First Dynasty of Ur: Difference between revisions

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	According to the ], there were four kings in this dynasty: ], Mes-kiagnun, Elulu, and Balulu.<ref name="DF">{{cite book \|last1=Frayne \|first1=Douglas \|title=Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC) \|date=2008 \|publisher=University of Toronto Press \|isbn=9781442690479 \|pages=901-902 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PNAnIome3AC&pg=PT901 \|language=en}}</ref> Two other kings earlier than Mes-Anepada are known from other sources, namely ] and A-Kalam-du.<ref name="DF"/> It would seem that Mes-Anepada was the son of Mes-kalam-du, according to the inscription found on a bead in ], and Mes-kalam-du was the founder of the dynasty.<ref name="DF"/> A probable Queen ] is also known from her lavish tomb at the ].		According to the ], there were four kings in this dynasty: ], Mes-kiagnun, Elulu, and Balulu.<ref name="DF">{{cite book \|last1=Frayne \|first1=Douglas \|title=Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC) \|date=2008 \|publisher=University of Toronto Press \|isbn=9781442690479 \|pages=901-902 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PNAnIome3AC&pg=PT901 \|language=en}}</ref> Two other kings earlier than Mes-Anepada are known from other sources, namely ] and A-Kalam-du.<ref name="DF"/> It would seem that Mes-Anepada was the son of Mes-kalam-du, according to the inscription found on a bead in ], and Mes-kalam-du was the founder of the dynasty.<ref name="DF"/> A probable Queen ] is also known from her lavish tomb at the ].

	The First Dynasty of Ur had a lot of influence over the area of ].<ref name="DF"/> The artifacts found in the royal tombs of the dynasty show that foreign trade was particularly active during this period, with many materials coming from foreign lands, such as ] likely coming from the ] or ], ] from ], silver from ], copper from ], and gold from several locations such as ], ], ] or ].<ref name="BM">British Museum notice "]"</ref> Carnelian beads from the Indus were found in ] tombs dating to 2600-2450, in an example of ].<ref name="JMI">{{cite book \|last1=McIntosh \|first1=Jane \|title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives \|date=2008 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|isbn=9781576079072 \|pages=182–190 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA189 \|language=en}}</ref> These materials were used into the manufacture of beautiful objects in the worshops of Ur.<ref name="BM"/>		The First Dynasty of Ur had a lot of influence over the area of ].<ref name="DF"/> The artifacts found in the royal tombs of the dynasty show that foreign trade was particularly active during this period, with many materials coming from foreign lands, such as ] likely coming from the ] or ], ] from ], silver from ], copper from ], and gold from several locations such as ], ], ] or ].<ref name="BM">British Museum notice "]"</ref> Carnelian beads from the Indus were found in ] tombs dating to 2600-2450, in an example of ].<ref name="JMI">{{cite book \|last1=McIntosh \|first1=Jane \|title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives \|date=2008 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|isbn=9781576079072 \|pages=182–190 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA189 \|language=en}}</ref> In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique developped by the ]ns.<ref name="BM Carnelian">British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developped by the Harappan civilization" ]</ref> These materials were used into the manufacture of beautiful objects in the worshops of Ur.<ref name="BM"/>

	According to the ], the First Dynasty of Ur was finally defeated, and power went to the ] ].<ref>''"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to ]."'' in {{cite book \|last1=Kriwaczek \|first1=Paul \|title=Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization \|date=2014 \|publisher=Atlantic Books \|isbn=9781782395676 \|page=136 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqiWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT136&lpg=PT136 \|language=en}}</ref>		According to the ], the First Dynasty of Ur was finally defeated, and power went to the ] ].<ref>''"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to ]."'' in {{cite book \|last1=Kriwaczek \|first1=Paul \|title=Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization \|date=2014 \|publisher=Atlantic Books \|isbn=9781782395676 \|page=136 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqiWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT136&lpg=PT136 \|language=en}}</ref>

Revision as of 18:50, 30 March 2019

Ur class=notpageimage| Location of Ur, in Western Asia, modern Iraq.

The First Dynasty of Ur was a 26th century-25th century BCE dynasty of ruler of the city of Ur in ancient Sumer. It is part of the Early Dynastic period III of the History of Mesopotamia.

Rulers

According to the Sumerian King List, there were four kings in this dynasty: Mes-Anepada, Mes-kiagnun, Elulu, and Balulu. Two other kings earlier than Mes-Anepada are known from other sources, namely Mes-kalam-du and A-Kalam-du. It would seem that Mes-Anepada was the son of Mes-kalam-du, according to the inscription found on a bead in Mari, and Mes-kalam-du was the founder of the dynasty. A probable Queen Puabi is also known from her lavish tomb at the Royal Cemetery at Ur.

The First Dynasty of Ur had a lot of influence over the area of Sumer. The artifacts found in the royal tombs of the dynasty show that foreign trade was particularly active during this period, with many materials coming from foreign lands, such as Carnelian likely coming from the Indus or Iran, Lapis Lazuli from Afghanistan, silver from Turkey, copper from Oman, and gold from several locations such as Egypt, Nubia, Turkey or Iran. Carnelian beads from the Indus were found in Ur tombs dating to 2600-2450, in an example of Indus-Mesopotamia relations. In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique developped by the Harappans. These materials were used into the manufacture of beautiful objects in the worshops of Ur.

According to the Sumerian King List, the First Dynasty of Ur was finally defeated, and power went to the Elamite Awan dynasty.

Ruler	Epithet	Length of reign	Approx. dates	Mentions
Mes-kalam-du		?	c. 26th century BC	Dynastic beads, tomb inscriptions at the Royal Cemetery at Ur
A-Kalam-du		?	c. 26th century BC	Dynastic beads
Mesh-Ane-pada		80 years	c. 26th century BC	Sumerian King List, Tummal Chronicle
Mesh-ki-ang-Nuna	"the son of Mesh-Ane-pada"	36 years		Sumerian King List, Tummal Chronicle
Elulu		25 years		Sumerian King List
Balulu		36 years		Sumerian King List
"Then Urim (Ur) was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."

Artifacts

Main article: Royal Cemetery of Ur

The Royal Cemetery of Ur held the tombs of several rulers of the First Dynasty of Ur.

A gold dagger and a dagger with a gold-plated handle, Ur excavations (1900).
Reconstructed Sumerian headgear necklaces found in the tomb of Puabi, housed at the British Museum
Cylinder seal of Queen Puabi, found in her tomb. Inscription 𒅤𒀀𒉿 𒊩𒌆Pu-A-Bi-Nin "Queen Puabi". The last word "𒊩𒌆" can either be pronounced Nin “lady”, or Eresh “queen”.
Gold finger-rings, ear-rings, etc., Ur excavations (1900).

References

^ Frayne, Douglas (2008). Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC). University of Toronto Press. pp. 901–902. ISBN 9781442690479.
^ British Museum notice "Grave goods from Ur"
McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–190. ISBN 9781576079072.
British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developped by the Harappan civilization" Photograph of the necklace in question
"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan." in Kriwaczek, Paul (2014). Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization. Atlantic Books. p. 136. ISBN 9781782395676.
British Museum notice WA 121544
Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World. Routledge. p. 622. ISBN 9781136219115.
Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly (1998). Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 78. ISBN 9780924171550.
James, Sharon L.; Dillon, Sheila (2015). A Companion to Women in the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 9. ISBN 9781119025542.

Rulers in the Sumerian King List

Eridu	Alulim Alalngar
Bad-tibira	En-men-lu-ana En-men-gal-ana Dumuzid
Larak	En-sipad-zid-ana
Sippar	En-men-dur-ana
Shuruppak	Ubara-Tutu Then the flood swept over.
First dynasty of Kish	Jushur Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma En-tarah-ana Babum Puannum Kalibum Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab Mashda Arwium Etana Balih En-me-nuna Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna Zamug Tizqar Ilku Iltasadum Enmebaragesi Aga
Eanna	Meshkiangasher
First dynasty of Uruk	Enmerkar Lugalbanda Dumuzid the Fisherman Gilgamesh Ur-Nungal Udul-kalama La-ba'shum En-nun-tarah-ana Mesh-he Melem-ana Lugal-kitun Mesannepada
First dynasty of Ur	Mesannepada A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu
Awan dynasty	-Lu Kul
Second dynasty of Kish	Susuda Dadasig Mamagal Kalbum Tuge Men-nuna Lugalngu
Hamazi	Hadanish
Second dynasty of Uruk	Enshakushanna Lugal-kinishe-dudu Argandea
Second dynasty of Ur	Nanni Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II

Adab	Lugal-Anne-Mundu
Dynasty of Mari	Anbu Anba Bazi Zizi Limer Sharrum-iter
Third dynasty of Kish	Kubaba
Dynasty of Akshak	Unzi Undalulu Urur Puzur-Nirah Ushi-Il Shu-Suen of Akshak
Fourth dynasty of Kish	Puzur-Suen Ur-Zababa Zimudar Usi-watar Eshtar-muti Ishme-Shamash Nanniya
Third dynasty of Uruk	Lugal-zage-si
Dynasty of Akkad	Sargon Rimush Manishtushu Naram-Sin Shar-Kali-Sharri Then who was king? Who was not king? Igigi Imi Nanum Ilulu Dudu Shu-turul
Fourth dynasty of Uruk	Ur-ningin Ur-gigir Kuda Puzur-ili Ur-Utu
Gutian dynasty	In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years. Inkishush Sarlagab Shulme Elulmesh Inimabakesh Igeshaush Yarlagab Ibate Yarla Kurum Apilkin La-erabum Irarum Ibranum Hablum Puzur-Suen Yarlaganda Tirigan
Fifth dynasty of Uruk	Utu-hengal
Third Dynasty of Ur	Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin Ibbi-Sin
Dynasty of Isin	Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Ishtar Ur-Ninurta Būr-Sîn Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Sîn-Māgir

Revision as of 18:32, 30 March 2019 editपाटलिपुत्र (talk \| contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users74,368 edits →Rulers: trade← Previous edit		Revision as of 18:50, 30 March 2019 edit undoपाटलिपुत्र (talk \| contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users74,368 edits →Rulers: tradeNext edit →
Line 25:		Line 25:
	According to the ], there were four kings in this dynasty: ], Mes-kiagnun, Elulu, and Balulu.<ref name="DF">{{cite book \|last1=Frayne \|first1=Douglas \|title=Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC) \|date=2008 \|publisher=University of Toronto Press \|isbn=9781442690479 \|pages=901-902 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PNAnIome3AC&pg=PT901 \|language=en}}</ref> Two other kings earlier than Mes-Anepada are known from other sources, namely ] and A-Kalam-du.<ref name="DF"/> It would seem that Mes-Anepada was the son of Mes-kalam-du, according to the inscription found on a bead in ], and Mes-kalam-du was the founder of the dynasty.<ref name="DF"/> A probable Queen ] is also known from her lavish tomb at the ].		According to the ], there were four kings in this dynasty: ], Mes-kiagnun, Elulu, and Balulu.<ref name="DF">{{cite book \|last1=Frayne \|first1=Douglas \|title=Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC) \|date=2008 \|publisher=University of Toronto Press \|isbn=9781442690479 \|pages=901-902 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PNAnIome3AC&pg=PT901 \|language=en}}</ref> Two other kings earlier than Mes-Anepada are known from other sources, namely ] and A-Kalam-du.<ref name="DF"/> It would seem that Mes-Anepada was the son of Mes-kalam-du, according to the inscription found on a bead in ], and Mes-kalam-du was the founder of the dynasty.<ref name="DF"/> A probable Queen ] is also known from her lavish tomb at the ].

	The First Dynasty of Ur had a lot of influence over the area of ].<ref name="DF"/> The artifacts found in the royal tombs of the dynasty show that foreign trade was particularly active during this period, with many materials coming from foreign lands, such as ] likely coming from the ] or ], ] from ], silver from ], copper from ], and gold from several locations such as ], ], ] or ].<ref name="BM">British Museum notice "]"</ref> Carnelian beads from the Indus were found in ] tombs dating to 2600-2450, in an example of ].<ref name="JMI">{{cite book \|last1=McIntosh \|first1=Jane \|title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives \|date=2008 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|isbn=9781576079072 \|pages=182–190 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA189 \|language=en}}</ref> These materials were used into the manufacture of beautiful objects in the worshops of Ur.<ref name="BM"/>		The First Dynasty of Ur had a lot of influence over the area of ].<ref name="DF"/> The artifacts found in the royal tombs of the dynasty show that foreign trade was particularly active during this period, with many materials coming from foreign lands, such as ] likely coming from the ] or ], ] from ], silver from ], copper from ], and gold from several locations such as ], ], ] or ].<ref name="BM">British Museum notice "]"</ref> Carnelian beads from the Indus were found in ] tombs dating to 2600-2450, in an example of ].<ref name="JMI">{{cite book \|last1=McIntosh \|first1=Jane \|title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives \|date=2008 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|isbn=9781576079072 \|pages=182–190 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&pg=PA189 \|language=en}}</ref> In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique developped by the ]ns.<ref name="BM Carnelian">British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developped by the Harappan civilization" ]</ref> These materials were used into the manufacture of beautiful objects in the worshops of Ur.<ref name="BM"/>

	According to the ], the First Dynasty of Ur was finally defeated, and power went to the ] ].<ref>''"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to ]."'' in {{cite book \|last1=Kriwaczek \|first1=Paul \|title=Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization \|date=2014 \|publisher=Atlantic Books \|isbn=9781782395676 \|page=136 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqiWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT136&lpg=PT136 \|language=en}}</ref>		According to the ], the First Dynasty of Ur was finally defeated, and power went to the ] ].<ref>''"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to ]."'' in {{cite book \|last1=Kriwaczek \|first1=Paul \|title=Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization \|date=2014 \|publisher=Atlantic Books \|isbn=9781782395676 \|page=136 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqiWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT136&lpg=PT136 \|language=en}}</ref>

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