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Ghosts are controversial phenomena which have several possible definitions:

• The spirit or soul of a person who has died, especially one which haunts a place which was of emotional significance to that person when living.
• The personality of a person after his or her own death which is not directly tied to the soul or spirit. A sort of psychic memory-imprint.
• The character or memory of some being or thing which has died or, if it was never alive, been somehow destroyed or disassembled, which nevertheless remains existent (and sometimes detectable) in a semi-corporeal form.

According to reported sightings, ghosts have taken the shape of humans, animals, and even vehicles. There are reports of ghosts (usually of deceased humans) in most cultures throughout the world. There is a great deal of dispute whether ghosts are figments of the imagination or part of objective existence. Ghosts are among the subjects studied by parapsychologists.

Theory and Culture

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"Ghosts" are often theorized of a human size and shape (although some accounts also mention animal ghosts), but they are often described as not visually striking. Usually these depictions suggest that the ghost does not consist of solid matter. The Western theory of a ghost is semi-transparent, and does not directly interact with physical objects. The ghosts of the Western belief can defy physics, such as walk through walls and float above the ground. Ghosts are often said to behave as if they were mindlessly following a particular routine or itinerary (see Residual haunting). Other ghosts are described as being solid, interacting with their environment, and generally behaving much like other people. In some ghost stories, especially in the Caribbean and Africa, the figure is only identified as a ghost because an acquaintance knows that the person is already dead.

In the West, those who believe in ghosts sometimes hold them to be souls that could not find rest after death, and so linger on Earth. This inability to find rest is often explained as unfinished business, such as a victim seeking justice or revenge after death. Criminals sometimes supposedly linger to avoid Purgatory or Hell. It is sometimes held that ghosts reside in Limbo or Purgatory. Although this view was once propounded by some Catholic theologians, it is no longer believed according to the Catechism of the Catholic Church. It is worth noting that while many mainstream Protestants and Evangelical Christians believe in the existence of principalities, they do not believe in ghosts (as spiritual manifestations of the dead) and would generally attribute more violent ghosts, such as poltergeists, to the actions of demons.

Some ghost researchers approach the possibility of ghosts from a more scientific standpoint, supposed presence of ghosts. Those who follow this approach most often believe that ghosts are not actual disembodied souls or spirits , but rather they are impressions of psychic energy left behind by a deceased (or in some rare cases, still living) person. They assert that traumatic events (such as a murder or suicide) cause mental energy of some kind to be released into the world, where it may be experienced by other people who are sensitive to its presence. Parapsychologists refer to the "substance" of which ghosts and other spirits are made as "ectoplasm." This way of thinking classifies ghosts in the same category of preternatural unexplained phenomena as poltergeists/telekinesis, ESP, and telepathy. Theories from this approach often encounter difficulties in explaining ghosts that appear to be sentient, such as those which appear to answer questions or react to specific actions from people present. However, it is claimed as a possibility that enough of a dead person's psyche might be imprinted on an environment so as to give the likeness of thought or autonomy.

There is also at least one religion, Spiritism, that tends to use scientific-looking elements when explaining ghosts. According to Spiritists, ghosts are the deceased continuing to live in one or more parallel dimensions of sorts, existing in different "frequencies" from our own dimension. Those parallel ghost realities would have all sorts of ghost creatures, plants, objects - even whole "ghost cities". One example of ghost city would be Nosso Lar ("Our Home" in Portuguese), which allegedly exists 500 meters above the physical city of Rio de Janeiro, though in a different "frequency". In fact, extrapolating the descriptions supplied by Spiritists, they are apparently talking of whole "Ghost Earths" coexisting in the same space of our physical Earth. It seems that occasionally portions of those dimensions would overlap with ours, causing ghost sightings. And there would also be living people - mediums or psychics - with the ability to see, hear and speak through the dimensional barriers. The Others is a movie that explores these concepts of overlap and breached barriers between the living and the dead. This approach however does not clarify the process by which a living being leaves a "double" at one of those ghostly dimensions at the moment of his/her/its death, or (considering another Spiritist claim) during dreaming. However, Spiritism does assert that it is the physical body that is short-term, while the spiritual one is eternal and constantly learning and growing through impermanent physical manifestations. The spiritual life is the gel that holds together the acquired information and lessons from various physical manifestations through the process of reincarnation.

There are many people who hold a belief in reincarnation. Ghosts are those souls that refused to be "recycled" because they have unfinished business, similar to those in the West. Exorcists can either help a ghost to be driven away or reincarnated. In Chinese tradition, apart from being reincarnated, a ghost can also become immortal and become a demigod, or it can go to hell and suffer for eternity, or it can die again and become "ghost of ghost"(魙). The Chinese also believe that some ghosts, especially those who died of drowning, kill people in order to rob them of their rights to reincarnation. The victims of such paranormal "murders" are called tìsíguǐ (替死鬼), literally "substitute death ghost" or "substitute devil" which in Chinese is a synonym for scapegoat. Also in China, particularly in the Guangzhou area, the Chinese people usually hold a Chinese version of the Day of the Dead ritual for their ancestors in autumn. The ritual consists of burning Hell Bank Notes and other luxury items made of paper mache as well as pouring wine three times on their grave and leaving food. An older ritual is for the living family to prepare a grand feast for their dead relatives "returning" home. During the time of feast, those relatives amongst the living are not allowed to leave their bedrooms regardless of how much noise the ghost makes.

Very detailed information about ghosts is given in Garuda Purana, a scripture from Vedic (Hindu) tradition. According to this Purana, humans who perform sins during their lifetime will be reborn as ghosts. This is an excerpt from the conversation between a Brahmana(a noble man) and a group of ghosts as mentioned in Garuda Purana. The brahmana said:'You have told us facts about your names; now let us know about your way of life as ghosts as well as your food.' The ghosts said:'We stay where people do not follow the Vedas, where there is no feeling of shame for falsehood, no faith in religion, no sense of discipline, no inclination for forgiveness, no patience and no knowledge. We trouble the person who does not perform Sraddha or Tarpana. We eat his flesh and suck his blood. Now hear about our food which is most despicable in the world. Something of this you have already seen. We shall now tell you something unknown to you. Vomiting, waste, cough, urine and tears - these we eat and drink. Do not ask us further, O brahmana, we are ashamed to tell you about our food. We are ignorant, in dark, fools and puzzled. Suddenly have we remembered about our previous births. We are neither humble, nor wild and we know nothing.'

How ghosts fit into this worldview is shown here.

Buddhist Samsara includes the concept of the hungry ghost realm. Sentient beings in that realm are referred to as "hungry ghosts" because of their attachment to this world. Asuras are also referred to as "fighting ghosts".

Both the West and the East share some fundamental beliefs about ghosts. They may wander around places they frequented when alive or where they died. Such places are known as "haunted"; the rounds they go on are known as "hauntings". They often wear the sort of clothing in which they would have been seen when alive.

Types of distress caused by ghosts

Many cultures believe in demons, devils, and negative energies. Many times such cultures also believe that these may be, or be related to, ghosts, and that they may trouble humans in various ways, such as possession, influence upon thoughts or emotions, nightmares, voices, cold spots, and various sicknesses.

• Being affected by ghosts is when the physical, mental, intellectual or spiritual functioning of a person or any combination thereof is affected or altered by the ghosts entirely through the use of their energy. There is no direct intervention by the ghosts and there is no controlling of the mind and intellect of the affected person. Ghosts with their energy can either stimulate or cloud the faculties of the affected person. In a way, this is indirect control over the person.

• Spiritual possession is when ghosts control the mind (emotions, thoughts) and intellect (decision making ability) of a person. As a result, they also control the person’s actions. The ghosts possessing a person may reside inside the body of the affected person or control him/her from outside.

Skeptical analysis

While some accept ghosts as a reality, many others are skeptical of the existence of ghosts. Much of the scientific community believes that ghosts, as well as other supernatural and paranormal entities, do not exist. The current tentative consensus among parapsychologists is that ghosts are not the spirits of deceased humans, but psychic imprints which have been left behind, often because of especially strong emotions in the persons who leave the ghost.

Skeptics often explain ghost sightings with the principle of Occam's razor, which argues that explanations should maximize parsimony with the rest of our knowledge, thus making the simplest and most mundane explanation the one which is best. They may suggest that, since few to none of us have ever had an encounter with a ghost, but most or all of us have had an experience of self-delusion or have attributed a false cause to an event, that these options should be preferred in the absence of a great abundance of evidence for supernatural explanations. Skeptics are also keen to note that most ghost sightings happen when our senses are impaired, and that the evidence is unreliable because it doesn't occur when we have full use of our faculties. (It however bears noting that, conversely, spiritualists or theists such as demonologists and other occultists invoking the principle of Occam's razor will come to differing if not opposite conclusions, since, to them, "the rest of our knowledge" provides us with unfathomably vast amounts of positive data regarding the supernatural; ideas like "parsimony" are, by nature, entirely context-dependent.)

Human physiology may play a role in ghost sightings:

• Ghosts are often associated with a chilling sensation, but a natural animal response to fear is hair raising, which can be mistaken for chill.

• Peripheral vision is very sensitive to motion, but does not contain much colour or the ability to sharply distinguish shapes. Any random motion outside the focused view can create a strong illusion of an eerie figure.

• Sound waves with frequencies lower than 20 hertz are called infrasound and are normally inaudible, but British scientists Richard Lord and Richard Wiseman have concluded that infrasound can cause humans to feel a "presence" in the room, or unexplained feelings of anxiety or dread.

Sometimes ghosts are associated with electromagnetic disturbances, which suggests that they might be attributable to the electromagnetic field and not to a presently dead person. Often, videos of paranormal investigators will show them using E-field or B-field detectors and finding "ghostly" results near wall outlets and electrical appliances.

Psychological factors may also relate to ghost sightings. Many people exaggerate their own perceptions, either when visiting a place they believe to be haunted, or when visiting a site which they know unpleasant historical events have occurred. Certain images such as paintings and movies might "program" a person to automatically associate a certain structure or area with ghosts. Also, the psychological phenomenon of pareidolia may cause people to perceive human-like faces or figures in the otherwise mundane surroundings of their environments, particularly in conditions where vision is partly obscured, as in a dark corridor or at night.

The earliest literature to rationally discuss the issue comes from the Chinese philosopher, Mo Tzu (470-391 BC)

"Since we must understand whether ghosts and spirits exist or not, how can we find out? Mo Tzu said: The way to find out whether anything exists or not is to depend on the testimony of the ears and eyes of the multitude. If some have heard it or some have seen it then we have to say it exists. If no one has heard it and no one has seen it then we have to say it does not exist. So, then, why not go to some village or some district and inquire? If from antiquity to the present, and since the beginning of man, there are men who have seen the bodies of ghosts and spirits and heard their voices, how can we say that they do not exist? If none have heard them and none have seen them, then how can we say they do? But those who deny the existence of the spirits say: "Many in the world have heard and seen something of ghosts and spirits. Since they vary in testimony, who are to be accepted as really having heard and seen them? Mo Tzu said: As we are to rely on what many have jointly seen and what many have jointly heard, the case of Tu Po is to be accepted. (note: King Hsuan (827-783 BC) executed his minister, Tu Po, on false charges even after being warned that Tu Po's ghost would seek revenge. Three years later, according to historical chronicles, Tu's ghost shot and killed Hsuan with a bow and arrow before an assembly of feudal lords)" — Taken from Chapter 31, translated by Yi-pao Mei

Notable ghosts

Ghost stories date back to pre-christian times. One of the earliest known ghost "sightings" took place in Athens, Greece. Pliny the Younger (c. 63 - 113 AD) described it in a letter to Sura: Athenodoros Cananites (c. 74 BC – 7 AD), a Stoic philosopher, decided to rent a large, Athenian house, to investigate widespread rumours that it was haunted. Athenodoros staked out at the house that night, and, sure enough, a dishevelled, aged spectre, bound at feet and hands with rattling chains, eventually "appeared". The spirit then beckoned for Athenodoros to follow him; Athenodoros complied, but the ghost soon vanished. The philosopher marked the spot where the old man had disappeared, and, on the next day, advised the magistrates to dig there. The man's shackled bones were reportedly uncovered when this was done. After a proper burial, the hauntings ceased.

The Tower of London is said to be haunted by:

• The headless ghost of Anne Boleyn;
• The ghost of Thomas Becket, which allegedly appeared during the construction of the Traitor's Gate;
• The ghosts of King Edward V of England and Richard, Duke of York, the "Princes in the Tower";
• The ghost of Lady Jane Grey;
• The ghost of Sir Walter Raleigh;
• A troupe of ghosts who allegedly reenact the execution of Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury;
• The ghost of Warren Hastings

Several other ghosts are said to make the Tower their home; phantom troops of soldiers reportedly appear there, as well as a lady in mourning with no face.

The cities of York and Derby in England are also reputed to be a centre of ghostly manifestations; consequently, they both thrive on hugely successful ghost tour industries. Indeed, the presence of many centuries-old buildings has given England the reputation of the most haunted country in the world. Whether this is due to the age of the buildings, or the fact that many are still inhabited is questionable.

The Brown Lady of Raynham Hall has been "seen" quite a few times over the years. She is called the 'Brown Lady' because of the brown brocade dress that the ghost has often been seen wearing while wandering the halls and staircase of Raynham Hall. In 1849 Major Loftus and a friend named Hawkins saw the ghost one night after retiring to bed. They both saw the woman and were amazed by the old fashioned clothing that she wore. The following night the Major was lucky enough to see the figure once again, this time he took note of her empty eye-sockets. The incident resulted in several members of staff resigning and a full investigation of Raynham Hall involving local detectives. For more accounts and information, see:

Biggin Hill (London, England) is also reported haunted by many ghosts, which many believe is probably because it was the site of a World War II airbase.

The White House in Washington, D.C., is said to be haunted by the ghost of Abraham Lincoln and by several lesser spectres.

The ghost of the Roman Emperor Caligula was said to haunt the Lamian Gardens of Rome, where his body had been hastily and unceremoniously buried after his assassination.

In the Biblical account of the Witch of Endor, King Saul of Israel has the witch conjure up the ghost of the prophet Samuel to consult with him on his precarious situation. The prophet's spirit gives the king no assistance, but rebukes him and foretells his doom instead.

The former prison island of Alcatraz off the coast of San Francisco is said to be home to a number of ghosts of prisoners who died there.

Athens, Ohio is named one of the most haunted places in America, and is reputed to contain many ghosts. One oft-made claim is that, when drawing a line from each of the 5 (or, in some versions, 10) graveyards, one creates a pentagram; this claim is false. Ohio University is also considered by some to be the most haunted campus in America, as it is the former state hospital, Athens State Mental Hospital .

The city of New Orleans is sometimes called 'America's most haunted city' with numerous ghost reports, especially in the French Quarter. New Orleans' ghosts include pirates from the 18th century, through to 20th century spectres.

Charleston, South Carolina, which has more than three centuries of recorded history under its streets, is said to be home to ghosts of 18th century pirates and Revolutionary War heroes, a well as many black slave ghosts, and a number of ghosts of soldiers from the American Civil War .

The Museum of Natural Science in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada is said to be haunted by the ghost of the Canadian Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier, whose body lay there in state after his death in 1919. Many workers in the museum have noted the presence of a spirit after the museum has closed for the day.

The Kuchisake-onna was said to have caused mass hysteria throughout Japan during the spring and summer of 1979.

Hollywood, California has been home to many of the great stars and there are those who believe that their ghosts remain there after death, earning it the name Haunted Hollywood.

Muncaster Castle in northern England is supposedly haunted by serial murderer Tom Fool, subject of the Shakespearean word "Tomfoolery".

The ocean liner Queen Mary, now permanently moored in Long Beach, California, is reputed to be haunted by several ghosts. Two of the more famous hauntings are in the ship's swimming pool and in Shaft Alley, the area behind the engine room, containing the ship's propeller shafts. Recent investigations have failed to prove any presence or activity of ghosts, and most of the phenomenon has been attributed to the basic mechanical workings of the ship.

Many of the accounts of alleged on board hauntings are swiftly disproved because they conflict with the realities of the locations in question - for example, the popular tale of stowaways being 'burned alive every time the boilers were heated up' to leave port is impossible because the ship was oil-fired - there are no open combustion chambers where human beings could hide. Similarly, the legend of the bad cook being stuffed into an oven and cremated by irate soldiers, during World War II when the Queen was a troopship, is negated by the fact that the ship had electric ovens.

An investigation in 2005 of the Queen Mary conducted by British television series Most Haunted recorded a wet footprint leading to the former shower area on video and, using a crew member sleeping in a usually locked room where a man is said to have killed his daughter with locked off cameras, recorded the sound of the door rattling violently which awoke the crew member. After he returned to sleep the sound of a little girl asking for her daddy was heard.

Herstmonceux Castle is rumored to be haunted by the ghost of a headless drummer, which provides the name for the pub within the castle. Historians have theorised that the story was spread by smugglers who wished to keep local people well away from their nocturnal activities. Local legend further adds that they added credibility to the ruse by employing a boy to beat a drum after dark - even going to the lengths of painting him with luminous pigments. Some authorities say that the boy died from the nightly application of the toxic paint and that his ghost was believed to haunt the castle ever afterwards.

It should be noted that alleged ghostly phenomena is not only confined to buildings. Some battlefields have also acquired reputations for being haunted. One example is Gettysburg where one of the most famous battles of the American Civil War took place. There have been occasional reports by visitors of seeing ghostly soldiers from both sides of the conflict and hearing the sounds of screams and fighting.

Ghosts in fiction

Ghost messengers

A popular genre of literature from the early Renaissance to the early twentieth century was the Dialogues of the Dead. These were based upon the Witch of Endor story and the visions of Hades found in both Homer's Odyssey and Virgil's Aeneid.

In Odyssey, Odysseus travels to Hades and sees the shades of his former colleagues, including some he did not know were dead, and pours out fresh blood, which the dead hunger for, until he can find Tiresias and get guidance on his voyages. In the Dialogues of the Dead genre, authors would somehow contrive a device for summoning the dead to a character who would then speak with them and ask them questions about philosophy or current events. These "ghosts" were under control of a great sorcerer or otherwise compelled to speak. The genre was most popular in the 18th century, and examples were written by many. Jonathan Swift satirized the genre in the third book of Gulliver's Travels by having Gulliver summon the ghosts of former kings and great conquerors and finding, instead of nobility, petty, childish, and stupid people who possessed no wisdom and who accomplished their great deeds for mean and selfish reasons. Further, he finds that the ancestors of many great lords and ladies of his day were stable boys, servants, etc.

In each of these cases, the fictional ghost offers counsel to the living and thus acts as a messenger from the implicitly greater world beyond. However, the ghost messenger can also act in a way reminiscent of the guardian angel in fiction. In some fiction, a departed relative (usually) or friend, or a deceased person whom the main character had aided by arranging for a burial, guides the living to either a moral or material benefit. Such ghosts can either act as a deus ex machina by resolving plot points with supernatural power or as a mentor who offers sagacity to the characters with a limited point of view.

Finally, the ghost messenger features in fiction as a ghost in disguise. A character otherwise regarded as living turns out, in the fiction's denouement, to be a supernatural agent. In folk music, there are songs featuring lovers and objects of affection who must leave before dawn (a variant on the Cupid and Psyche story) because they are ghosts. Additionally, some urban legends, such as the "Hitchhiking ghost", turn upon an anonymous stranger (or Elvis Presley in a common variant) who is revealed to be a ghost in the clinch of the story. Such a ghost in disguise usually, in fiction, offers statements or visions that are relevant to the plot, but not in a way comprehensible to the characters. Such gnomic or oracular statements reward the reader with knowledge greater than the fiction's participants.

Ghost stories

The malign ghost whose intent is either to set right an injustice or to be avenged upon the living, either in general or on a specific person, features in many fictions. In the Elizabethan and Jacobean stage, the vengeful ghost is a commonplace who sets plots in motion. However, the haunting and mystery/adversarial acts of the ghost appears later in the "ghost story". Hauntings feature in Eyrbyggja Saga for a section of the work, but the "Gothic novel" and later "Gothic fiction" introduced the use of ghosts for fear to literature. Horace Walpole's 1764 The Castle of Otranto was among the first to set up the rational but malign actions of a ghost to create an atmosphere of foreboding, mystery, and fear. After Edgar Allan Poe, the "ghost story" began an independent generic history, and today the genre of Horror continues the use of ghosts as villains in fiction. (See Horror fiction for more on the haunted/ghost-driven fiction.) One of the most memorable stories was written by Washington Irving entitled Sleepy Hollow (which today is one of the oldest tales in American history).

Other uses of ghosts in fiction

In many stories, ghosts are often depicted as haunting the living until a certain desire is met or some grievance was settled by the haunted.

In ballads, as in The Famous Flower of Serving-Men, the ghost may tell the living of a wrong, but a common motif, found in few other stories, is the betrothed ghost who must be released from his promise to marry the heroine, or he will not rest in peace (Sweet William's Ghost, Clerk Saunders).

In the Harry Potter novels, ghost are portrayed in a non-malicious, sometimes even helpful way. The wizarding population of the book treat the ghosts with little, if any, fear. Ghosts in the books appear to have a choice between "leaving an imprint" of themselves on earth or moving on.

In Shakespeare's play Hamlet, a ghost, taking the form of Hamlet's recently deceased father, appears to Prince Hamlet one night. The ghost says that he was, in fact, murdered by his brother Claudius, who now (by virtue of having married Hamlet's mother Gertrude) occupies the throne. The ghost exhorts Hamlet to take revenge on Claudius. When Hamlet sees the ghost, he is not sure if it is, in fact, his father's spirit or a demon whose aim is to deceive him. Julius Caesar's ghost appears to Brutus in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar to warn Brutus of his impending defeat. In Shakespeare's Macbeth, the title character believes he sees the "blood-bolter'd" ghost of his former friend Banquo sitting in his chair during a feast. Finally, in the play Richard III, the title character is visited by the angry ghosts of those he has killed, foretelling his doom and blessing his opponent, Richmond, later to become Henry VII.

Casper the Friendly Ghost is a cartoon character from Harvey Comics. The good-natured Casper befriends people rather than scare them.

There are ghost superheroes who fight for justice, such as DC Comics' The Spectre, Deadman and Nickelodeon's Danny Phantom.

In the sci-fi/comedy Ghostbusters films and television cartoon, the protagonists use special technology of their own design to hunt and capture/exile the ghosts they encounter.

In the controversial BBC film Ghostwatch, a ghost invades the world of the living.

Other famous ghosts in fiction include the Headless Horseman, who appears in Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. In A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, three ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, and Future visit Ebeneezer Scrooge and convince him to become generous and kind-hearted. Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn visit a haunted house in Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Boag-Munroe is the fictional ghosthunter from A Haunted Man by horror writer Stuart Neild. Algernon Blackwood was a British writer who is well known for writing ghost stories. Other authors in the field include Oscar Wilde (The Canterville Ghost, 1887), M. R. James, J. Sheridan Le Fanu, H. R. Wakefield, and E. F. Benson.

Theatre productions sometimes feature ghosts. One way to make the phantom appear on stage is Pepper's ghost technique.

In Asian horror cinema, the ghost stories often include adaptations of old oriental folklore set in a present day city. The recent Japanese movie The Ring and the Hong Kong movie The Eye are both inspired by old legends about haunting spirits.

In the popular 1990 academy award-winning film Ghost, the stranded ghost of a murdered man (played by Patrick Swayze) finds out more about his murder and seeks revenge on his killer. With the help of a psychic medium, he contacts his wife who was still alive and he learns the truth regarding his murder.

In fiction, Ghosts are often represented as extremely difficult to defeat, as most weapons will simply pass though them. They may require enchanted or silver weapons to destroy them. Some ghosts cannot be destroyed at all until the task they failed to complete is completed.

Something that uses a fairly different sort of 'Ghost' is 'Ghost in the Shell', where a 'Ghost' is a person's digitalized soul.

See also

References

1. "Definition of demonic possession and levels". Spiritual Science Research foundation. Retrieved 2006-9-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
2. "Sounds like terror in the air". Sydney Morning Herald. 2003-9-9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

External links

• Hauntcam - Streaming cameras broadcasting from haunted locations.
• Ghosts 'all in the mind' from the BBC: BBC report on a scientific explanation of ghosts.
• Science vs. Séance: Victorian photographic images of ghosts from the American Museum of Photography.
• The Spirit Society: A research community studying ghosts, spirits, and haunting's.

• Ghosts
• Folklore
• Spirituality
• Legendary creatures