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The first colonies of the British Empire on the continent of Australia were the penal colony of New South Wales, founded in 1787, and the Swan River Colony (later renamed Western Australia), founded in 1829. Over the next few decades, the colonies of New Zealand, Queensland, South Australia, Van Diemen's Land (later renamed Tasmania), and Victoria were created from New South Wales, as well as an aborted Colony of North Australia. On 1 January 1901, these colonies, excepting New Zealand, became states in the Commonwealth of Australia. Since federation, the internal borders have remained mostly stable, except for the creation of some territories with limited self-government: the Northern Territory from South Australia, to govern the vast, sparsely populated center of the country; the split of the Northern Territory into Central Australia and North Australia, and then the quick merger of those back into the Northern Territory; and the Australian Capital Territory, a federal district ceded from New South Wales.

Outside of the continent, Queensland attempted an expansion into New Guinea, but British authorities rejected this; the claim would later be made a British protectorate and ceded to Australia. The League of Nations mandated northeast New Guinea to Australia after World War I, as well as Nauru, which was placed under joint Australian-British-New Zealand jurisdiction. These mandates (and, later, United Nations trust territories) became the independent nations of Nauru and Papua New Guinea in the mid-20th century. Australia has also obtained several small island territories, mainly from earlier British colonies, and has a large claim on Antarctica.

Table of changes

Key to map colours

  Australian states

  Australian territories and founding colonies

  disputed area of Australia

  area changed by event

Colonial period

Date	Event	Map
25 April 1787	The Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony by the Kingdom of Great Britain in Australia east of 135° east. Word of the establishment was proclaimed in Australia by Governor Arthur Phillip on 7 February 1788. The commission included "all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean" within the latitudes of 10°37' south and 43°39' south, which included most of New Zealand.
11 July 1810	Macquarie Island was discovered by Frederick Hasselborough, who claimed it for the United Kingdom and declared it part of New South Wales.
16 July 1825	New South Wales was extended west to 129° east, so that it would include a trading post set up on Melville Island; and the borders of the "islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean" were moved north to 39°12' south, now including only a small part of New Zealand.
3 December 1825	The southern islands of New South Wales were made the Colony of Van Diemen's Land.
2 May 1829	A colony commonly known as the Swan River Colony was founded in the remainder of Australia outside of New South Wales. Most documents calling for the colony's foundation make no mention of a name, apart from its location at the "Port on the Western Coast of New Holland, at the Mouth of the River called 'Swan River', with the adjacent Territory", and that a settlement should be formed "within the Territory of 'Western Australia'". However, the law calling for the creation of the colony does appear to specify that it should be "Western Australia".
6 February 1832	The legal instrument required to formally appoint James Stirling governor of the Colony of Western Australia was proclaimed, and this is commonly held as the date that the Swan River Colony was renamed Western Australia.
19 February 1836	The portion of New South Wales between 132° east and 141° east, and south of 26° south, was made the Province of South Australia. The actual landing and proclamation occurred on 28 December 1836. Its border with New South Wales south of the Murray River would be erroneously surveyed roughly 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi) west of 141° east, and the resulting disputes with the colonies and, later, states that share that border would not be fully resolved until 1914.
15 June 1839	The islands of New Zealand were annexed to New South Wales. The action was proclaimed on 14 January 1840.
16 November 1840	The Colony of New Zealand was chartered and split from New South Wales.
26 September 1844	Norfolk Island was transferred from New South Wales to Van Diemen's Land.
17 February 1846	The half of New South Wales north of 26° south was made the Colony of North Australia.
28 December 1847	Following a change in government in the United Kingdom, North Australia was merged back in to New South Wales. This is the date Queen Victoria revoked the Letters Patent establishing North Australia, but it was not proclaimed in Australia until 16 January 1849.
1 July 1851	The portion of New South Wales south of the Murray River and a line from the headwaters of the river to Cape Howe was made the Colony of Victoria.
1 January 1856	Van Diemen's Land was renamed Tasmania, as a way to get away from its past as a penal colony.
1 November 1856	Norfolk Island was split from Tasmania, becoming its own colony. Some sources say this occurred the previous day, but the Norfolk Island Act 1913 states it was on this day.
6 June 1859	The portion of New South Wales north of 29° south, the Dumaresq and Macintyre Rivers, and several mountain ridges, and east of 141° east, was made the Colony of Queensland.
10 October 1861	The portion of New South Wales west of South Australia was transferred to South Australia by Letters Patent. The act of parliament was passed on 22 July 1861.
13 March 1862	The portion of New South Wales north of South Australia and east of 138° east was transferred to Queensland.
6 July 1863	The region of New South Wales north of South Australia was transferred to South Australia.
4 April 1883	Queensland claimed southeast New Guinea as a dependency, though the British government rejected the claim.
6 November 1884	The British Empire declared southeast New Guinea as a protectorate, removing it from immediate Queensland control, though the colony still largely administered it.
17 June 1890	Macquarie Island was transferred from New South Wales to Tasmania; while Tasmania immediately requested it then be transferred to New Zealand, this was not done.

Federation

Date	Event	Map
1 January 1901	Six colonies of the United Kingdom formed the Commonwealth of Australia: The Colony of New South Wales, becoming the state of New South Wales The Colony of Queensland, becoming the state of Queensland The Province of South Australia, becoming the state of South Australia The Colony of Tasmania, becoming the state of Tasmania The Colony of Victoria, becoming the state of Victoria The Colony of Western Australia, becoming the state of Western Australia Parliament met in Melbourne until a new federal capital could be built.
1 September 1906	British New Guinea was transferred from the United Kingdom, becoming the Territory of Papua.
1 January 1911	The Federal Capital Territory was split from New South Wales, and the Northern Territory was split from South Australia. While the acts creating it use the term "Territory for the Seat of Government", legislation and proclamations immediately began using the term "Federal Capital Territory."
1 July 1914	Norfolk Island was transferred from the United Kingdom, becoming the Territory of Norfolk Island.
4 September 1915	A small peninsula along Jervis Bay was ceded to the Federal Capital Territory by New South Wales.
17 December 1920	The League of Nations mandated Nauru and New Guinea (the former German New Guinea) to Australia, with New Zealand and the United Kingdom as co-trustees of Nauru.
1 February 1927	The Northern Territory was split at 20° south into the territories of Central Australia and North Australia.
9 May 1927	Parliament began meeting in Canberra, formally moving the capital there from Melbourne.
12 June 1931	The territories of Central Australia and North Australia were merged to become the Northern Territory.
13 June 1933	The United Kingdom transferred the portion of its claim to Antarctica between 45° east and 136° east, and 142° east and 160° east, to Australia, where it became the Australian Antarctic Territory.
10 May 1934	The Ashmore and Cartier Islands were transferred from the United Kingdom and became the Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands. The islands were ceded by the United Kingdom on 23 July 1931.
29 July 1938	The Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands was annexed to the Northern Territory. The Federal Capital Territory was renamed the Australian Capital Territory.
26 August 1942	The Mandate of Nauru was captured by Japan.
14 September 1945	The Japanese garrison in the Mandate of Nauru surrendered.
13 December 1946	The Territory of New Guinea was reconstituted as a United Nations trust territory.
1 November 1947	The Mandate of Nauru was reconstituted as the United Nations Trust Territory of Nauru.
26 December 1947	Heard Island and McDonald Islands were transferred from the United Kingdom. The receipt was confirmed in letters exchanged on 19 December 1950.
1 July 1949	The Territory of New Guinea and Territory of Papua were merged into the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, mainly for administrative purposes; the act makes it clear that the identities of New Guinea as a United Nations Trust Territory and Papua as a possession of the Crown remain intact.
24 April 1953	Heard Island and McDonald Islands were formally declared the Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands.
23 November 1955	The Cocos (Keeling) Islands were transferred by the United Kingdom from the Colony of Singapore, becoming the Territory of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
1 October 1958	Christmas Island was transferred from the United Kingdom, becoming the Territory of Christmas Island.
31 January 1968	The Trust Territory of Nauru became independent as the Republic of Nauru.
30 September 1969	The Coral Sea Islands Territory was created from Queensland.
27 December 1971	The Territory of Papua and New Guinea was renamed Papua New Guinea.
31 December 1973	The peninsula along Jervis Bay belonging to the Australian Capital Territory was formally named the Jervis Bay Territory; at this time, it was still considered part of the ACT.	no change to map
11 September 1975	The Republic of the North Solomons declared the independence of the region surrounding Bougainville Island in Papua New Guinea.
16 September 1975	Papua New Guinea became independent as the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, rendering the dispute with the Republic of the North Solomons moot.
1 July 1978	The Ashmore and Cartier Islands were split from the Northern Territory, becoming the Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands.
3 March 1986	The Australia Act 1986 made Australia completely independent of the United Kingdom.	no change to map
11 May 1989	Jervis Bay Territory was split from the Australian Capital Territory to become its own territory.
7 July 1997	Elizabeth Reef and Middleton Reef were transferred from New South Wales to the Coral Sea Islands Territory.

See also

• States and territories of Australia
• List of proposed states of Australia
• Northern Territory borders
• South Australian borders
• Western Australia border

References

1. ^ "Governor Phillip's Instructions 25 April 1787 (GB)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
2. "Colony of New South Wales: Creation". New South Wales State Archives and Records. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
3. Scott, Keith (1993). The Australian Geographic book of Antarctica. Terrey Hills, New South Wales: Australian Geographic. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-86276-010-3.
4. Panton, Kenneth J. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 303. ISBN 9780810875241. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
5. "Governor Darling's Commission 1825 (UK)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
6. "Order-in-Council separating Van Diemen's Land from New South Wales 14 June 1825 (UK)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
7. Panton, Kenneth J. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 518. ISBN 9780810875241. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
8. "Instructions to the Admiralty to take formal possession of the western portion of the continent 5 November 1828 (UK)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
9. "Lieutenant-Governor Stirling's Instructions 30 December 1828 (UK)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
10. "Lieutenant-Governor Stirling's Proclamation of the Colony 18 June 1829 (UK)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
11. The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 29. Government of the United Kingdom. p. 719. Retrieved 23 October 2017. An Act to provide until the Thirty-first Day of December One thousand eight hundred and thirty-four, for the Government of His Majesty's Settlements in Western Australia, on the Western Coast of New Holland
12. "Commission appointing Stirling Governor and Commander-in-Chief 4 March 1831 (UK)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
13. "On this day, 6th February 1832, the Swan River colony was officially renamed "Western Australia"". State Library of New South Wales. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
14. "Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia 19 February 1836 (UK)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
15. "The Proclamation". Government of South Australia. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
16. State of South Australia v State of Victoria [1914] UKPC 3,  AC 283, published by the British and Irish Legal Information Institute, accessed 20 May 2019; [1914] UKPCHCA 1, (1914) 18 CLR 115 (28 January 1914), Privy Council (on appeal from Australia), published by the Australasian Legal Information Institute, accessed 20 May 2019
17. "1839 Letters Patent Establishing New Zealand as Part of New South Wales". Archives New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
18. "Taming the frontier". New Zealand Government. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
19. Report from the select committee on New Zealand. Government of New Zealand. 1840. p. 139. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
20. "New Zealand officially becomes British colony". New Zealand Government. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
21. New Zealand, Its Advantages and Prospects, as a British Colony. T. & W. Boone. 1842. p. 314. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
22. "Norfolk Island Guide". New South Wales Government – State Archives & Records. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
23. ^ "Charters and commissions concerning the Colony of North Australia, 1846–1847". State Library of New South Wales. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
24. "PROCLAMATION". New South Wales Government Gazette. No. 13. New South Wales, Australia. 23 January 1849. p. 117. Retrieved 21 May 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
25. ^ "History of Queensland borders before proclamation". State of Queensland. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
26. "Australian Constitutions Act 1850 (UK)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
27. "Order-in-Council changing name to Tasmania 21 July 1855 (UK)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
28. ^ Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth)
29. Bladen, F.M. (1906). "Settlement of the Pitcairn Islanders on Norfolk Island". Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. 2 (1). Royal Australian Historical Society: 1–12. ISSN 0035-8762. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
30. "Letters Patent erecting Colony of Queensland 6 June 1859 (UK)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
31. Queensland Legislation and South Australian Land Extension Act 1861 (NSW), 22 July 1861, published by the Australasian Legal Information Institute, accessed 20 May 2019
32. "Letters Patent altering the western boundary of Queensland 1862 (UK)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
33. "Letters Patent annexing the Northern Territory to South Australia, 1863". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
34. Australia, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. 1933. p. 357. ISBN 9780521356213. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
35. Van der Veur, Paul W. (2012). Documents and Correspondence on New Guinea's Boundaries. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9789401537063. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
36. Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives of New Zealand. Government of New Zealand. 1892. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
37. Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (Cth)
38. "Melbourne – the seat of government". Retrieved 25 October 2017.
39. Papua Act 1905 (Cth)
40. Commonwealth, Gazette, No 47, 1 September 1906, 1141
41. Seat of Government Surrender Act 1909 (NSW), Seat of Government Acceptance Act 1909 (Cth)
42. Commonwealth, Gazette, No 75, 8 December 1910, 1851
43. Northern Territory Surrender Act 1908 (SA), Northern Territory Acceptance Act 1910 (Cth)
44. Commonwealth, Gazette, No 79, 24 December 1910, 1901
45. "Seat of Government Acceptance Act 1909 (Cth)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
46. Commonwealth, Gazette, No 35, 17 June 1914, 1043
47. Seat of Government Surrender Act 1915 (NSW), Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915 (Cth)
48. Commonwealth, Gazette, No 103, 4 September 1915, 1710
49. Nauru Island Agreement Act 1919 (Cth)
50. Australian Treaty Series 1923 No 11
51. New Guinea Act 1920 (Cth)
52. Australian Treaty Series 1920 No 2
53. JSTOR 20028201
54. Northern Australia Act 1926 (Cth)
55. Commonwealth, Gazette, No 7, 27 January 1927, 137
56. "As it was in the Beginning (Parliament House in 1927)". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
57. Commonwealth, Gazette, No 48, 9 May 1927, 901
58. Northern Territory (Administration) Act 1931 (Cth)
59. Commonwealth, Gazette, No 46, 11 June 1931, 931
60. Australian Antarctic Territory Acceptance Act 1933 (Cth)
61. Commonwealth, Gazette, No 39, 22 June 1933, 896
62. Ashmore and Cartier Islands Acceptance Act 1933 (Cth)
63. Commonwealth, Gazette, No 28, 10 May 1934, 761
64. Ashmore and Cartier Islands Acceptance Act 1938(Cth)
65. Seat of Government Acceptance Act 1938 (Cth)
66. ^ "ICJ – Application of the Republic of Nauru"
67. ^ Decolonization No 30 Part 2, United Nations
68. "Administration of Heard Island and the McDonald Islands". Retrieved 4 August 2017.
69. Papua New Guinea Act 1949 (Cth)
70. Commonwealth, Gazette, No 48, 30 June 1949, 1897
71. Heard Island and McDonald Islands Act 1953 (Cth)
72. Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955 (Cth)
73. Commonwealth, Gazette, No 58, 10 November 1955, 3665
74. Christmas Island Act 1958 (Cth)
75. Nauru Independence Act 1967 (Cth)
76. "Constitution of Nauru". Government of Nauru. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
77. Coral Sea Islands Act 1969 (Cth)
78. Papua New Guinea Act 1971 (Cth)
79. Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915–1973, accessed 15 November 2017
80. "Chronology of Bougainville Civil War". Retrieved 25 October 2017.
81. Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975 (Cth)
82. Ashmore and Cartier Islands Acceptance Amendment Act 1978 (Cth)
83. "Australia Act 1986 (Cth)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
84. A.C.T. Self-Government (Consequential Provisions) Act 1988, accessed 15 November 2017
85. Environment, Sport and Territories Legislation Amendment Act 1997 (Cth)

External links

• States of Australia – Statoids.com

• States and territories of Australia
• Territorial evolution by country
• Borders of Australia