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Subhash Kak
Subhash Kak at Foundations of Quantum Mechanics Conference, Växjö, Sweden
Born	Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Alma mater	NIT Srinagar, IIT Delhi
Occupation	Computer Scientist
Known for	Cryptography, Instantaneously trained neural networks, Kak's three-stage protocol, Quantum information, History of science
Notable credit(s)	Author of In Search of the Cradle of Civilization, The Architecture of Knowledge

Subhash Kak (born 26 March 1947 in Srinagar) is an Indian American computer scientist and a self-styled Hindutva based historical revisionist. Kak has been subject to immense criticism from scholars for propagating fringe views bordering on pseudoscience.

He is Regents Professor of Computer Science Department at Oklahoma State University–Stillwater and has made contributions to cryptography, artificial neural networks, and quantum information. Kak has also published on the history of science, the philosophy of science, ancient astronomy, and the history of mathematics.

On 28 August 2018, he was appointed member of Indian Prime Minister’s Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC). In 2019, Government of India awarded him with Padmashree award, the fourth highest civilian award in India.

Early life and education

Subhash Kak was born to Ram Nath Kak and Sarojini Kak in Srinagar. His brother is the computer scientist Avinash Kak and sister the literary theorist Jaishree Odin.

He completed his BE from Regional Engineering College, Srinagar (Presently National Institute of Technology, Srinagar) and Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in 1970, where he was immediately offered a faculty position.

Academic Career

Academic positions

During 1975-1976, he was a visiting faculty at Imperial College, London, and a guest researcher at Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill. In 1977, he was a visiting researcher at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay. In 1979, he joined Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, where he was the Donald C. and Elaine T. Delaune Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering. In 2007, he joined the Computer Science department at Oklahoma State University–Stillwater.

Research

His research is in the fields of cryptography, random sequences, artificial intelligence, quantum mechanics, and information theory.

He was featured as one of the pioneers of quantum learning in the journal Neuroquantology edited by Cheryl Fricasso and Stanley Krippner.

Together with Menas Kafatos, he has proposed that veiled nonlocality might be the explanation behind cosmic censorship. Kak also argues that there are limits to the intelligence machines can have and that it cannot equal biological intelligence. He asserts that:

...machines fall short on two counts as compared to brains. Firstly, unlike brains, machines do not self-organize in a recursive manner. Secondly, machines are based on classical logic, whereas Nature's intelligence may depend on quantum mechanics. , if machines with consciousness are created, they would be living machines, that is, variations on life forms as we know them. Second, the material world is not causally closed, and consciousness influences its evolution. Matter and minds complement each other.

Kak had proposed an efficient three-layer feed-forward neural network architecture and developed four corner classification algorithms for training it. Despite being criticized for scalability issues; it invoked attention within the electronic hardware community.

Kak's three-stage protocol

Kak's three-stage protocol is a protocol for quantum cryptography suggested by Kak. This method consists of random rotations of the polarization by both parties. In principle, this method can be used for continuous, unbreakable encryption of data if single photons are used. The basic polarization rotation scheme has been implemented. The three-stage protocol has been proposed as a solution to get around the requirement of expensive single-photon sources and receivers in other quantum cryptography protocols.

This protocol has been proposed as a method for secure communication that is entirely quantum unlike quantum key distribution in which the cryptographic transformation uses classical algorithms

Indology

Kak primarily advocates for an autochthonous origin of the Indo-Aryans from Punjab("Indigenous Aryans" hypothesis) in contradiction of the scholarly consensus about the validity of Indo-Aryan migration theory. Kak has also claimed to find evidences of advanced computing and astronomy in the Rig Veda in what Noretta Koertge deems to be a "social constructivist and postmodern attack on modern science". Kag insists that Vedic scientists discovered the physical laws by Yogic meditation and that it is a well valid scientific method; that can be only evaluated within the paradigm of Vedic assumptions and by those who have attained Yogic enlightment. He also claims the greatness of Hindus over Muslims in that whilst the former built cultural empires, the latter built military empires.

Meera Nanda notes of Kak being revered as a stalwart of Hindutva and one of the leading “intellectual Kshatriyas”. Edwin Bryant notes him to be a well read and articulate spokesman for the Indigenous Aryan hypothesis and for other issues concerning ancient Indian science and culture.

Scholars have rejected his theories in entirety and his writings have been heavily criticized. Acute misrepresentation of facts coupled with wrong observations, extremely flecible and often self-contradictory analysis, cherry picking of data and forwarding of easily-disprovable hypotheses have been located. His understanding of linguistics and subsequent assertion have been challenged. Romila Thapar noted Kak to be an amateur historian whose views on the Indus Civilization were fringe and who was part of a group; which had more to do with waging political battles at the excuse of history. Michael Witzel noted him to be a revisionist and part of a "closely knit, self-adulatory group", members of which often write together and/or profusely copy from one another; thus rendering the whole scene into a virtually indistinguishable hotchpotch. Garrett G. Fagan, a noted critic of pseudo-archaeology has concurred with Witzel. Similar concerns of his' being a Hindutva revisionist has been echoed from other quarters too. In a critique about faulty scientific reasoning in Hindutva ideologies and theories; Alan Sokal criticized Kak as "one of the leading intellectual luminaries of the Hindu-nationalist diaspora"Koertge as well as Meera Nandas notes Kag's attempts to be part of a Hindutva based esoteric pseudoscience narrative that seeks to find relatively advanced abstract physics in Vedic texts and assign an indigenousness to the Aryans in a bid to prove the superiority of Indian civilization.

While Kak's interpretation has been included in recent overviews of astronomy in the Vedic period in India and the West, his chronology and astronomical calculations have been critiqued by several Indologists, such as Michael Witzel, and Western historians, such as Kim Plofker.

Reviewed works

Archaeoastronomy - The Astronomical Code of the Rigveda

In the book, Kak proposes that the organization of hymns in the Rig Veda were dictated by an astronomic code concerning the courses of planets-- length of solar year and lunar year, the distance between sun and earth et al. He then leverages the proposition to argue for the existence of a tradition of sophisticated observational astronomy as far back as 3000 or 4000 BCE. Kak also states that the construction of fire-altars were a coded representation of their astronomic knowledge and that the Vedic civilisation were aware of the speed of light. He prepared the section on archaeoastronomical sites in India for the thematic study on Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention prepared for UNESCO by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

Kim Plofker rejected Kak's probabilistic analysis of the presence of planetary period numbers in the Rigveda's hymn number combinations, showing that Kak's apparent matches have "no statistical significance whatever". Witzel has rejected his analysis to be suffering from several shortcomings and questioned his usage of arbitrary multiplication factors to lead to the results. Kak's method depends on the structure of the Rigveda as redacted by the shakhas in the late Brahmana period, well within the Indian Iron Age, when it was organized into mandalas ("books"). According to Witzel, this leaves Kak's approach attempt to date the text flawed, because this process of redaction took place long after the composition of the individual hymns during the samhita prose period. Witzel concludes that the entire issue boiled down to an over-interpretation of some facts that were internally inconsistent and more, to the creativeness of Kak who was pre-motivated to find evidence of astronomy at every verse of Rig Veda. Meera Nanda criticized the arbitrary and absurd nature of Kak's analysis at length and noted his method to be "breathtakingly ad hoc" which "reads like numerology 101" M A Mehendale in a review over Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute criticized the book for it's many shortcomings which did not stand the scrutiny of rigor and remarked it to contain inaccurate and misleading statements. S. G. Dani, a Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar prize recipient rejected Kak's hypothesis as unscientific and highly speculative with extremely vague details and whose results were statistically insignificant.

Klaus Klostermaier in his book A Survey of Hinduism praised Kak, for opening up an "entirely new approach to the study of Vedic cosmology from an empirical astronomical/mathematical viewpoint". Klostermaier's books have been heavily criticized for offering pro-Hindu views that have little currency in scholarship.

Influence

Kak's work influenced Raja Ram Mohan Roy's 1999 book-- Vedic Physics, which sought to prove that the RigVeda was coded per the laws of quantum and particle physics. Kak wrote the foreword to this book commending Roy's interpetations as a new way of looking at Vedic Physics. Meera noted the result to be a "shameful demeaning of physics as well as the Vedas" resembling ravings of mad men.

In Search of the Cradle of Civilization

Kak co-authored In Search of the Cradle of Civilization (1995) equating Vedic Aryans with the Harappans. and thus, participating in the political controversy around the "indigenous Aryans" theory. The chronology espoused in this book is based on the archaeoastronomical readings obtained by correlating textual references and archaeological remains.

A review by M. K. Dhavalikar over Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute noted it to be a "beautifully printed" contribution that made a strong case for their indigenous theory against the supposed migratory hypotheses but chose to remain silent on certain crucial aspects which need to be convincingly explained. Guy Beck showered glowing praises on the book in his review over the Yoga Journal. Klostermaier et al praised the book. Prema Kurien noted that the book sought to distinguish expatriate Hindu Americans from other minority groups by demonstrating their superior racial and cultural ties with the Europeans.

The Nature of Physical Reality

Stanley Krippner, a controversial American psychologist praised the book.as an engaging read that will leave the readers wiser.

Publications

He is the author of an autobiography, The Circle of Memory, and several books of poems. He has also authored scholarly papers on art, architecture and music, and he was the anchor of a documentary on Hindustani classical music.

Non-fiction

• The Nature of Physical Reality, Peter Lang Pub Inc, 1986, ISBN 0-8204-0310-5; Third Edition, Mount Meru Publishing, Mississauga, Ontario, 2016, ISBN 978-1-988207-08-7
• The Loom of Time (2016), DKPrintworld, New Delhi ISBN 8124608741
• The Circle of Memory: An Autobiography (2016), Mount Meru Publishing, Mississauga, Ontario, ISBN 978-1-988207-17-9
• Matter and Mind (2016), Mount Meru Publishing, Mississauga, Ontario, ISBN 978-1-988207-13-1
• Mind and Self (2016), Mount Meru Publishing, Mississauga, Ontario, ISBN 978-1-988207-06-3
• India at Century's End, South Asia Books / Voice of India, (1994) ISBN 81-85990-14-X
• Georg Feuerstein, Subhash Kak, David Frawley, In Search of the Cradle of Civilization, Ill: Quest Books, (1995, 2001) ISBN 0-8356-0741-0.
• The Astronomical Code of the Rigveda (Third Edition) Aditya Prakashan (2016), ISBN 978-8177421590
• Computing Science in Ancient India; Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd (2001)
• The Wishing Tree: Presence and Promise of India (Third Edition) Aditya Prakashan (2015), ISBN 978-8177421538
• The Gods Within: Mind, Consciousness and the Vedic Tradition, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd (2002) ISBN 81-215-1063-5
• The Asvamedha: The Rite and Its Logic, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, (2002) ISBN 81-208-1877-6
• The Prajna Sutra: Aphorisms of Intuition, DK Printworld, 2007. ISBN 81-246-0410-X
• The Architecture of Knowledge: Quantum Mechanics, Neuroscience, Computers and Consciousness, Motilal Banarsidass, 2004, ISBN 81-87586-12-5
• "Recursionism and Reality: Representing and Understanding the World", 2005.
• Advances in Communications and Signal Processing, Springer-Verlag, 1989. (with W.A. Porter).
• Advances in Computing and Control, Springer-Verlag, 1989. (with W.A. Porter and J.L. Aravena).
• Consciousness and the universe : quantum physics, evolution, brain & mind, Cosmology Science Publishers, 2011. (with Roger Penrose and Stuart Hameroff) ISBN 9780982955208, ISBN 0982955200

Articles

• Kak, Subhash (1987). "On the Chronology of Ancient India" (PDF). Indian Journal of History of Science (22): 222–234. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Kak, Subhash (1996). "Knowledge of Planets in the Third Millennium BC" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 37: 709–715. Bibcode:1996QJRAS..37..709K.
• Kak, Subhash (2014). Archaeoastronomy in India. In: Sanskrit Studies, Vol. 3, edited by Shashiprabha Kumar. D.K. Printworld, New Delhi, 2014, pp. 103–132.
• Kak, Subhash (2015), "The Mahabharata and the Sindhu-Sarasvati Tradition" (PDF), Sanskrit Magazine, retrieved 22 January 2015
• Kak, Subhash (2016). Communication languages and agents in biological systems. In: Biocommunication: Sign-Mediated Interactions between Cells and Organisms. Eds.: J. Seckbach & R. Gordon. London, World Scientific Publishing: 203-226.

Poetry

• Arrival and Exile: Selected Poems (2016), Mount Meru Publishing, Mississauga, Ontario, ISBN 978-1-988207-15-5
• The Conductor of the Dead, Writers Workshop (1973) ASIN: B0007AGFHA
• The London Bridge, Writers Workshop, Kolkata, 1977.
• The secrets of Ishbar: Poems on Kashmir and other landscapes, Vitasta (1996) ISBN 81-86588-02-7
• "Ek Taal, Ek Darpan" (Hindi), Raka, Allahabad, 1999.
• "The Chinar Garden", 2002.
• "Mitti ka Anuraag" (Hindi), 2007.

See also

• Science wars
• Quantum mysticism
• Archaeoastronomy and Vedic chronology
• Unary coding
• Number theoretic Hilbert transform
• Veiled nonlocality

Notes

References

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2. R. Srinivasan (2015), Innovation Nation: Why Narayana Murthy Is Only Half-Right About Lack Of Innovation, Swarajya Magazine
3. S Sharma (2019), A renaissance man, Deccan Chronicle, Feb 10.
4. Akella, Usha (21 December 2013). "The Renaissance man". Thehindu.com. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
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6. "Padma Awards conferred by President Ram Nath Kovind | DD News". www.ddinews.gov.in. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
7. Kak, S. The Circle of Memory. Mississauga, 2016
8. Kak, Ram Nath. Autumn Leaves. Vitasta, 1995.
9. "Short Biography" (PDF). Ece.okstate.edu. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
10. "Kak, Subhash, Ph.D. - School of Electrical and Computer Engineering". Ece.okstate.edu. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
11. Fracasso, Cheryl; Krippner, Stanley (11 September 2011). "Pioneers Who Have Changed the Face of Science and Those That Have Been Mentored By Them". NeuroQuantology. 9 (3). doi:10.14704/nq.2011.9.3.446.
12. Kafatos, M.C. and Kak, S. (2015) "Veiled nonlocality, cosmic censorship, and local observations". Physics Essays, vol. 28, pp. 182-187
13. Kak, S. Active agents, intelligence and quantum computing. Information Sciences, vol. 128, 1-17, 2000.
14. Kak, Subhash. "Will artificial intelligence become conscious?". Theconversation.com. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
15. "ACM Ubiquity". Acm.org. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
16. ^ SHORTT, A; KEATING, J; MOULINIER, L; PANNELL, C (4 March 2005). "Optical implementation of the Kak neural network". Information Sciences. 171 (1–3): 273–287. doi:10.1016/j.ins.2004.02.028. ISSN 0020-0255.
17. Kak, S. A Three-Stage Quantum Cryptography Protocol. Foundations of Physics Letters 19 (2006), 293-296. Trusted certificates in quantum cryptography
18. Chen, Y. et al, Embedded security framework for integrated classical and quantum cryptography in optical burst switching networks. Security and Communication Networks. 2 (2009) 546-554.
19. "Multi-photon approach in quantum cryptography implemented". Sciencedaily.com. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
20. Zhang, L. et al. Universal optimal estimation of the polarization of light with arbitrary photon statistics. Physical Review A 93 (2016) 032137
21. Thapliyal, K. and Pathak, A. Kak’s three-stage protocol of secure quantum communication revisited. Quantum Information Processing, vol. 17, 2018
22. ^ Witzel, Michael (2001), "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 7 (3), 70-71, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2013, retrieved 13 February 2013 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
23. ^ Fagan, Garrett G. (2006). Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public. Psychology Press. p. 217. ISBN 9780415305921.
24. ^ Noretta., Koertge, (2005). Scientific values and civic virtues. Oxford University Press. pp. 231, 232. ISBN 0195172256. OCLC 803903015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
25. ^ Meera., Nanda, (2004). Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India. Rutgers University Press. pp. 110, 111. ISBN 9780813536347. OCLC 1059017715.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
26. Meera., Nanda, (2004). Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India. Rutgers University Press. p. 98. ISBN 9780813536347. OCLC 1059017715.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
27. ^ Meera., Nanda, (2004). Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India. Rutgers University Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780813536347. OCLC 1059017715.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
28. Bryant, Edwin (6 September 2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199881338.
29. ^ Guha, Sudeshna (2007). "Review of The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 17 (3): 340–343. ISSN 1356-1863.
30. Kazanas, Nicholas (1999). "THE ṚGVEDA AND INDO-EUROPEANS". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 80 (1/4): 15–42. ISSN 0378-1143.
31. Meera., Nanda, (2004). Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India. Rutgers University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780813536347. OCLC 1059017715.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
32. Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 35, 36. ISBN 9781135797119.
33. "Romila Thapar: On historical scholarship and the uses of the past (interview with Parita Mukta)". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 23 (3): 594–616. 1 January 2000. doi:10.1080/014198700329006. ISSN 0141-9870.
34. ^ Sokal, Alan (2006). "Pseudoscience and Postmodernism: Antagonists or Fellow-Travelers?". In Garrett G. Fagan (ed.). Archaeological fantasies: how pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public. Routledge. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-415-30593-8.
35. In S. Wolpert (ed.), "Encyclopedia of India." Scribner's, 2005.
36. ^ Plofker, Kim (December 1996), "Review of Subash Kak, The Astronomical Code of the Ṛgveda", Centaurus, 38 (4): 362–364, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1996.tb00021.x, ISSN 0008-8994
37. ^ Meera., Nanda, (2004). Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India. Rutgers University Press. p. 112. ISBN 9780813536347. OCLC 1059017715.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
38. Meera., Nanda, (2004). Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India. Rutgers University Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780813536347. OCLC 1059017715.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
39. Kak, Subhash (2010), "India", in Ruggles, Clive; Cotte, Michel (eds.), Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention: A Thematic Study, Paris: ICOMOS / IAU, pp. 99–107, ISBN 978-2-918086-07-9
40. Kurien, Prema A (2007). A place at the multicultural table the development of an American Hinduism. Rutgers University Press. p. 255. ISBN 9780813540559. OCLC 703221465.
41. Mehendale, M. A. (1996). "Review of THE ASTRONOMICAL CODE OF THE ṚGVEDA". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 77 (1/4): 323–325. ISSN 0378-1143.
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45. Knut A. Jacobsen (1997). "A Survey of Hinduism by Klaus K. Klostermaier (Review)". Numen. 44 (1): 97–98. JSTOR 3270387.
46. Patricia M. Greer (2002). "A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism by Klaus K. Klostermaier (Review)". International Journal of Hindu Studies. 6 (1): 92–94. JSTOR 20106796.
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48. Edwin Bryant, The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press, 2001.
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52. Parker, Adrian. (1975). States of Mind: ESP and Altered States of Consciousness. Taplinger. p. 90. ISBN 0-8008-7374-2
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55. Neher, Andrew. (2011). Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination. Dover Publications. p. 145. ISBN 0-486-26167-0
56. Henry Gordon. (1988). Extrasensory Deception : ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs. Macmillan of Canada. p. 27
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62. "Kak, S. Art and Cosmology of India, 2006" (PDF). Umassd.edu. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
63. Kak, S. Space and order in Prambanan. In Manju Shree (ed.) From Beyond The Eastern Horizon: Essays In Honour Of Professor Lokesh Chandra. Aditya Prakashan, Delhi, 2011.
64. "Kak, S. Early Indian music, 2002" (PDF). Ece.lsu.edu. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
65. "Review of Raga Unveiled: India's Voice [Interview With Gita Desai.]". Elephantjournal.com. Retrieved 2 December 2018.

External links

• Subhash Kak at Kavita Kosh (Hindi)
• OSU homepage
• Publications on Physics and Computer Science in the ArXiv.org e-print archive

Essays

• Columns on Rediff
• Columns on Swarajya
• Essays on Medium
• Travel essays on Coldnoon

Interviews

• debate with Sunil Khilnani on pbs.org
• Interviews on Science and Consciousness on the PBS show Closer to Truth
• Interview on AI and Consciousness
• Interview on the science of onsciousness with Aravindan Neelakandan
• Interview on Science and Spirituality
• Beliefnet Interview
• Indereunion Interview
• Deccan Chronicle Interview
• Times of India Interview by Aarti Tikoo Singh

Poetry

• Kashmiri Poets

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• 1947 births
• 20th-century Indian philosophers
• 21st-century Indian philosophers
• Indian computer scientists
• Indian emigrants to the United States
• Theoretical computer scientists
• American computer scientists
• Contemporary Indian philosophers
• Indian male poets
• Living people
• American people of Kashmiri descent
• Louisiana State University faculty
• Academics of Imperial College London
• American Hindus
• Modern cryptographers
• Hindu mystics
• 20th-century Indian mathematicians
• Indian Institute of Technology Delhi alumni
• Oklahoma State University faculty
• People from Srinagar
• Indigenous Aryanists
• Poets from Jammu and Kashmir
• American male writers of Indian descent
• Scientists from Jammu and Kashmir
• National Institute of Technology, Srinagar alumni