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{{Infobox Country or territory
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|native_name = <span style="line-height:1.25em;">''O‘zbekiston Respublikasi''<br>''O‘zbekiston Jumhuriyati''</span>
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|conventional_long_name = <span style="line-height:1.25em;">Republic of Uzbekistan</span>
|common_name = Uzbekistan
|image_flag = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg
|image_coat = Uzbekistan coa.png
|image_map = LocationUzbekistan.png
|national_motto = none
|national_anthem = ]
|official_languages = ] /
|capital = ]
|latd=41|latm=16|latNS=N|longd=69|longm=13|longEW=E
|largest_city = Tashkent
|government_type = ] ]
|leader_title1 = ]
|leader_title2 = ]
|leader_name1 = ]
|leader_name2 = ]
|area_rank = 56th
|area_magnitude = 1 E11
|area = 447,400
|areami² = 172,742 <!--Do not remove per ]-->
|percent_water = 4.9
|population_estimate = 26,593,000
|population_estimate_rank = 44th
|population_estimate_year = July 2005
|population_census =
|population_census_year =
|population_density = 59
|population_densitymi² = 153 <!--Do not remove per ]-->
|population_density_rank = 136th
|GDP_PPP = $50.395 billion <!--IMF-->
|GDP_PPP_rank = 74th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,920
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 145th
|sovereignty_type = ]
|sovereignty_note = from the ]
|established_event1 = Declared
|established_event2 = Recognized
|established_event3 = Completed
|established_event4 = Formation
|established_date1 = ] ]
|established_date2 = ] ]
|established_date3 = ] ]
|established_date4 = ], as ], ], ]
|HDI = 0.694
|HDI_rank = 111th
|HDI_year = 2003
|HDI_category = <font color="#ffcc00">medium</font>
|currency = ]
|currency_code = UZS
|country_code = UZB
|Main Religion = ]
|time_zone = ]
|utc_offset = +5
|time_zone_DST = ''not observed''
|utc_offset_DST = +5
|cctld = ]
|calling_code = 998
|footnotes =
}}
'''Uzbekistan''', officially the '''Republic of Uzbekistan''' (]: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or O‘zbekiston Jumhuriyati), is a ] country in ]. It shares borders with ] to the west and to the north, ] and ] to the east, and ] and ] to the south. This gives Uzbekistan a rather unusual status shared only with Europe's ] in that their nation is surrounded entirely by other landlocked states. The language, Uzbek, is a Turkic language mutually intelligible with Turkish and other Turkic languages. Some sources estimate that Tajiks, an ethnic group closely related to Persians, make up approximately 42% of the population. The name Uzbekistan is derived from ], meaning "land of the Assholes". The word "Ozbek" means, Real/original/true (Oz) Leaders, Nobles (bek).


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==History==
{{main|History of Uzbekistan}}

The territory of Uzbekistan was populated in the second millennium ]. There are findings of early human tools and monuments in ], ], ], ] (Khwarezm, Chorasmia) and ] regions.

The first civilizations to appear in Uzbekistan were ], ] and ] (Chorasmia). Territories of these states became a part of the ] ] in the ], hence becoming part of Persia for centuries. In fact, Persian culture is preserved in Uzbekistan even today, as is evident in many areas where ] is spoken.

] conquered Sogdiana and Bactria in 327 BC, marrying ], daughter of a local Sogdian chieftain. However, the conquest was supposedly of little help to Alexander as popular resistance was fierce, causing Alexander's army to be bogged down in the region.

For many centuries the region of Uzbekistan was ruled by Iranian Empires such as the ] and ] Empires.

In the 14th century, ], known in the west as Tamerlane, overpowered the Mongols and built an empire. In his military campaigns Tamerlane reached as far as the Middle East. He defeated ] ]. The war is known to be the only war in history where a Turkic country fought against another Turkic country. Bayezid was captured, and died in captivity. Tamerlane sought to build a capital of his empire in Samarkand (largely a ]-populated city). Today Tamerlane is considered to be one of the greatest heroes in Uzbekistan who plays a significant role in its national identity and history. Following the fall of the ], ] conquered the region.

] under Russian attack.]]
In the ], the ] began to expand, and spread into ]. The "]" period is generally regarded as running from approximately ] to the ]. Following the ] of ] a second less intensive phase followed. At the start of the 19th century there were some 2,000 ]s (3,200&nbsp;km) separating ] and the outlying regions of the ]. Much of the land in between was unmapped.

By the beginning of the ], Central Asia was firmly in the hands of Russia and despite some early resistance to ], Uzbekistan and the rest of Central Asia became a part of the ]. On ] ], Uzbekistan reluctantly declared independence, marking ] as a national holiday. In subsequent ethnic tensions, two million Russians left the country for Russia.

The country now seeks to gradually lessen its dependence on agriculture - it is the world's second-largest exporter of ] - while developing its ] and ] reserves.

== Politics ==
{{morepolitics|country=Uzbekistan}}
] - President of Uzbekistan]]
<!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series-->
Constitutionally, the Government of Uzbekistan provides for democracy. In reality, the ] holds a great deal of power. However, recently the judiciary become more independent and the parliament (Oliy Majlis) has more power to shape laws. Under terms of a December 1995 referendum, ]'s first term was extended. Another national referendum was held January 27, 2002 to yet again extend Karimov's term. The referendum passed and Karimov's term was extended by act of the parliament to December 2007. Most international observers refused to participate in the process and did not recognize the results, dismissing them as not meeting basic standards. The 2002 referendum also included a plan to create a bicameral parliament, consisting of a lower house (the Oliy Majlis) and an upper house (Senate). Members of the lower house are to be "full time" legislators. Elections for the new bicameral parliament took place on December 26, but no truly independent opposition candidates or parties were able to take part. The ] limited observation mission concluded that the elections fell significantly short of OSCE commitments and other international standards for democratic elections. Several political parties have been formed with government approval. Similarly, although multiple media outlets (radio, TV, newspaper) have been established, these either remain under government control or rarely broach political topics. Independent political parties were allowed to organize, recruit members, and hold conventions and press conferences, but have been denied registration under restrictive registration procedures. Terrorist bombings were carried out March 28-April 1, 2004 in ] and ].

==Human rights ==
{{main|Human rights in Uzbekistan}}

The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan asserts that "democracy in the Republic of Uzbekistan shall be based upon common human principles, according to which the highest value shall be the human being, his life, freedom, honor, dignity and other inalienable rights."

However, credible ] human right watchdogs, such as ], ], ], as well as ] and ] define Uzbekistan as "an authoritarian state with limited civil rights" and
express profound concern about "wide-scale violation of virtually all basic human rights" .
According to the reports, the most widespread violations are torture, arbitrary arrests,
and various restrictions of freedoms: of religion, of speech and press, of free association and assembly .
The reports maintain that the violations are most often committed against members of religious organizations, independent journalists, human right activists, and political activists, including members of the banned opposition parties.
In 2005, Uzbekistan was included into ]'s "The Worst of the Worst: The World's Most Repressive Societies".
The official position is summarized in a memorandum "The measures taken by the government of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of providing and encouraging human rights" and amounts to the following. The government does everything that is in its power to protect and to guarantee the human rights of Uzbek citizens. Uzbekistan continuously improves its laws and institutions in order to create a more humane society. Over 300 laws regulating the rights and basic freedoms of the people have been passed by the parliament. For instance, an office of ] was established in 1996 . On August 2, 2005, President Islam Karimov signed a decree that will abolish capital punishment in Uzbekistan on January 1, 2008.

The ], which resulted in several hundred people being killed is viewed by many as a landmark event in the history of human rights abuse in Uzbekistan ,,.
A concern has been expressed and a request for an independent investigation of the events has been made by the United States, European Union, the ], the OSCE Chairman-in-Office and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.
The government of Uzbekistan is accused of unlawful termination of human life, denying its citizens freedom of assembly and freedom of expression. The government vehemently rebuffs the accusations, maintaining that it merely conducted an anti-terrorist operation, exercising only necessary force . In addition, some Uzbek officials claim that "an information war on Uzbekistan has been declared" and the human rights violations in Andijan are invented by the enemies of Uzbekistan as a convenient pretext for intervention into the country's internal affairs .

== Geography ==
{{main|Geography of Uzbekistan}}

Uzbekistan is approximately the size of ] or ] and has an ] of 447,400 ]s (172,700&nbsp;]). It is the 56th-largest country (after ]).

Uzbekistan stretches 1,425 kilometers (885&nbsp;]) from west to east and 930 kilometers (578&nbsp;mi) from north to south. Bordering ] to the southwest, ] and the ] to the north, and ] and ] to the south and east, Uzbekistan is not only one of the larger ] states but also the only Central Asian state to border all of the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border with ] to the south.

Uzbekistan is a dry, double-] country of which 10% consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. It is one of two double-landlocked countries in the world - the other being ], although in the case of Uzbekistan this is less clear, since it has borders with two countries (Kazakhstan in the north and Turkmenistan in the south) bordering the ] but non-freshwater ] from which ships can reach the ] and thus the ], the ] and the oceans.

The highest point in Uzbekistan is ] at 4,301 meters (14,111&nbsp;]).

See also: ]

== Administrative divisions ==
{{main|Subdivisions of Uzbekistan}}

Uzbekistan is divided into 12 ] (''viloyatlar'', singular - ], in compound, e.g. Toshkent viloyati, Samarqand viloyati), 1 autonomous republic (, respublikasi in compound, e.g. Qaraqalpaqstan Avtonom Respublikasi, Karakalpakistan Autonomous Republic), and 1 independent city ( or in compounds, e.g. the Tashkent city with a K, Toshkent shahri). Names are given below in the ], although numerous variations of the transliterations of each name exist.
]

]
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! Division !! Capital City!! Area<br>(km²)!! Population !! Key
|-
! ]
| ] ||4,200 || 1,899,000 || 2
|-
! ]
| ] (]) || 39,400 || 1,384,700 || 3
|-
! ]
| ] (])　|| 6,800 || 2,597,000 || 4
|-
! ]
| ] || 20,500 || 910,500 || 5
|-
! ]
| ] || 6,300　|| 1,200,000 || 13
|-
! ]
| ] ||7,900 || 1,862,000 || 6
|-
! ]
| ] || 110,800 || 767,500 || 7
|-
! ]
| ] || 28,400 || 2,029,000 || 8
|-
! ]
| ] || 1,400,000 || 167,000 || 14
|-
! ]
| ] || 16,400　|| 2,322,000 || 9
|-
! ]
| ] || 5,100 || 648,100 || 10
|-
! ]
| ] || 20,800 || 1,676,000 || 11
|-
! ]
| ] (])|| 15,300　|| 4,450,000 || 12
|-
! ]
| ] (])|| ??? || ??? || 1
|}

The statistics for Toshkent Viloyati also include the statistics for Toshkent Shahri.

=== Enclaves and exclaves ===
There are four Uzbek ], all of them surrounded by ] territory in the ] valley region where ], ] and Uzbekistan meet. Two of them are the towns of: ], area of 325&nbsp;km² (125&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) with a population of 42,800 in ] (although some estimates go as high as 70,000) (99% are Tajiks and the remainder Uzbeks ); and ] (also known as Shakirmardon or Shah-i-Mardan), area of 90&nbsp;km² (35&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) with a population of 5,100 in 1993 (91% are Uzbeks and the remainder Kyrgyz). The other two are the tiny territories of Chong-Kara (or Kalacha), roughly 3&nbsp;km (1.9&nbsp;mi) long by 1&nbsp;km (0.6&nbsp;mi) wide, and Dzhangail, a dot of land barely 2 or 3 km (1.5&nbsp;mi) across. Chong-Kara is on the Sokh river, between the Uzbek border and the Sokh exclave.

Uzbekistan has a Tajikistan enclave, the village of Sarvan, which includes a narrow, long strip of land about 15&nbsp;km (9&nbsp;mi) long by 1&nbsp;km (0.6&nbsp;mi) wide, alongside the road from ] to ]. Last but not least, there is a tiny Kyrgyzstan enclave, the village of Barak (population 627), between the towns of Margilan and Fergana.

== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of Uzbekistan}}

Uzbekistan is a country with a ] per capita of US$460 and ] equivalent of US$1860 . Economic production is concentrated in commodities: Uzbekistan is now the world's fourth-largest producer and the world's second-largest exporter of cotton and the seventh world major producer of gold. It is also a regionally significant producer of natural gas, coal, copper, oil, silver, and uranium . Agriculture contributes about 37% of ] while employing 44% of the labor force . Unemployment and underemployment are estimated to be at least 20% .
], the capital of Uzbekistan.]]
Facing a multitude of economic challenges upon acquiring independence, the government adopted an evolutionary reform strategy, with emphasis on state control, reduction of import, and self-sufficiency in energy. Since 1994, state controlled media repeatedly proclaimed success of this "Uzbek Economic Model" as a unique example of smooth transition to the market economy while avoiding shock, pauperization, and stagnation.
The gradualist reform strategy has involved postponing significant macroeconomic and structural reforms. The state in the hands of the ] has remained a dominant influence in the economy. Corruption permeated the society: Uzbekistan's 2005 ] is 137 out of 159. A February 2006 report on the country by the ] illustrates one aspect of this corruption:
:Much of Uzbekistan’s GDP growth comes from favourable prices for certain key exports, especially cotton, gold, and, increasingly, gas, but the revenues from these commodities are distributed among a very small circle of the ruling elite, with little or no benefit for the populace at large. , .

According to the ], "the government is hostile to allowing the development of an independent private sector, over which it would have no control" . Thus, the national ] in general, and the ] in particular, are marginalized economically, and, consequently, politically.

The economic policies have repelled foreign investment, which is the lowest per capita in the ] . For years, the largest barrier to foreign companies entering the Uzbek market has been difficulty in currency conversion. In 2003, the government accepted the obligations of Article VIII under the ] , providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls and tightening of borders have lessened its effects.

Inflation, though lower than in the mid-1990s, remained high up until 2003 (estimated 50% in 2002, 21.9% in 2003, ). Tight economic policies in 2004 resulted in drastic reduction of inflation, to 3.8% (while alternative estimates based on price of true ], put it at 15%).
However, the relief appears to be transient, as ] estimate of ]-based inflation in Uzbekistan in 2005 is 14.1% .

The government of Uzbekistan restricts imports in many ways, including high import duties. Excise taxes are applied in a highly discriminatory manner to protect locally produced goods. Official tariffs are combined with unofficial, discriminatory charges resulting in total charges amounting to as much as 100 to 150 percent of the actual value of the product, making imported products virtually unaffordable . Import substitution is an officially declared policy and the government proudly reports reduction in the consumer goods import by a factor of two. A number of the CIS countries are officially exempt from Uzbekistan import duties.

== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Uzbekistan}}

<!-- Unsourced image removed: ]]] --><!-- Unsourced image removed: ] -->Uzbekistan is Central Asia's most populous country. Its 26 million people, concentrated in the south and east of the country, comprise nearly half the region's total population. Uzbekistan had been one of the poorest republics of the Soviet Union; much of its population was engaged in cotton farming in small rural collective farms (]). In the recent years, the fraction of the rural population has continued to increase now reaching 63.5%. The population of Uzbekistan is very young: 34.1% of it are people younger than 14.

Uzbekistan is predominantly ] in ethnic composition. According to the CIA World Factbook, Uzbeks comprise 80% of the total population. Other ethnic groups include ] 5.5%, ] 5%, ] 3%, ] 2.5%, and ] 1.5%. However, some sources put the percentage of Tajik population of Uzbekistan at approximately 42% (11-14 million people) . The nation is 88% Muslim (mostly ], with a 5% ] minority) and 9% ]. Uzbek is the only official state language. However, Russian is the de facto language for interethnic communication, including much day-to-day technical, scientific, governmental and business use. According to Ethnologue, 49% of the population of Uzbekistan can speak Russian.

According to government figures about 817,000 disabled people were registered in Uzbekistan in 2003. This figure only shows how many disabled people have been registered according to Uzbek law. As many disabled people do not have the chance to get registered (due to knowledge about the legislation and difficulties to go through the registration procedure) it can be assumed that many more people are disabled. The World Health Organisation estimates that about 10% of each population have a disability. According to the WHO estimations the number of 2.5 million disabled people is more realistic.

The name Uzbek, both for the people and for the nation itself, is said to be self-referential from the period the Russians first encountered the people, parsing as ''ozum bek'', or "I am the lord (or ruler)".

Uzbekistan enjoys 99.3% literacy rate (among adults older than 15) which, in part, is attributable to the free and universal high-quality education system of the Soviet Union.

== Communications ==
{{main|Communications in Uzbekistan}}

According to the official source report, by the end of 2004, there were 544.1 thousand users of cellular phones in Uzbekistan (an increase of 168% since the beginning of the year). An independent source, Ferghana.Ru, claims, however, that the users of cellular phones in Uzbekistan was only 450,000.

The number of Internet providers and operators by the end of 2004 was 477 (+181.4%). There were 675,000 Internet users in the country (+137%). 96.4% cities and 72.5% district centers have digital telecommunications systems.

== Transportation ==
{{main|Transportation in Uzbekistan}}
], the nation's capital and largest city, has a 4 lines subway built in 1977, and expanded 2001 after independence from the ]. There are government operated trams, buses and trolleybuses (buses connected to the electric cables above them) running across the city. Also there are many taxis, both registered and not registered.
The train links are good. They connect many towns within Uzbekistan as well as with neighbouring ex-republics of the ].

{{sect-stub}}

== Military ==
{{main|Military of Uzbekistan}}
Uzbekistan possesses the largest military force in the Central Asian region, having around 65,000 people in uniform. Its structure is inherited from the Soviet armed forces, although it is moving rapidly toward a fully restructured organization, which will eventually be built around light and Special Forces. The Uzbek Armed Forces' equipment is not modern, and training, while improving, is neither uniform nor adequate for its new mission of territorial security. The government has accepted the arms control obligations of the former Soviet Union, acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (as a non-nuclear state), and supported an active program by the U.S. ] (DTRA) in western Uzbekistan (Nukus and Vozrozhdeniye Island). The Government of Uzbekistan spends about 3.7% of GDP on the military but has received a growing infusion of Foreign Military Financing (FMF) and other security assistance funds since 1998. Uzbekistan approved the U.S. Central Command's request for access to a vital military air base, ], in southern Uzbekistan following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S. After the Andijan riot and subsequent U.S. reaction, Uzbekistan demanded that the U.S. withdraw from the airbases. The last US troops left Uzbekistan in November 2005.

== Foreign relations ==
{{main|Foreign relations of Uzbekistan}}

Uzbekistan joined the ] in December ]. However, it is opposed to reintegration and withdrew from the CIS collective security arrangement in ]. Since that time, Uzbekistan has participated in the CIS peacekeeping force in Tajikistan and in UN-organized groups to help resolve the Tajik and Afghan conflicts, both of which it sees as posing threats to its own stability.

Previously close to Washington (which gave Uzbekistan half a billion dollars in aid in 2004, about a quarter of it military), the government of Uzbekistan has restricted American military use of the airbase at ] which is used for air operations in neighboring Afghanistan. See

Uzbekistan was an active supporter of U.S. efforts against worldwide terrorism and joined the coalitions that have dealt with both Afghanistan and Iraq. The relationship between Uzbekistan and the United States began to deteriorate after the so-called "]" in Georgia and Ukraine (and to a lesser extent Kyrgystan). When the U.S. joined in a call for an independent international investigation of the bloody events at Andijon, the relationship took an additional nosedive and President Islam Karimov changed the political alignment of the country closer to Russia and China, countries which chose not to criticize Uzbekistan's leaders for the alleged human rights violations.

In late July, ], the government of Uzbekistan ordered the United States to vacate an air base in Karshi-Kanabad (near the Uzbek border with Afghanistan) within 180 days. Karimov had offered use of the base to the U.S. shortly after ]. It is also believed by some Uzbeks that the protests in Andijan were inspired seclusively by the UK and US influences in the area of Andijan. So far, this is another reason for the hostility between Uzbekistan and the West.

It is a member of the United Nations, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Partnership for Peace, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). It belongs to the ] (OIC) and the ]--comprised of the five Central Asian countries, ], ], ], Afghanistan, and ]. In ], Uzbekistan joined the ] alliance (], ], Azerbaijan and ]), which was formed in 1997 (making it GUUAM), but pulled out of the organization in ]. Uzbekistan is also a member of the ] (SCO) and hosts the SCO’s Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent. Uzbekistan also joined the new ] (CACO) in 2002. The CACO consists of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. It is a founding member of and remains involved in the Central Asian Union, formed with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, joined in March, ], by Tajikistan.

In September the ] presented Islam Karimov an award for Uzbekistan's preservation of its rich culture and traditions. Despite the fact that the former received criticism, this seems to be a sign of ameliorating relationships between Uzbekistan and the West.

The month of October 2006 tends to decrease the isolation of Uzbekistan from the West. The ] recently announced that it was planning to send its delegation to Uzbekistan to talk about human rights and liberties after a long time of hostile relations between the two. Although it is not completely decisive on whether the official or unofficial version about the Andijan Massacre is true, the EU showed concern at easing its economic sanctions against Uzbekistan. Nevertheless, it is highly assumed among the Uzbek population that the Uzbek government will stand firm in maintaining its close ties with the ] and in its critique that the 2004-2005 protests in Uzbekistan were promoted by the ] and ].

== Culture ==

''Main article: ]''

* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

== Further reading ==
* ''Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia'' by Tom Bissell
* ''A Historical Atlas of Uzbekistan'' by Aisha Khan
* ''The Modern Uzbeks From the 14th Century to the Present: A Cultural History by Edward A. Allworth
* ''Nationalism in Uzbekistan: Soviet Republic's Road to Sovereignty'' by James Critchlow
* ''Odyssey Guide: Uzbekistan'' by Calcum Macleod and Bradley Mayhew
* ''Uzbekistan: Heirs to the Silk Road'' by Johannes Kalter and Margareta Pavaloi
* "Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?" by Ted Rall

== References ==
* Anora Mahmudova, ], ], ], (checked ])
* ], ], ], ,
* Gulnoza Saidazimova, Radio Free Europe, ],
* ], , ] (checked ])
*
* ] ]
* .
*
*
* Jeffrey Thomas, US Government Info ], ] ,
* Robert McMahon, ], ]
*
* People's Voice, ]
* Interview with Akmal Saidov, kreml.org, ]
*
*
* Islam Karimov's interview to Rossijskaya Gazeta, ]
*
* US Department of State,
*
* US Department of State, ]
*
* IMF , ]
*
* : report on the international response to Uzbekistan by the ]

== See also ==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|Uzbekistan}}
*
* directory category
*
*
*
*
*
* News and Features on Uzbekistan in English.
*
*
*

* {{wikitravel|Uzbekistan}}

{{Countries of Central Asia}}
{{Countries of Asia}}
{{Commonwealth of Independent States}}
{{OIC}}
{{Turkic-speaking}}

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Revision as of 05:42, 25 November 2006

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