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| {{Anime and manga}} | |||
| {{Nihongo|'''''Lolicon'''''|ロリコン|rorikon}}, also ] as '''''lolikon''''' or '''''rorikon''''', is Japanese ] or media focusing on the attraction to young or prepubescent girls. The term ''lolicon'' is a ] of the phrase "] ]";<ref name="alc">{{cite web|url=http://eow.alc.co.jp/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3/UTF-8/?|script-title=ja:ロリコン|publisher=SPACE ALC|language=Japanese|accessdate=January 7, 2008}}</ref> it describes an attraction to young or prepubescent girls, an individual with such an attraction, or ''lolicon'' ] or ''lolicon'' ], a genre of manga and anime wherein childlike female characters are often depicted in an "erotic-cute" manner (also known as ]), in an art style reminiscent of the ] (girls' comics) style.<ref name="Darling82"/><ref name="McCarthy">] and ] (1999). ''The Erotic Anime Movie Guide''. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press. See pp. 43, on lolikon anime.</ref><ref name="WWD">{{cite news |url=http://www.wwd.com/media-news/on-the-drawing-board-492520 |title=On the drawing board. (Lehmann Maupin gallery)|first=Rosemary |last=Feitelberg |work=] |date=June 22, 2007|page=13 |quote=His paintings include a garter-wearing prepubescent maid and a knock-kneed girl in a panty-exposing pose—apparent references to his Lolita complex, or what manga and anime followers refer to as being a 'lolicon.' |accessdate=July 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Connolly|first=Julian|title=A reader's guide to Nabokov's "Lolita"|edition=annotated|series=Studies in Russian and Slavic literatures, cultures and history|year=2009|publisher=Academic Studies Press|isbn=1-934843-65-2|page=169}}</ref> | |||
| Outside Japan, ''lolicon'' is in less common usage and usually refers to the genre. The term is a reference to ]'s book '']'', in which a middle-aged man becomes sexually obsessed with a twelve-year-old girl. It was first used in Japan in the 1970s and quickly became used to describe erotic ] (amateur comics) portrayals of young girls. | |||
| Laws have been enacted in various countries, including in Japan, which regulate explicit content featuring children or childlike characters. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom, have made it illegal to possess lolicon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/anime-fan-convicted-over-illegal-7958896|title=Middlesbrough man creates legal history after being convicted of possessing illegal images of cartoon children|last=Lightfoot|first=Gareth|date=2014-10-19|work=gazettelive|access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref> Parent and citizens groups in Japan have organized to work toward stronger controls and stricter laws governing ''lolicon'' manga and other similar media. Studies of ''lolicon'' fans state that they are attracted to an aesthetic of cuteness rather than the age of the characters,<ref name=Akagi/> and that collecting ''lolicon'' represents a disconnect from society.<ref name=Ito/><ref name="Shigematsu 138"/><ref name=Goode/> | |||
| ==Definition and scope== | |||
| Generally, manga and anime featuring ''lolicon'' include sexual attraction to younger girls or to girls with youthful characteristics. Individuals in each group respond sexually to visual images of children and young people in distinct and narrow age ranges.{{clarify|date=March 2017}}<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Blanchard | first1 = R. | last2 = Kuban | first2 = M. E. | last3 = Blak | first3 = T. | last4 = Klassen | first4 = P. E. | last5 = Dickey | first5 = R. | last6 = Cantor | first6 = J. M. | doi = 10.1007/s10508-010-9675-3 | title = Sexual Attraction to Others: A Comparison of Two Models of Alloerotic Responding in Men | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–29 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20848175 | pmc =3310141 }}</ref> Manga and anime featuring ''lolicon'' contain images and narratives involving romantic and erotic interactions between typically an adult man and a girl in the age range desired by such men.<ref name="McCarthy"/> | |||
| Strictly speaking, ''Lolita complex'' in ] refers to the ] itself, but the abbreviation ''lolicon'' can also refer to an individual who has the paraphilia.<ref name="WWD"/> ''Lolicon'' is widespread in Japan, where it is a frequent subject of scholarly articles and criticism.<ref name="adultmanga">{{cite book|last=Kinsella|first=Sharon|title=Adult Manga|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|year=2000|pages=|isbn=0-8248-2318-4}}{{Page needed|date=March 2011}}</ref> ''Lolicon'' anime and manga are typically consumed by young men.<ref>Hinton, H. R., "" ''Intercultural Communication Studies'' 2014, vol. 23, no.2.</ref> Many general bookstores and newsstands openly offer illustrated ''lolicon'' material, but there has also been police action against ''lolicon'' manga.<ref name="adultmanga"/> | |||
| The '']'' (cute) and '']'' (erotic-cute) style is extremely popular in Japan, where it is present in many of the manga/anime styles.<ref name="darker side">"The Darker Side of Cuteness," ''The Economist'', May 8, 1999.</ref> The school-age girl in a school uniform is also an erotic symbol in Japan.<ref name="dreamland japan"/> ] shops cater to men with ''lolicon'' complexes by selling unwashed panties, men can make dates with teenagers through '']'' (telephone clubs),<ref>{{cite news |title=Breaking the mould |first=Ben |last=Hills |author2=Kanamori, Mayu |url=http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&sy=nstore&kw=%22Breaking+The+Mould%22&pb=smh&dt=selectRange&dr=entire&so=relevance&sf=text&sf=headline&rc=10&rm=200&sp=nrm&clsPage=1&docID=news951006_0036_7782 |newspaper=] |date=6 October 1995 |page=Spectrum, p.9 |accessdate=13 February 2011 }}</ref> and some schoolgirls moonlight as prostitutes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-56844390|title=Teen prostitutes sell favors after school in Tokyo|author=Willis Witter|work=]|date=April 6, 1997|accessdate=January 13, 2008|format=fee required}}</ref> Sharon Kinsella observed an increase in unsubstantiated accounts of ] in the media in the late 1990s, and speculated that these unproven reports developed in counterpoint to the increased reporting on ]. She speculated that, "It may be that the image of happy girls selling themselves voluntarily cancels out the other guilty image".<ref name="comic relief" /> | |||
| ==Genre characteristics and meaning outside Japan== | |||
| ''Lolicon'' manga are usually short stories, published as '']'' (fan works) or in magazines specializing in the genre such as '']'',<ref name="Galbraith 2011" /> '']''<ref name="kieta">{{cite book |editor1-last=Shinpo |editor1-first=Nobunaga |editor1-link=:ja:新保信長 |script-title=ja:消えたマンガ雑誌 |trans-title=Vanished Manga Magazines |date=February 14, 2000 |publisher=] |location=], Japan |language=Japanese |isbn=4-8401-0006-3 |pages=30–37 |trans-chapter=It all started with erotica |chapter=すべてはエロから始まった}}</ref><ref name="Bouissou">Bouissou, Jean-Marie. (2010). ''Manga: Historire et Univers de la Bande Dessinée Japonaise.'' Arles, France: Editions Philippe Picquier. p. 289. The term "burikko" derives from ''buri'' = "style, manner" and ''ko,'' from ''kodomo'' = "child;" Bouissou, p. 289.</ref> and '']'' (where "LO" is an abbreviation for "Lolita Only").<ref name="lo">{{cite web|url=http://www.akaneshinsha.co.jp/akane/lo/index.html|title=COMIC LO エルオー最新刊|publisher=Akane Shinsha|accessdate=March 12, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718195334/http://www.akaneshinsha.co.jp/akane/lo/|archivedate=July 18, 2008 }}</ref> Common focuses of these stories include taboo relationships, such as between a teacher and student or brother and sister, while others feature sexual experimentation between children. Some ''lolicon'' manga cross over with other erotic genres, such as ] and '']''.<ref name="adultmanga" /> Plot devices are often used to explain the young appearance for many of the characters.<ref name="Otaku">{{cite book|title=]|author=Galbraith, Patrick W.|others=Foreword by Schodt, Frederik L. and Photography by Katsuhide, Asuki|edition=First|year=2009|publisher=]|location=Tokyo, Japan|isbn=978-4-7700-3101-3|pages=128–129}}</ref> Schoolgirls ] are common characters in the ''lolicon'' genre.<ref name="Darling82">Darling, p.82</ref> | |||
| Akira Akagi believes that during the 1980s, the ''lolicon'' genre changed from being tales of a young girl having sex with an older man to being about "girl-ness" and "cuteness".<ref name="Galbraith 2011"/> Akagi identifies subgenres within ''lolicon'' of ], "groping objects" (] and robots in the role of the ]), "] fetishes" (a combination of a machine, usually a weapon, and a girl), parodies of mainstream anime and manga, and "simply indecent or perverted stuff". Additionally, ''lolicon'' can include themes of ] and ].<ref name=Akagi>{{Cite book|last=Shigematsu|first=Setsu|title=Themes and Issues in Asian Cartooning: Cute, Cheap, Mad and Sexy|year=1999|publisher=Bowling Green State University Popular Press|isbn=978-0-87972-779-6|pages=129–130|editor=Lent, J.A.|location=Bowling Green, OH|chapter=Dimensions of Desire: Sex, Fantasy and Fetish in Japanese Comics}}</ref> | |||
| Men began reading shōjo manga in the 1970s, including the works of the ] and the "girly" works of ].<ref name="Galbraith 2011"/> According to Dinah Zank, ''lolicon'' is "rooted in the glorification of girls culture in Japan", and therefore uses shōjo manga vocabulary.<ref name=Zank>Zank, Dinah (2010). Kawaii vs. rorikon: The reinvention of the term Lolita in modern Japanese manga. In Comics as a Nexus of Cultures (Jefferson, NC: McFarland). pp.215-216</ref> The ''lolicon'' style borrows from shōjo manga designs and has also been influenced by women creating pornographic materials for men.<ref name="Shigematsu 129">{{Cite book|last=Shigematsu|first=Setsu|title=Themes and Issues in Asian Cartooning: Cute, Cheap, Mad and Sexy|year=1999|publisher=Bowling Green State University Popular Press|isbn=978-0-87972-779-6|page=129|editor=Lent, J.A.|location=Bowling Green, OH|chapter=Dimensions of Desire: Sex, Fantasy and Fetish in Japanese Comics}}</ref> | |||
| According to Michael Darling, female ] who draw ''lolicon'' material include ] (''The red-eyed tribe'' billboard),<ref>Darling, 85–6.</ref> ] (''Universe Dream'' wall painting).,<ref>Darling, 86.</ref> and ] (who created '']''; was interpreted as a ''lolicon'' work by Jason DeAngelis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/industry-comments/2007-05-29/jason-deangelis-nymphet|title=Seven Seas Entertainment Talks about ''Nymphet''|author=Jason DeAngelis|work=]|date=May 29, 2007|accessdate=January 18, 2008|quote="...those who are speaking out against Nymphet seem to be disturbed by the relationship between two characters in the story, namely an elementary school student and her adult teacher."}}</ref>) According to Darling, male artists include ] (untitled, aka ''Green Caterpillar's Girl''), ] ('']'', ''Milk Closet''), and ] (sculptures).<ref name="Darling82" /> '']'' is a manga and figurine series which, according to Takashi Murakami, women find cute and "an innocent fantasy", but which arouses "pedophiliac desires" among men.<ref>Murakami, Takashi (editor). ''].'' New York: Japan Society, 2005. pp.54-55 {{ISBN|0-300-10285-2}}</ref> | |||
| The meaning of ''lolicon'' has evolved much in the ], as have words like anime, ] and hentai.<ref name=amrgloss>{{cite web|url=http://amr.nextstudio.net/html/gloss_lolicon.html|title=Glossary Entry: Lolicon|publisher=''Anime Meta-Review''|accessdate=January 6, 2008 |archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20071011082129/http://amr.nextstudio.net/html/gloss_lolicon.html<!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = October 11, 2007}}</ref> "Lolicon" is also used to refer directly to the products, anime or manga that contains explicitly sexual or erotic portrayals of prepubescent girls. However, there is disagreement if this definition also applies to childlike characters who are not clearly prepubescent and if it applies to material lacking explicit ].<ref name="comic relief" /><ref name=amrgloss/><ref name=Teatrino>{{cite web | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/shelf-life/2010-06-14 | title=Shelf Life: Teatrino for Two | accessdate=March 14, 2011 | author=Finnegan, Eric | date=June 14, 2010 | publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ===Origin=== | |||
| The phrase is a reference to ]'s book '']'', in which a middle-age man becomes sexually obsessed with a twelve-year-old girl.<ref name="Kinsella305">Kinsella, 305.</ref> The term "Lolita complex" was first used in the early 1970s with the translation of ]'s ''The Lolita Complex'' and may have entered Japanese ] at that time.<ref name="Otaku"/> ] used the word in his {{Nihongo|''Stumbling upon a Cabbage Field''|キャベツ畑でつまずいて|Kyabetsu-batake de Tsumazuite|}}, an '']'' manga parody in 1974.<ref name="KyabetsuBatake">], "Kyabetsu-batake de Tsumazuite" in '']'', June, 1974, p.121</ref> The shortening of the term to "lolicon" came later.<ref name="Otaku"/> Early ''lolicon'' idols were Clarisse from '']'' (1979) and the ] heroine ] (1982) as female characters in '']'' series at that point were largely mothers or older-sister characters.<ref name="Otaku"/><ref>Lam, Fan-Yi. 2010. Comic market: How the world's biggest amateur comic fair shaped Japanese dōjinshi culture. ], Volume 5, pp. 236, 247.</ref> Although Clarisse was depicted as 16, older than most "lolicon" images today, she inspired "fairytale-esque" or "girly" fanworks. Patrick Galbraith asserts that Minky Momo was an attempt to court ''lolicon'' fans. This is denied by ], who planned the original Minky Momo.<ref name="Galbraith 2011">Galbraith, Patrick W. (2011) Image & Narrative '''12''' 1 83-119.</ref> ] suggests that the roots of 'lolikon' anime lie in the ] genre, where the lines between young girls and adult women become blurred.<ref name="McCarthy"/> | |||
| ===1980s–2000s=== | |||
| The ''lolicon'' manga genre began in the 1980s with ]'s works, such as {{Nihongo|''The Machine Which Came from the Sea''|海から来た機械|Umi kara Kita Kikai|}}.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} In 1979, Azuma had previously published the first "blatantly lolicon" manga in his own self-published ''Dōjinishi'' magazine ''Cybele''.<ref name="Otaku"/><ref name="ReviewOfLoliconDojinshi">{{ja icon}} Maruta Hara and Kazuo Shimizu, {{Nihongo|"The Lolicon Dōjinshi Reviews"|ロリコン同人誌レビュー|Rorikon Dōjinshi Rebyū}} in ''Apple Pie'', March, 1982, p.116</ref> Azuma's works became popular among schoolboy readers because most of the pornographic manga up until then had featured mature women influenced by '']''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} Other ''dōjinshi'' magazines began featuring "underage or barely pubescent virgins" in erotic contexts and by the late 1980s this "fantasy genre" had spread to some mass market magazines.<ref name="sixty years">{{Cite book|last=Gravett|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Gravett|title=]|year=2004|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|isbn=1-85669-391-0|page=136|location=], ]|chapter=Personal Agendas}}</ref> ] and Dinah Zank both suggest that Japanese laws prohibiting the depiction of pubic hair may have encouraged the spread of "erotic manga with a rorikon flavor".<ref name="dreamland japan">{{Cite book|last=Schodt|first=Frederik L.|authorlink=Frederik L. Schodt|title=]|year=1996|publisher=]|isbn=1-880656-23-X|pages=54–55|location=]|chapter=Modern Manga at the End of the Millennium}}</ref><ref name=Zank/> Throughout the 1980s, notable ''lolicon'' manga artists who published in these magazines include ], ], ], ], and ] peaking in the mid-1980s.<ref name="Otaku"/><ref name="burikko">{{cite web|url=http://www.burikko.net/|script-title=ja:伝説の美少女コミック雑誌|publisher=漫画ブリッコの世界|accessdate=2007-07-10|language=ja}}</ref> | |||
| Frederik L. Schodt has suggested that one reason ''lolicon'' manga is popular with some fans is because the female characters portrayed are "younger, slightly softer, rarely possessing an in-your-face aggressive feminism" which is often found in female characters in American comics.<ref name="dreamland japan2">{{Cite book|last=Schodt|first=Frederik L.|authorlink=Frederik L. Schodt|title=Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga|year=1996|publisher=]|isbn=1-880656-23-X|page=336|location=]|chapter=Modern Manga at the End of the Millennium}}</ref> | |||
| Public attention was brought to bear on ''lolicon'' when ] kidnapped and murdered four girls between the ages of 4 and 7 in 1988 and 1989, committing acts of ] with their corpses.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018205908/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20060118a2.html|archivedate=October 18, 2012|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20060118a2.html|title=Serial killer Miyazaki must hang: Supreme Court|publisher=]|date=January 18, 2006|accessdate=November 10, 2015}}</ref> He was found to be a "withdrawn and obsessive" ] and in particular he enjoyed ''lolicon''. The ] ruled Miyazaki sane, stating that "the murders were premeditated and stemmed from Miyazaki's ]"<ref>, ''The Japan Times,'' 06/29/01. Retrieved June 7, 2007.</ref> and he was ] by hanging for his crimes on June 17, 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/marketing/iht/search/?iht|title=Reports: Japan executes man convicted of killing and mutilating young girls in 1980s|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=June 17, 2008|accessdate=June 17, 2008}}</ref> | |||
| The case caused a ] about "harmful manga", and "sparked a crackdown by local authorities on retailers and publishers, including the larger companies, and the arrests of dojinshi creators".<ref name="sixty years"/> In the aftermath, the Japanese non-profit organization CASPAR was founded with the goal of campaigning for regulation of ''lolicon''.<ref name="Otaku"/><ref name=AnimeNewsNetwork>{{cite web | url =http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2005-01-13/lolicon-backlash-in-japan | title = Lolicon Backlash in Japan | work = Anime News Network | date = January 13, 2005 | accessdate = June 7, 2007}}</ref> | |||
| Public sentiment against sexual cartoon depictions of minors was revived in 2005 when a convicted ], who was arrested for the murder of a seven-year-old girl in ], was suspected as a ''lolicon''.<ref name=AnimeNewsNetwork/> Despite media speculation, it was found that the murderer, ], seldom had interest in manga, games, or dolls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20050206t3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216162834/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20050206t3.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=December 16, 2007 |title=Otaku harassed as sex-crime fears mount |accessdate=January 6, 2008 |author= |date=February 6, 2005 |work= |publisher=] }}</ref> He claimed, however, that he had become interested in small girls after watching an animated pornographic video as a high school student.<ref name="Nakamura">, by Akemi Nakamura, ''The Japan Times''. 05/18/2005. Retrieved June 7, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009062921/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/member.html?nn20050518f1.htm |date=October 9, 2006 }}</ref> He was sentenced to death by hanging. | |||
| ===2010s–present=== | |||
| In February 2010, a proposal to amend the ] included a ban on sexualised depictions of "nonexistent youths" under the age of 18.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-03-09/tokyo-bill-on-virtual-child-porn-set-for-march-vote |title=Tokyo Bill on 'Virtual' Child Porn Set for March Vote (Update 3) |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2010-11-24 |accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-05-02/tokyo-reps/nonexistent-youth-bill-may-still-pass-in-june |title=Tokyo Reps: 'Nonexistent Youth' Bill May Still Pass in June |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2010-11-24 |accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref> This proposal was criticised by many manga artists,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-03-15/creators-decry-tokyo-proposed-virtual-child-porn-ban |title=Creators Decry Tokyo's Proposed 'Virtual' Child Porn Ban (Update 7) |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2010-11-24 |accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref> and opposed by the ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-06-06/tokyo-nonexistent-youth-bill-faces-defeat-in-june|title=Tokyo's 'Nonexistent Youth' Bill Faces Defeat in June |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2010-11-24 |accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref> The bill was put on hold until June of that year,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-03-16/asahi/tokyo-virtual-child-porn-bill-put-on-hold |title=Asahi: Tokyo's 'Virtual' Child Porn Bill Put on Hold |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2010-11-24 |accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-03-19/tokyo-virtual-child-porn-bill-officially-dead-till-june |title=Tokyo's 'Nonexistent Youth' Bill Officially on Hold (Updated) |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2010-11-24 |accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref> where after some amendments, including changing the text for "nonexistent youths" to "depicted youths".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-05-08/tokyo-governor/nonexistent-youth-bill-needs-changes |title=Tokyo Governor: 'Nonexistent Youth' Bill Needs Changes |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2010-11-24 |accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-06-14/tokyo-nonexistent-youth-bill-voted-down-in-committee |title=Tokyo's Nonexistent Youth Bill Voted Down in Committee (Updated) |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2010-11-24 |accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref> However, in spite of the changes, the bill was rejected by the ] in June.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-06-16/tokyo-nonexistent-youth-bill-rejected-by-assembly |title=Tokyo's 'Nonexistent Youth' Bill Rejected by Assembly |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2010-11-24 |accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref> | |||
| A revised edition was presented in November that year to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly, which would require self-regulation of {{"'}}manga, anime and other images' ... that 'unjustifiably glorify or emphasize' certain sexual or pseudo sexual acts...depictions of 'sexual or pseudo sexual acts that would be illegal in real life{{'"}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-11-15/tokyo-to-resubmit-bill-on-sexual-depictions-of-youths|title=Tokyo to Resubmit Bill on Sexual Depictions of Youths |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2010-11-15 |accessdate=2010-12-16}}</ref> However, the bill no longer uses the term "nonexistent youth" and applies to all characters and to material that is not necessarily meant to be sexually stimulating.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-11-22/tokyo-revised-youth-ordinance-amendment-bill-posted|title=Tokyo's Revised Youth Ordinance Amendment Bill Posted |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2010-11-22 |accessdate=2010-12-16}}</ref> It was approved in December and took full effect in July 2011;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-12-15/full-tokyo-assembly-passes-youth-ordinance-bill|title=Full Tokyo Assembly Passes Youth Ordinance Bill |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2010-12-15 |accessdate=2010-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-11998385 |title=Tokyo introduces manga restrictions |publisher=BBC |date=2010-12-15|accessdate=2010-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011123240/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20101216a4.html|archivedate=October 11, 2012|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/rss/nn20101216a4.html |title=Ordinance passed against manga 'extreme sex' |publisher=] |date=2010-12-16|accessdate=2015-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-japan-sex-books-20101216,0,1679887.story|title=Tokyo bans sales of sexually explicit comics to minors |first=Kenji|last=Hall |publisher=] |date=2010-12-16|accessdate=2010-12-16}}</ref> however, the bill does not regulate mobile sites or downloaded content and is only intended for publications such as books and DVDs.<ref name="AJA Response">{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-12-21/tokyo/mobile-sites-downloads-not-subject-to-youth-bill|title=News: Tokyo: Mobile Sites, Downloads Not Subject to Youth Bill|publisher=Anime News Network|date=2010-12-21|accessdate=2011-02-06}}</ref> On April 14, 2011, the title '']'' ("My Wife Is an Elementary Student") was listed as a title to be considered for restriction due to "child rape".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-05-16/1st-manga-to-be-restricted-by-revised-tokyo-law-listed |title=1st Manga to Be Restricted by Revised Tokyo Law Listed (Updated) - News |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2013-05-10 |accessdate=2013-05-14}}</ref> It was later published online by ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-10-03/akamatsu-j-comi-site-posts-adult-manga-restricted-by-tokyo-law |title=Akamatsu's J-Comi Site Posts Adult Manga Restricted by Tokyo Law - News |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2013-05-10 |accessdate=2013-05-14}}</ref> On August 25, 2011, Japan's ] submitted a petition requesting stricter ], which included animated child pornography; however, no action took place as a result of the petition.<ref>{{cite web|author=Artefact |url=http://www.sankakucomplex.com/2011/09/29/ldp-seeks-new-ban-manga-anime-virtual-child-abuse/ |title=LDP Seeks New Ban: "Manga & Anime = Virtual Child Abuse" |publisher=Sankaku Complex |date=2011-09-29 |accessdate=2013-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/seigan/177/yousi/yo1771775.htm |title=請願：参議院ホームページ |publisher=Sangiin.go.jp |accessdate=2013-05-14}}</ref> On May 27, 2013, a revised child pornography law was introduced by the Liberal Democratic Party, the ] and the ] that would make possession of sexual images of individuals under 18 illegal with a fine of 1 million yen (about US$10,437) and less than a year in jail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-05-27/japan-ruling-party-to-reintroduce-child-pornography-law-revision|title=Japan's Ruling Party to Reintroduce Child Pornography Law Revision|work=www.animenewsnetwork.com|accessdate=2013-06-17}}</ref> The Japanese Democratic Party,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://taruiyoshikazu.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/MX-2600FN_20130613_194327.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703181021/http://taruiyoshikazu.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/MX-2600FN_20130613_194327.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-07-03 |title=JDP formally opposes the 2013 child pornography law |work=taruiyoshikazu.com |language=Japanese |accessdate=2013-06-17 }}</ref> along with several industry associations involved in anime and manga, had protested against the bill saying "while they appreciate that the bill protects children, it will also restrict freedom of expression".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://japandailypress.com/anime-and-manga-associations-protest-proposed-revision-to-child-pornography-bill-3029742|title=Anime and manga associations protest proposed revision to child pornography bill|work=japandailypress.com|accessdate=2013-06-17|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322043416/http://japandailypress.com/anime-and-manga-associations-protest-proposed-revision-to-child-pornography-bill-3029742/|archivedate=2017-03-22|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/06/29/national/opposition-hits-ruling-blocs-employment-deregulation-plan-in-online-debate/|title=Opposition slams ruling bloc on jobs deregulation|work=www.japantimes.co.jp|accessdate=2013-07-04}}</ref> Manga creator and artist ] has gone on to say that "There is also no scientific evidence to prove that so-called 'harmful media' increases crime".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/AJ201307270063 |title=Controversy raging over revisions to child pornography law |date=2013-07-27 |accessdate=2013-07-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902071144/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/AJ201307270063 |archivedate=2013-09-02 |df= }}</ref> The bill was not rejected and remained in a stalemate situation until June 2014, when it went forward with the removal of ''lolicon'' anime/manga from the bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sankakucomplex.com/2013/06/27/loli-ban-not-rejected/|title=Loli Ban Not Rejected|work=www.sankakucomplex.com|date=2013-06-27|accessdate=2014-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/japan-ban-child-pornograpy-1451724|title=Japan to Ban Child Pornography|work=www.ibtimes.co.uk|author=Tom Porter|date=2014-06-07|accessdate=2014-06-09}}</ref> The law was put into full effect the following year banning ] child pornography.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/11743004/Japan-finally-bans-possession-of-child-porn.html|title=Japan finally bans possession of child porn|work=www.telegraph.co.uk|date=2015-07-16|accessdate=2015-08-12}}</ref> | |||
| ==Controversy== | |||
| {{See also|Legal status of drawn pornography depicting minors}} | |||
| The legal status of ''lolicon'' manga and anime that portray children involved erotically with adults has changed with time and is currently under intensive debate in Japan.<ref name="adultmanga"/><ref>Gelder, Ken. ''The Subcultures Reader'', 2nd ed. Oxon: Routledge, 2005. p. 547. {{ISBN|0-415-34415-8}}</ref> A Japanese non-profit organization called CASPAR has claimed that ''lolicon'' and other anime magazines and games encourage ]s.<ref name=AnimeNewsNetwork/> According to Galbraith, Yasushi Takatsuki has noted that sexual abuse of minors in Japan has declined since the 1960s and 1970s, which "roughly coincides with the increasing presence of fictional lolicon". Galbraith feels that this is not an argument that ''lolicon'' "compensates for or relieves real desires", but instead that ''lolicon'' imagery does not "reflect the desires" of readers, or inspire them to commit crimes.<ref name="Galbraith 2011"/> It has been suggested that restricting sexual expression in drawings or animated games and videos might actually increase the rate of sexual crime by eliminating a harmless outlet for desires that could motivate crime.<ref name="Internet Association Japan">{{cite web|url=http://www.iajapan.org/hotline/center/20060531public.html|script-title=ja:｢ホットライン運用ガイドライン案｣等に対する意見の募集結果について|publisher=Internet Association Japan|date=May 31, 2006|language=Japanese|accessdate=January 10, 2008}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=March 2011}} | |||
| Cultural critic ] said that very few readers of ''lolicon'' manga commit crimes. He states that in the otaku culture, ''lolicon'' is the "most convenient " against society. Azuma says that some otaku feel so "excluded from society" that they "feel as if they are the sort of 'no good' person who should be attracted to little girls".<ref name="comic relief">{{cite news|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60qlHP59o?url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20040427zg.html |archivedate=August 11, 2011 |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20040427zg.html |title=Does comic relief hurt kids? |author=Tony McNicol |work=] |date=April 27, 2004 |accessdate=November 10, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Sarah Goode describes the accumulation of ''lolicon'' materials as being "a medium through which disaffected men may choose to express their sense of ] and disconnection with society". When questioning the relationship of ''lolicon'' to "finding children in real life sexually attractive", Goode presents the argument of a ''lolicon'' fan "that even if I could be classified as a kind of anime ''lolicon'', it'd NEVER translate into ] pedophilia. This is predicated on the belief that the anime lolis I like DO NOT EXIST in RL".<ref name=Goode>{{cite book|last=Goode|first=Sarah D.|title=Understanding and addressing adult sexual attraction to children: a study of paedophiles in contemporary society|year=2009|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-415-44625-9|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/?id=pKcQY5fUfFAC&pg=PA29&dq=lolicon#v=onepage&q=lolicon|accessdate=8 March 2011|chapter=Paedophiles online}}</ref> | |||
| Setsu Shigematsu believes that ''lolicon'' manga should not be equated to photographic or ] ''lolicon'' materials which involve real children; instead she argues that ''lolicon'' represents an artificial sexuality, turning away from "three dimensional reality" and redirecting sexual energies towards "two dimensional figures of desire".<ref name="Shigematsu 138">{{Cite book|last=Shigematsu|first=Setsu|title=Themes and Issues in Asian Cartooning: Cute, Cheap, Mad and Sexy|year=1999|publisher=Bowling Green State University Popular Press|isbn=978-0-87972-779-6|page=138|editor=Lent, J.A.|location=Bowling Green, OH|chapter=Dimensions of Desire: Sex, Fantasy and Fetish in Japanese Comics}}</ref> Akira Akagi writes that in ''lolicon'' manga, the girl represents cuteness, and that it is not her age which makes her attractive,<ref name=Akagi/> and furthermore, that ''lolicon'' fans project themselves onto ''lolicon'' characters, identifying themselves with the girl.<ref name="Galbraith 2011" /> | |||
| ''Lolicon'' manga has been and is marketed to both boys and men.<ref name="Shigematsu 129"/> Sharon Kinsella wrote that ''lolicon'' manga was a late 1980s outgrowth of girls' manga,<ref name="Kinsella305" /> which included '']'' and parodies of boys' and adult manga.<ref>Kinsella, 304.</ref> This occurred as more men attended amateur manga conventions and as new boys' amateur manga genres appeared at ]. Kinsella distinguished between the attitudes toward gender of amateur ''lolicon'' manga and that of male fans of girls' manga.<ref name="Kinsella305" /> While parody manga created by women ridicule male stereotypes and appeal to both male and female fans, ''lolicon'' manga "usually features a girl heroine with large eyes and a body that is both voluptuous and child-like, scantily clad in an outfit that approximates a cross between a 1970s bikini and a space-age suit of armour".<ref name="Kinsella305" /> Kinsella noted dominant British and American genres and imports of animation video in the 1990s derived from ''lolicon'' manga, suggesting women, and therefore also men, in all of these countries have gone through similar social and cultural experiences.<ref>Kinsella, 307.</ref> | |||
| Ito characterises otaku as having more affection towards the anime and manga world than for a realistic world, saying that to the otaku, the two-dimensional world portrayed becomes "more real". Ito views the preference for young girls as sex objects in manga and anime to be due to a change in Japanese society in the 1970s and 1980s. Ito says that at that time, boys felt that girls were "surpassing them in terms of willpower and action". However, as the boys believed girls to be the weaker sex, the boys began focusing on young girls "who were 'easy to control{{'"}}. Additionally, the young girls of ''lolicon'' exist in the media, which Ito points out is a place where one can control things however they want.<ref name=Ito>{{cite journal | last1 = Ito | first1 = K. | year = 1992 | title = Cultural Change and Gender Identity Trends in the 1970s and 1980s | journal = ] | volume = 1 | issue = | pages = 79–98 | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-6781.1992.tb00008.x }}</ref> | |||
| Responding to the portrayal of Clarisse from ''Lupin III: Castle of Cagliostro'', Hayao Miyazaki criticized the ''lolicon'' artists and fans who idolize her in what he considers a demeaning manner. He differentiates his female ]s, labeling those the aforementioned idolized, according to ''The Otaku Encyclopedia'', "as pets".<ref name=Otaku/> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Portal|Anime and manga}} | |||
| {{col-begin}} | |||
| {{col-2}} | |||
| ===Japanese culture=== | |||
| * ] and ]<ref name="JTthongs">{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070503f1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120151/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070503f1.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=September 29, 2007|title=Photos of preteen girls in thongs now big business|accessdate=November 10, 2015|last=Hongo|first=Jun|authorlink=|date=May 3, 2007|work=The Japan Times Online|publisher=The Japan Times}}</ref> – child or early teenager pursuing a career as a photographic model | |||
| * '']'' – a Japanese subculture that draws on Western notions of sexiness | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * ] – a style of clothing<ref name=Zank/> | |||
| * '']'' – Male equivalent of ''lolicon'', focusing on young boys.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goode|first=Sarah D.|title=Understanding and addressing adult sexual attraction to children: a study of paedophiles in contemporary society|year=2009|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-415-44625-9|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/?id=pKcQY5fUfFAC&pg=PA28&dq=shota#v=onepage&q=shota|accessdate=14 December 2011|chapter=Paedophiles online}}</ref> | |||
| * ]ism | |||
| {{col-2}} | |||
| ===Legal aspects=== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] – On April 7, 2010, ] sent a letter to the ], ]s, and ]s<ref name=Letter>{{cite web|url=http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=EDTECH&month=1004&week=a&msg=oh60TKAnthvEwBjcWNxxSg&user=&pw=|title=Re: Misplaced Pages (was Re: Let teachers override the filters) |accessdate=March 15, 2011|author=Sanger, Larry | date=April 7, 2010 |publisher=Humanities & Social Sciences Online}}</ref><ref name="Register-Sanger">{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/09/sanger_reports_wikimedia_to_the_fbi/|title=Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn': No real people pictured |accessdate=March 15, 2011 | author=Metz, Cade | date=April 9, 2010|publisher=The Register | location=San Francisco}}</ref> saying that ] hosted child pornography in the ] and ] categories.<ref name=Letter/> | |||
| {{col-end}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| ===Notes=== | |||
| {{Reflist|30em}} | |||
| ===Bibliography=== | |||
| * {{Cite journal|title=Plumbing the Depths of Superflatness|author=Darling, Michael|journal=Art Journal|volume=60|issue=3|pages=76–89|date=Autumn 2001|quote=Lolicon imagery is well-documented in Superflat, and relies on the angelic stare of the young girl for its erotic charge. ... Kinsella writes, 'The little girl heroines of Lolicon manga simultaneously reflect an awareness of the increasing power and centrality of young women ...'|issn=0004-3249|doi=10.2307/778139|publisher=Art Journal, Vol. 60, No. 3|jstor=778139}} | |||
| * {{Cite journal|title=Japanese Subculture in the 1990s: Otaku and the Amateur Manga Movement|author=Kinsella, Sharon|journal=Journal of Japanese Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=289–316|date=Summer 1998|doi=10.2307/133236|publisher=The Society for Japanese Studies |jstor=133236}} Titled "" by Kinsella on her website. Retrieved on January 14, 2008. | |||
| *{{Cite book|last=Shigematsu|first=Setsu|title=Themes and Issues in Asian Cartooning: Cute, Cheap, Mad and Sexy|year=1999|publisher=Bowling Green State University Popular Press|isbn=978-0-87972-779-6|pages=127–163|editor=Lent, J.A.|location=Bowling Green, OH|chapter=Dimensions of Desire: Sex, Fantasy and Fetish in Japanese Comics}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| *{{cite journal|author=Davis, Jessie Christian|date=May 8, 2008|title=Japanese Animation in America and its Fans|url=http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/8736/thesis.pdf?sequence=1|publisher=Oregon State University|accessdate=March 8, 2011}} | |||
| *{{cite news|last=Mead|first=Rebecca|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011130957/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25145481_ITM|archivedate=October 11, 2008|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25145481_ITM|title=Shopping rebellion; what the kids want. (Letter from Tokyo)|work=]|date=March 18, 2002|accessdate=November 10, 2015}} | |||
| * {{Cite book|first=Jason|last=Thompson|authorlink=Jason Thompson (writer) |title=]|publisher=] & ]|location=New York|year=2007|page=450 |isbn=978-0-345-48590-8}} | |||
| *{{cite web|url=http://comipress.com/article/2007/07/17/2307|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731151255/http://comipress.com/article/2007/07/17/2307|archivedate=2008-07-31|title=A History of Shojo, Loli, and Harmful Books|publisher=Comipress|date=July 17, 2007}} | |||
| * ''ComiPress'' (November 17, 2006) | |||
| * -(Stephen Sarrazin; ''Manga Impact'' 2010, {{ISBN|978-0714857411}}) | |||
| <!-- Imageboards such as Renchan, not4chan, etc. are NOT permissible as outside links due to copyright violation concerns. DO NOT ADD THEM.--> | |||
| * ''Japan Times'', May 5, 2017. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| *{{Commonscat-inline}} | |||
| {{Japanese Erotic Cinema}} | |||
| {{Lolita}} | |||
| {{Animation industry in Japan}} | |||
| {{Film genres}} | |||
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