Earth Sciences Y. S. Chowdary Electronics and IT P. P. Chaudhary External Affairs V. K. Singh Finance Arjun Ram Meghwal Santosh Gangwar Food Processing Industry Niranjan Jyoti Health and Family Welfare Anupriya Patel Faggan Singh Kulaste Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises G. M. Siddeshwara Home Affairs Hansraj Ahir Kiren Rijiju Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Babul Supriyo Rao Inderjit Singh Human Resource Development Satya Pal Singh Information and Broadcasting Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore Law and Justice P. P. Chaudhary Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary Giriraj Singh Minority Affairs Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Overseas Indian Affairs V. K. Singh Panchayati Raj Parsottambhai Rupala Parliamentary Affairs Arjun Ram Meghwal Vijay Goel Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions Jitendra Singh Prime Minister's Office Jitendra Singh Railways Manoj Sinha Road Transport and Highways Mansukh L. Mandaviya Pon Radhakrishnan Rural Development Ram Kripal Yadav Science and Technology Y. S. Chowdary Social Justice and Empowerment Krishan Pal Gurjar Ramdas Athawale Vijay Sampla Steel Vishnudeo Sai Shipping Mansukh L. Mandaviya Pon Radhakrishnan Space Jitendra Singh Textiles Ajay Tamta Tribal Affairs Jasvantsinh Sumanbhai Bhabhor Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Satya Pal Singh Arjun Ram Meghwal Women and Child Development Maneka Gandhi Urban Development Babul Supriyo Rao Inderjit Singh v t e Prime Minister of India List By previous experience Prime ministers Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Premiership Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai Premiership Charan Singh Rajiv Gandhi V. P. Singh Premiership Chandra Shekhar P. V. Narasimha Rao Atal Bihari Vajpayee Premiership H. D. Deve Gowda Inder Kumar Gujral Manmohan Singh Narendra Modi (Incumbent) Premiership Acting Gulzarilal Nanda Things named after prime ministers Nehru Indira Rajiv Office Residence International trips Nehru Indira Vajpayee Modi Spouses Children Nicknames Category v t e Leaders of the G20 Ghazouani / Faki Milei Albanese Lula Trudeau Xi Costa / von der Leyen Macron Scholz Modi Prabowo Meloni Ishiba Sheinbaum Putin Salman Ramaphosa Han (acting) Erdoğan Starmer Biden v t e BRICS Membership  Brazil  Russia  India  China  South Africa  Egypt  Ethiopia  Iran  United Arab Emirates Summits Yekaterinburg 2009 Brasília 2010 Sanya 2011 New Delhi 2012 Durban 2013 Fortaleza 2014 Ufa 2015 Goa 2016 Xiamen 2017 Johannesburg 2018 Brasília 2019 Saint Petersburg 2020 New Delhi 2021 Beijing 2022 Johannesburg 2023 Kazan 2024 TBD 2025 Bilateral relations Brazil–China Brazil–India Brazil–Russia Brazil–South Africa China–India China–Russia China–South Africa India–Russia India–South Africa Russia–South Africa Leaders Lula Putin Modi Xi Ramaphosa Sisi Ahmed Pezeshkian Al Nahyan Sports BRICS U-17 Football Cup 2016 Goa 2018 Johannesburg BRICS Games 2024 Kazan Athletics Badminton Gymnastics Related BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement BRICS Cable BRICS Universities League New Development Bank BRICS PAY v t e Leaders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Xi Modi Raisi Tokayev Japarov Sharif Putin Rahmon Mirziyoyev v t e SAARC leaders Hibatullah Akhundzada (de facto) Muhammad Yunus Tshering Tobgay Narendra Modi Mohamed Muizzu KP Sharma Oli Shehbaz Sharif Anura Kumara Dissanayake v t e Commonwealth heads of government Head: Charles III Secretary-General: Patricia Scotland Chair-in-Office: Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa Browne Albanese Davis Yunus (Acting) Mottley Briceño Boko Bolkiah Biya Trudeau Christodoulides Skerrit Dlamini Rabuka Barrow Akufo-Addo Mitchell Ali Modi Holness Ruto Maamau Matekane Chakwera Anwar Muizzu Abela Ramgoolam Nyusi Mbumba Adeang Luxon Tinubu Shehbaz Marape Kagame Drew Pierre Gonsalves Mataʻafa Ramkalawan Bio Wong Manele Ramaphosa Dissanayake Samia Gnassingbé Vaipulu (Acting) Rowley Teo Museveni Starmer Salwai Hichilema v t e Leaders of socialist states not espousing Marxism–Leninism People's Democratic Republic of Algeria Abdelmadjid Tebboune, Head of state Nadir Larbaoui, Head of government People's Republic of Bangladesh Mohammed Shahabuddin Chuppu, Head of state Muhammad Yunus, Head of government State of Eritrea Isaias Afwerki, Head of state and government Republic of Guinea-Bissau Umaro Sissoco Embaló, Head of state Nuno Gomes Nabiam, Head of government Co-operative Republic of Guyana Irfaan Ali, Head of state and government Mark Phillips, Deputy Head of government Republic of India Droupadi Murmu, Head of state Narendra Modi, Head of government Democratic People's Republic of Korea Kim Jong Un, General Secretary and Head of state Kim Tok-hun, Head of government Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Ram Chandra Poudel, Head of state KP Sharma Oli, Head of government Republic of Nicaragua Daniel Ortega, Head of state and government Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities Councils of Good Government, Local leadership Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Brahim Ghali, Head of state Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun, Head of government Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Anura Kumara Dissanayake, Head of state and government Rojava Îlham Ehmed and Mansur Selum, Co-Presidents Amina Omar and Riad Darar, Co-Chairs United Republic of Tanzania Samia Suluhu, Head of state Kassim Majaliwa, Head of government Wa State Bao Youxiang, Head of state and government v t e Chief ministers of Gujarat Jivraj Narayan Mehta Balwantrai Mehta Hitendra Kanaiyalal Desai Ghanshyam Oza Chimanbhai Patel Babubhai J. Patel Madhav Singh Solanki Amarsinh Chaudhary Chhabildas Mehta Keshubhai Patel Suresh Mehta Shankersinh Vaghela Dilip Parikh Keshubhai Patel Narendra Modi Anandiben Patel Vijay Rupani Bhupendra Patel v t e Bharatiya Janata Party Party presidents Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1980–86) L. K. Advani (1986–91, 1993–98, 2004–06) Murli Manohar Joshi (1991–93) Kushabhau Thakre (1998–2000) Bangaru Laxman (2000–01) Jana Krishnamurthi (2001–02) Venkaiah Naidu (2002–04) Rajnath Singh (2006–09) Nitin Gadkari (2009–13) Rajnath Singh (2013–14) Amit Shah (2014–2020) J. P. Nadda (2020–present) Current vice presidents Vasundhara Raje Saudan Singh Baijayant Panda Saroj Pandey Rekha Verma Annpurna Devi Bharti Shiyal D. K. Aruna M. Chuba Ao A. P. Abdullakutty Laxmikant Bajpai Lata Usendi Tariq Mansoor Prime ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1996; 1998–2004) Narendra Modi (2014–present) Deputy prime ministers L. K. Advani (2002–2004) Other prominent leaders Arun Jaitley Bhavurao Deshpande Nirmala Sitharaman Piyush Goyal Kalyan Singh Anandiben Patel Smriti Irani Ravi Shankar Prasad Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Sushil Kumar Modi Ram Naik Suvendu Adhikari Sarbananda Sonowal Chandrakant Bacchu Patil Dilip Ghosh Jamyang Tsering Namgyal Madan Lal Khurana Sahib Singh Verma Sushma Swaraj Manohar Parrikar Keshubhai Patel Shanta Kumar Prem Kumar Dhumal Babulal Marandi Arjun Munda D. V. Sadananda Gowda Jagadish Shettar Sunder Lal Patwa Uma Bharti Babulal Gaur Devendra Fadnavis Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Ram Prakash Gupta Jagdambika Pal Nityanand Swami Bhagat Singh Koshyari B. C. Khanduri Ramesh Pokhriyal Trivendra Singh Rawat Gulab Chand Kataria Hriday Narayan Dikshit Biswabhusan Harichandan Bandaru Dattatreya Draupadi Murmu Vajubhai Vala Kalraj Mishra Banwarilal Purohit Tamilisai Soundararajan Manoj Sinha Suresh Prabhu B. S. Yediyurappa Yogi Adityanath Himanta Biswa Sarma Current chief ministers Devendra Fadnavis Pema Khandu Himanta Biswa Sarma Vishnu Deo Sai Pramod Sawant Bhupendrabhai Patel Nayab Singh Saini Mohan Yadav Mohan Charan Majhi Bhajan Lal Sharma N. Biren Singh Yogi Adityanath Manik Saha Pushkar Singh Dhami Current deputy chief ministers Chowna Mein Yanthungo Patton Brajesh Pathak Keshav Prasad Maurya Samrat Chaudhary Vijay Kumar Sinha Arun Sao Vijay Sharma Rajendra Shukla Jagdish Devda Diya Kumari Prem Chand Bairwa Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo Pravati Parida Current national spokespersons Anil Baluni Sanjay Mayukh Sambit Patra Sudhanshu Trivedi Syed Shahnawaz Hussain Rajiv Pratap Rudy Nalin Kohli Rajeev Chandrasekhar Gaurav Bhatia Syed Zafar Islam Tom Vadakkan Sanju Verma Gopal Krishna Agarwal Iqbal Singh Lalpura R. P. Singh Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore Aparajita Sarangi Heena Gavit Guruprakash Mmhonlumo Kikon Raju Bista K. K. Sharma Current general secretaries Arun Singh Dushyant Kumar Gautam Tarun Chugh Vinod Tawde Sunil Bansal Dr. Radha Mohan Das Agarwal B. L. Santhosh (Organisation) Shiv Prakash (Organisation) Current national secretaries Vijaya Rahatkar Arvind Menon Pankaja Munde Dr. Narendra Singh Alka Gujar Om Prakash Dhurve Rituraj Sinha Kamakhya Prasad Tasa Surendra Singh Nagar Anil Antony Manjinder Singh Sirsa Om Prakash Dhankar Political wings National Executive Committee Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha BJP Mahila Morcha BJP IT Cell State Units State Presidents Related organisations Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Bharatiya Jana Sangh Janata Party Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Swadeshi Jagaran Manch Vishva Hindu Parishad Others Hindutva Hindu nationalism Integral humanism Electoral history Party leaders in the Parliament Rajya Sabha members v t e Chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party Arunachal Pradesh Gegong Apang Pema Khandu (incumbent) Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Himanta Biswa Sarma (incumbent) Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Vishnu Deo Sai (incumbent) Delhi Madan Lal Khurana Sahib Singh Verma Sushma Swaraj Goa Manohar Parrikar Laxmikant Parsekar Pramod Sawant (incumbent) Gujarat Keshubhai Patel Suresh Mehta Narendra Modi Anandiben Patel Vijay Rupani Bhupendrabhai Patel (incumbent) Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Nayab Singh Saini (incumbent) Himachal Pradesh Shanta Kumar Prem Kumar Dhumal Jai Ram Thakur Jharkhand Babulal Marandi Arjun Munda Raghubar Das Karnataka B. S. Yediyurappa D. V. Sadananda Gowda Jagadish Shettar Basavaraj Bommai Madhya Pradesh Sunder Lal Patwa Uma Bharti Babulal Gaur Shivraj Singh Chouhan Mohan Yadav (incumbent) Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh (incumbent) Odisha Mohan Charan Majhi (incumbent) Rajasthan Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Vasundhara Raje Bhajan Lal Sharma (incumbent) Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Manik Saha (incumbent) Uttarakhand Nityanand Swami Bhagat Singh Koshyari B. C. Khanduri Ramesh Pokhriyal Trivendra Singh Rawat Tirath Singh Rawat Pushkar Singh Dhami (incumbent) Uttar Pradesh Kalyan Singh Ram Prakash Gupta Rajnath Singh Yogi Adityanath (incumbent) Bharatiya Janata Party v t e Members of the 16th Lok Sabha from Uttar Pradesh State GE 2014 Ajay Kumar Mishra Akshay Yadav Anju Bala Anupriya Patel Anshul Verma Ashok Kumar Doharey Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma Bharat Singh Bhairon Prasad Mishra Bhartendu Singh Bhola Singh Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh Chhotelal Choudhary Babulal Daddan Mishra Devendra Singh Dharmendra Kashyap Dharmendra Yadav Dimple Yadav Harivansh Singh Hari Om Pandey Harish Dwivedi Harinarayan Rajbhar Hema Malini Hukum Singh Jagdambika Pal Kalraj Mishra Kamlesh Paswan Kanwar Singh Tanwar Kaushal Kishore Keshav Prasad Maurya Kirti Vardhan Singh Krishna Pratap Krishna Raj Kunwar Pushpendra Singh Chandel Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh Lallu Singh Mahendra Nath Pandey Mukesh Rajput Mahesh Sharma Maneka Gandhi Manoj Sinha Mulayam Singh Yadav Murali Manohar Joshi Naipal Singh Narendra Modi Neelam Sonkar Niranjan Jyoti Pankaj Choudhary Priyanka Singh Rawat Raghav Lakhanpal Rahul Gandhi Rajendra Agrawal Rajesh Diwakar Rajesh Pandey Rajesh Verma Rajnath Singh Rajveer Singh Ram Shankar Katheria Ram Charitra Nishad Ravindra Kushawaha Rekha Verma Sakshi Maharaj Sanjeev Balyan Santosh Kumar Gangwar Satya Pal Singh Satyapal Singh Saini Satish Kumar Gautam Savitri Bai Phule Sharad Tripathi Shyama Charan Gupta Sonia Gandhi Uma Bharti Varun Gandhi Vinod Kumar Sonkar Virendra Singh Mast V. K. Singh Yashwant Singh Yogi Adityanath By-election 2014 Tej Pratap Singh Yadav Pre-by poll: Mulayam Singh Yadav – resigned v t e 2002 Gujarat riots Incidents Godhra train burning Naroda Patiya massacre Best Bakery case Gulbarg Society massacre Books Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy Gujarat Files: Anatomy of a Cover Up Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat Films Final Solution Parzania Vilapangalkkappuram Bhoomiyude Avakashikal Chand Bujh Gaya Firaaq Thamassu Mausam Accident or Conspiracy: Godhra Other The Truth: Gujarat 2002 Coalition Against Genocide Nanavati-Mehta Commission

• Biography
• India
• politics

• Narendra Modi
• 1950 births
• 16th Lok Sabha members
• Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party
• Chief Ministers of Gujarat
• Gujarat University alumni
• Gujarati people
• Indian Hindus
• Leaders of the Lok Sabha
• Living people
• Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh
• Members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
• People from Mehsana district
• Prime Ministers of India
• Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks
• Recipients of the Order of Abdulaziz al Saud
• University of Delhi alumni
• Indian nationalists