Misplaced Pages

Multiple object tracking: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 07:37, 7 June 2019 editTeeeea (talk | contribs)35 editsNo edit summary← Previous edit Revision as of 06:52, 24 June 2019 edit undoHeadbomb (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, File movers, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers, Template editors453,737 edits Alter: journal, volume, page. Add: pmc, doi, issue. Formatted dashes. | You can use this tool yourself. Report bugs here.Next edit →
Line 3: Line 3:
==Overview== ==Overview==
====Visual Indexing Theory==== ====Visual Indexing Theory====
Multiple object tracking was first developed in 1988 by Zenon Pylyshyn in order to support visual indexing theory.<ref name="Pylyshyn">{{cite journal |last1=Pylyshyn |first1=Z. W. |last2=Storm |first2=R. W. |title=Tracking multiple independent targets: Evidence for a parallel tracking mechanism |journal=Spatial vision |date=1988 |volume=3(3) |page=179-197}}</ref> Visual indexing theory proposes a psychological mechanism that includes a set of indexes that can be associated with a visible object in the environment, and each index retains its association with an object even when that object moves or changes appearance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fencsik |first1=D. E. |last2=Klieger |first2=S. B. |last3=Horowitz |first3=T. S. |title=The role of location and motion information in the tracking and recovery of moving objects |journal=Perception & Psychophysics |date=2007 |volume=69(4) |page=567-577}}</ref> Multiple object tracking was first developed in 1988 by Zenon Pylyshyn in order to support visual indexing theory.<ref name="Pylyshyn">{{cite journal |last1=Pylyshyn |first1=Z. W. |last2=Storm |first2=R. W. |title=Tracking multiple independent targets: Evidence for a parallel tracking mechanism |journal=Spatial Vision |date=1988 |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=179–197|doi=10.1163/156856888X00122 }}</ref> Visual indexing theory proposes a psychological mechanism that includes a set of indexes that can be associated with a visible object in the environment, and each index retains its association with an object even when that object moves or changes appearance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fencsik |first1=D. E. |last2=Klieger |first2=S. B. |last3=Horowitz |first3=T. S. |title=The role of location and motion information in the tracking and recovery of moving objects |journal=Perception & Psychophysics |date=2007 |volume=69 |issue=4 |page=567–577|doi=10.3758/BF03193914 }}</ref>
Visual indexing theory is also called FINST theory, which abbreviates ‘fingers of instantiation’. Pylyshyn uses the analogy of fingers as indexes in this theory.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pylyshyn |first1=Z. |title=The role of location indexes in spatial perception: A sketch of the FINST spatial-index model |journal=Cognition |date=1989 |volume=32(1) |page=65-97}}</ref> If a person were to put his fingers on five different objects, and when the objects change location, the fingers still stay in contact with each object respectively. In other words, analogous to fingers attaching to objects, visual indexing theory suggests that individual objects have a small number of indexes that are also attached to the them. These indexes obtain unique relational properties to the objects, and are independent when the objects change locations, thus allowing these objects to be tracked when their locations move. Visual indexing theory is also called FINST theory, which abbreviates ‘fingers of instantiation’. Pylyshyn uses the analogy of fingers as indexes in this theory.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pylyshyn |first1=Z. |title=The role of location indexes in spatial perception: A sketch of the FINST spatial-index model |journal=Cognition |date=1989 |volume=32 |issue=1 |page=65–97|doi=10.1016/0010-0277(89)90014-0 }}</ref> If a person were to put his fingers on five different objects, and when the objects change location, the fingers still stay in contact with each object respectively. In other words, analogous to fingers attaching to objects, visual indexing theory suggests that individual objects have a small number of indexes that are also attached to the them. These indexes obtain unique relational properties to the objects, and are independent when the objects change locations, thus allowing these objects to be tracked when their locations move.


====Development of multiple object tracking task==== ====Development of multiple object tracking task====
MOT task is an attentional paradigm that is developed with several unique features in mind in order to test visual indexing theory. When MOT task was first designed, the researchers aimed to study how successfully humans were able to keep track of several moving objects, therefore these unique features are: MOT task is an attentional paradigm that is developed with several unique features in mind in order to test visual indexing theory. When MOT task was first designed, the researchers aimed to study how successfully humans were able to keep track of several moving objects, therefore these unique features are:


*First, unlike many other paradigms that only require participant’s brief attentional shifts, MOT task requires continuous sustained attention for a prolonged period of time.<ref name="Alv">{{cite journal |last1=Alvarez |first1=G.A. |last2=Scholl |first2=B.J. |title=How does attention select and track spatially extended objects? New effects of attentional concentration and amplification |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: General |date=2005 |volume=134(4) |page=461}}</ref> *First, unlike many other paradigms that only require participant’s brief attentional shifts, MOT task requires continuous sustained attention for a prolonged period of time.<ref name="Alv">{{cite journal |last1=Alvarez |first1=G.A. |last2=Scholl |first2=B.J. |title=How does attention select and track spatially extended objects? New effects of attentional concentration and amplification |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: General |date=2005 |volume=134 |issue=4 |page=461|doi=10.1037/0096-3445.134.4.461 }}</ref>


*Second, MOT task involves multiple objects to be tracked instead of focal attention on one target.<ref name="Alv">{{cite journal |last1=Alvarez |first1=G.A. |last2=Scholl |first2=B.J. |title=How does attention select and track spatially extended objects? New effects of attentional concentration and amplification |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: General |date=2005 |volume=134(4) |page=461}}</ref> *Second, MOT task involves multiple objects to be tracked instead of focal attention on one target.<ref name="Alv">{{cite journal |last1=Alvarez |first1=G.A. |last2=Scholl |first2=B.J. |title=How does attention select and track spatially extended objects? New effects of attentional concentration and amplification |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: General |date=2005 |volume=134 |issue=4 |page=461|doi=10.1037/0096-3445.134.4.461 }}</ref>


*Third, MOT task allows researchers to look at many aspects of visual attention, including selectivity, capacity limitation, sustained processing effort, etc.<ref name="Styr">{{cite journal |last1=Styrkowiec |first1=P. |last2=Chrzanowska |first2=A. |title=Higher visuo-Attentional Demands of Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) Lead to A Lower Precision in Pointing Movements |journal=The Journal of general psychology |date=2018 |volume=145(2) |page=134-152}}</ref> *Third, MOT task allows researchers to look at many aspects of visual attention, including selectivity, capacity limitation, sustained processing effort, etc.<ref name="Styr">{{cite journal |last1=Styrkowiec |first1=P. |last2=Chrzanowska |first2=A. |title=Higher visuo-Attentional Demands of Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) Lead to A Lower Precision in Pointing Movements |journal=The Journal of General Psychology |date=2018 |volume=145 |issue=2 |page=134–152|doi=10.1080/00221309.2018.1437385 }}</ref>


*Lastly, another key feature is that MOT task is able demonstrate that our visual attention is spatially divided. <ref name="Scholl 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Scholl |first1=B.J |title=What have we learned about attention from multiple object tracking (and vice versa) |journal=Computation, cognition, and Pylyshyn |date=2009 |page=49-78}}</ref> *Lastly, another key feature is that MOT task is able demonstrate that our visual attention is spatially divided. <ref name="Scholl 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Scholl |first1=B.J |title=What have we learned about attention from multiple object tracking (and vice versa) |journal=Computation, Cognition, and Pylyshyn |date=2009 |page=49–78}}</ref>


Originally created to as a continuous attention demanding task in order to test the FINST theory, MOT task has been adopted and modified by many laboratories all over the globe and used in various ways. Originally created to as a continuous attention demanding task in order to test the FINST theory, MOT task has been adopted and modified by many laboratories all over the globe and used in various ways.
Line 24: Line 24:
] ]
====Typical MOT task==== ====Typical MOT task====
During a most typical MOT task, eight identical items, usually filled circles, are presented to a participant in the beginning of the task, as shown on the figure above. Some of the items will be highlighted for a short period of time (by blinking or changing color) indicating that they are the targets to be tracked by the participant (a). Then after the targets reverting back to the identical state, all items will start moving around unpredictably, bumping into each other or the boarder (b). After a short period of time, these items will stop moving simultaneously. The participant then is asked either to identify all targets (full report) by clicking on the targets (c) or to identify if one specified item is one of the targets (partial report). <ref name="walle 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Walle |first1=K. M. |last2=Nordvik |first2=J. E. |last3=Espeseth |first3=T. |last4=Becker |first4=F. |last5=Laeng |first5=B. |title=Multiple object tracking and pupillometry reveal deficits in both selective and intensive attention in unilateral spatial neglect |journal=Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology |date=2019 |volume=41(3) |page=270-289}}</ref> During a most typical MOT task, eight identical items, usually filled circles, are presented to a participant in the beginning of the task, as shown on the figure above. Some of the items will be highlighted for a short period of time (by blinking or changing color) indicating that they are the targets to be tracked by the participant (a). Then after the targets reverting back to the identical state, all items will start moving around unpredictably, bumping into each other or the boarder (b). After a short period of time, these items will stop moving simultaneously. The participant then is asked either to identify all targets (full report) by clicking on the targets (c) or to identify if one specified item is one of the targets (partial report). <ref name="walle 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Walle |first1=K. M. |last2=Nordvik |first2=J. E. |last3=Espeseth |first3=T. |last4=Becker |first4=F. |last5=Laeng |first5=B. |title=Multiple object tracking and pupillometry reveal deficits in both selective and intensive attention in unilateral spatial neglect |journal=Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology |date=2019 |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=270–289|doi=10.1080/13803395.2018.1536735 }}</ref>


====Modification==== ====Modification====
Typical MOT task itself is quite straightforward, the most central result in the experiment conducted by Pylyshyn in 1988 is that it is possible for humans to keep track of multiple moving objects. However, the strength of MOT task lies in its versatility. <ref name="Wang 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=C. |last2=Hu. |first2=L. |last3=Hu. |first3=S. |last4=Xu |first4=Y. |last5=Zhang |first5=X. |title=Functional specialization for feature-based and symmetry-based groupings in multiple object tracking |journal=Cortex |date=2018 |volume=108 |page=265-275}}</ref> Typical MOT task itself is quite straightforward, the most central result in the experiment conducted by Pylyshyn in 1988 is that it is possible for humans to keep track of multiple moving objects. However, the strength of MOT task lies in its versatility. <ref name="Wang 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=C. |last2=Hu. |first2=L. |last3=Hu. |first3=S. |last4=Xu |first4=Y. |last5=Zhang |first5=X. |title=Functional specialization for feature-based and symmetry-based groupings in multiple object tracking |journal=Cortex |date=2018 |volume=108 |page=265–275|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2018.09.005 }}</ref>


By manipulating properties such as the color, shape of the moving target, or by changing the direction or speed of the movement of them, MOT task can become an entirely new attentional task to study many other aspects of cognitive and visual system, such as grouping effect, spatial memory, task switching, spatial resolution, visual occlusion, etc. More generally, MOT has been used as a paradigm to study the operation of attention in many different populations including children with autism spectrum disorder, etc.<ref name="Scholl 2009" /> By manipulating properties such as the color, shape of the moving target, or by changing the direction or speed of the movement of them, MOT task can become an entirely new attentional task to study many other aspects of cognitive and visual system, such as grouping effect, spatial memory, task switching, spatial resolution, visual occlusion, etc. More generally, MOT has been used as a paradigm to study the operation of attention in many different populations including children with autism spectrum disorder, etc.<ref name="Scholl 2009" />
Line 35: Line 35:
'''Some unique properties of MOT tasks:''' '''Some unique properties of MOT tasks:'''


* Up to a maximum of 5 moving objects can be tracked successfully out of 10 total objects, as a typical MOT task shows.<ref name="Pylyshyn" /> However, this capacity may be changed based on the speed of the moving targets. Up to 8 moving targets can be tracked if they are moving at a relatively low speed, while only 1 target can be tracked if they are moving at a high speed.<ref name="Alv 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Alvarez |first1=G.A. |last2=Franconeri |first2=S.L. |title=How many objects can you track?: Evidence for a resource-limited attentive tracking mechanism |journal=Journal of vision |date=2007 |volume=7(13) |page=14-14}}</ref> * Up to a maximum of 5 moving objects can be tracked successfully out of 10 total objects, as a typical MOT task shows.<ref name="Pylyshyn" /> However, this capacity may be changed based on the speed of the moving targets. Up to 8 moving targets can be tracked if they are moving at a relatively low speed, while only 1 target can be tracked if they are moving at a high speed.<ref name="Alv 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Alvarez |first1=G.A. |last2=Franconeri |first2=S.L. |title=How many objects can you track?: Evidence for a resource-limited attentive tracking mechanism |journal=Journal of Vision |date=2007 |volume=7 |issue=13 |page=14|doi=10.1167/7.13.14 }}</ref>


* Moving objects are still being tracked when they are behind an occluder. Under certain situations, they also can be tracked even if all targets disappear together for a very brief amount of time.<ref name="Scholl 1999">{{cite journal |last1=Scholl |first1=B.J. |last2=Pylyshyn |first2=Z.W. |title=Tracking multiple items through occlusion: Clues to visual objecthood |journal=Cognitive psychology |date=1999 |volume=38(2) |page=259-290}}</ref> * Moving objects are still being tracked when they are behind an occluder. Under certain situations, they also can be tracked even if all targets disappear together for a very brief amount of time.<ref name="Scholl 1999">{{cite journal |last1=Scholl |first1=B.J. |last2=Pylyshyn |first2=Z.W. |title=Tracking multiple items through occlusion: Clues to visual objecthood |journal=Cognitive Psychology |date=1999 |volume=38 |issue=2 |page=259–290|doi=10.1006/cogp.1998.0698 }}</ref>


* A person is able to complete two MOT tasks simultaneously if the targets are presented to the participant in separate hemifields. In other words, participant is able to track twice as many moving objects if the objects are divided between the left and right hemifields.<ref name="Alv 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Alvarez |first1=G.A. |last2=Cavanagh |first2=P. |title=Independent attention resources for the left and right visual hemifields |journal=Journal of Vision |date=2004 |volume=4(8) |page=29-29}}</ref> * A person is able to complete two MOT tasks simultaneously if the targets are presented to the participant in separate hemifields. In other words, participant is able to track twice as many moving objects if the objects are divided between the left and right hemifields.<ref name="Alv 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Alvarez |first1=G.A. |last2=Cavanagh |first2=P. |title=Independent attention resources for the left and right visual hemifields |journal=Journal of Vision |date=2004 |volume=4 |issue=8 |page=29|doi=10.1167/4.8.29 }}</ref>


* The properties of moving targets are not relevant to the performance of MOT task.<ref name="Scholl 1999" /> Also participants have a very hard time to detect any property change of the targets during a mot task. In other words, even when targets are successfully tracked, participants can still have trouble recalling any color or shape change during the moving phase.<ref name="Bahrami 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Bahrami |first1=B. |title=Object property encoding and change blindness in multiple object tracking |journal=Visual cognition |date=2003 |volume=10(8) |page=949-963}}</ref> * The properties of moving targets are not relevant to the performance of MOT task.<ref name="Scholl 1999" /> Also participants have a very hard time to detect any property change of the targets during a mot task. In other words, even when targets are successfully tracked, participants can still have trouble recalling any color or shape change during the moving phase.<ref name="Bahrami 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Bahrami |first1=B. |title=Object property encoding and change blindness in multiple object tracking |journal=Visual Cognition |date=2003 |volume=10 |issue=8 |page=949–963|doi=10.1080/13506280344000158 }}</ref>


'''MOT task study among different populations:''' '''MOT task study among different populations:'''


* MOT capacity can also be increased with training. Action video game players can perform better on MOT tasks, tracking more targets successfully compare to non-video game players.<ref name="Eichen 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Eichenbaum |first1=A. |last2=Bavelier |first2=D. |last3=Green |first3=C.S. |title=Video games: Play that can do serious good |journal=American Journal of Play |date=2014 |volume=7(1) |page=50-72}}</ref> Radar operators can also perform really well on MOT tasks without much task specific training.<ref name="Allen 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=R. |last2=Mcgeorge |first2=P. |last3=Pearson |first3=D. |last4=Milne |first4=A. B. |title=Attention and expertise in multiple target tracking |journal=Applied Cognitive Psychology |date=2004 |volume=18(3) |page=337-347}}</ref> * MOT capacity can also be increased with training. Action video game players can perform better on MOT tasks, tracking more targets successfully compare to non-video game players.<ref name="Eichen 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Eichenbaum |first1=A. |last2=Bavelier |first2=D. |last3=Green |first3=C.S. |title=Video games: Play that can do serious good |journal=American Journal of Play |date=2014 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=50–72}}</ref> Radar operators can also perform really well on MOT tasks without much task specific training.<ref name="Allen 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=R. |last2=Mcgeorge |first2=P. |last3=Pearson |first3=D. |last4=Milne |first4=A. B. |title=Attention and expertise in multiple target tracking |journal=Applied Cognitive Psychology |date=2004 |volume=18 |issue=3 |page=337–347|doi=10.1002/acp.975 }}</ref>


* Children with autism spectrum disorder perform worse on MOT task compare to healthy children. Studies have suggested that children with autism may suffer from attentional deficits issues, therefore impacting the overall MOTtask performance. <ref name="Ohearn 2013">{{cite journal |last1=O'hearn |first1=K. |last2=Franconeri |first2=S. |last3=Wright |first3=C. |last4=Minshew |first4=N. |last5=Luna |first5=B. |title=The development of individuation in autism |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |date=2013 |volume=39(2) |page=494}}</ref> * Children with autism spectrum disorder perform worse on MOT task compare to healthy children. Studies have suggested that children with autism may suffer from attentional deficits issues, therefore impacting the overall MOTtask performance. <ref name="Ohearn 2013">{{cite journal |last1=O'hearn |first1=K. |last2=Franconeri |first2=S. |last3=Wright |first3=C. |last4=Minshew |first4=N. |last5=Luna |first5=B. |title=The development of individuation in autism |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |date=2013 |volume=39 |issue=2 |page=494|doi=10.1037/a0029400 |pmc=3608798 }}</ref>


* Compare to non-athletes, basketball players also perform much better on MOT task, suggesting that basketball players have high cognitive functions at allocating resources to multiple targets while inhibiting identical looking distractors.<ref name="Qiu 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Qiu |first1=F. |last2=Pi |first2=Y. |last3=Liu |first3=K. |last4=Zhu |first4=H. |last5=Li |first5=X. |last6=Zhang |first6=J. |last7=Wu |first7=Y. |title=Neural efficiency in basketball players is associated with bidirectional reductions in cortical activation and deactivation during multiple-object tracking task performance |journal=Biological psychology |date=2019}}</ref> * Compare to non-athletes, basketball players also perform much better on MOT task, suggesting that basketball players have high cognitive functions at allocating resources to multiple targets while inhibiting identical looking distractors.<ref name="Qiu 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Qiu |first1=F. |last2=Pi |first2=Y. |last3=Liu |first3=K. |last4=Zhu |first4=H. |last5=Li |first5=X. |last6=Zhang |first6=J. |last7=Wu |first7=Y. |title=Neural efficiency in basketball players is associated with bidirectional reductions in cortical activation and deactivation during multiple-object tracking task performance |journal=Biological Psychology |date=2019}}</ref>


* Out of the three groups (child group age 7- 12 years old, adult group age 18-40 years old, and older adult group age 65 years and older), Adult group have the best MOT task performance, followed by child group. Older adult performed the worst among the three groups. It is suggested that stereopsis, the ability to perceive depth, helps children and adults accomplish MOT task more successfully, but has no impact on older adults.<ref name="Plourde 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Plourde |first1=M. |last2=Corbeil |first2=M. E. |last3=Faubert |first3=J. |title=Effect of age and stereopsis on a multiple-object tracking task |journal=PloS one |date=2017 |volume=12(12) |page=e0188373}}</ref> * Out of the three groups (child group age 7- 12 years old, adult group age 18-40 years old, and older adult group age 65 years and older), Adult group have the best MOT task performance, followed by child group. Older adult performed the worst among the three groups. It is suggested that stereopsis, the ability to perceive depth, helps children and adults accomplish MOT task more successfully, but has no impact on older adults.<ref name="Plourde 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Plourde |first1=M. |last2=Corbeil |first2=M. E. |last3=Faubert |first3=J. |title=Effect of age and stereopsis on a multiple-object tracking task |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=12 |page=e0188373|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188373 }}</ref>


==References== ==References==

Revision as of 06:52, 24 June 2019

Multiple object tracking, or MOT, is a versatile experimental paradigm developed by Zenon Pylyshyn for studying sustained visual attention in a dynamic environment in 1988. It was first developed in order to support visual indexing theory (FINST theory). MOT was then commonly used an experimental technique used in order to study how our visual system tracks multiple moving objects. Dozens or perhaps hundreds of modified MOT experiments have been conducted as a continuous attention-demanding task to further understanding human’s visual and cognitive function.

Overview

Visual Indexing Theory

Multiple object tracking was first developed in 1988 by Zenon Pylyshyn in order to support visual indexing theory. Visual indexing theory proposes a psychological mechanism that includes a set of indexes that can be associated with a visible object in the environment, and each index retains its association with an object even when that object moves or changes appearance.

Visual indexing theory is also called FINST theory, which abbreviates ‘fingers of instantiation’. Pylyshyn uses the analogy of fingers as indexes in this theory. If a person were to put his fingers on five different objects, and when the objects change location, the fingers still stay in contact with each object respectively. In other words, analogous to fingers attaching to objects, visual indexing theory suggests that individual objects have a small number of indexes that are also attached to the them. These indexes obtain unique relational properties to the objects, and are independent when the objects change locations, thus allowing these objects to be tracked when their locations move.

Development of multiple object tracking task

MOT task is an attentional paradigm that is developed with several unique features in mind in order to test visual indexing theory. When MOT task was first designed, the researchers aimed to study how successfully humans were able to keep track of several moving objects, therefore these unique features are:

  • First, unlike many other paradigms that only require participant’s brief attentional shifts, MOT task requires continuous sustained attention for a prolonged period of time.
  • Second, MOT task involves multiple objects to be tracked instead of focal attention on one target.
  • Third, MOT task allows researchers to look at many aspects of visual attention, including selectivity, capacity limitation, sustained processing effort, etc.
  • Lastly, another key feature is that MOT task is able demonstrate that our visual attention is spatially divided.

Originally created to as a continuous attention demanding task in order to test the FINST theory, MOT task has been adopted and modified by many laboratories all over the globe and used in various ways.

Procedure

MOT Task figure

Typical MOT task

During a most typical MOT task, eight identical items, usually filled circles, are presented to a participant in the beginning of the task, as shown on the figure above. Some of the items will be highlighted for a short period of time (by blinking or changing color) indicating that they are the targets to be tracked by the participant (a). Then after the targets reverting back to the identical state, all items will start moving around unpredictably, bumping into each other or the boarder (b). After a short period of time, these items will stop moving simultaneously. The participant then is asked either to identify all targets (full report) by clicking on the targets (c) or to identify if one specified item is one of the targets (partial report).

Modification

Typical MOT task itself is quite straightforward, the most central result in the experiment conducted by Pylyshyn in 1988 is that it is possible for humans to keep track of multiple moving objects. However, the strength of MOT task lies in its versatility.

By manipulating properties such as the color, shape of the moving target, or by changing the direction or speed of the movement of them, MOT task can become an entirely new attentional task to study many other aspects of cognitive and visual system, such as grouping effect, spatial memory, task switching, spatial resolution, visual occlusion, etc. More generally, MOT has been used as a paradigm to study the operation of attention in many different populations including children with autism spectrum disorder, etc.

Significant findings

Some unique properties of MOT tasks:

  • Up to a maximum of 5 moving objects can be tracked successfully out of 10 total objects, as a typical MOT task shows. However, this capacity may be changed based on the speed of the moving targets. Up to 8 moving targets can be tracked if they are moving at a relatively low speed, while only 1 target can be tracked if they are moving at a high speed.
  • Moving objects are still being tracked when they are behind an occluder. Under certain situations, they also can be tracked even if all targets disappear together for a very brief amount of time.
  • A person is able to complete two MOT tasks simultaneously if the targets are presented to the participant in separate hemifields. In other words, participant is able to track twice as many moving objects if the objects are divided between the left and right hemifields.
  • The properties of moving targets are not relevant to the performance of MOT task. Also participants have a very hard time to detect any property change of the targets during a mot task. In other words, even when targets are successfully tracked, participants can still have trouble recalling any color or shape change during the moving phase.

MOT task study among different populations:

  • MOT capacity can also be increased with training. Action video game players can perform better on MOT tasks, tracking more targets successfully compare to non-video game players. Radar operators can also perform really well on MOT tasks without much task specific training.
  • Children with autism spectrum disorder perform worse on MOT task compare to healthy children. Studies have suggested that children with autism may suffer from attentional deficits issues, therefore impacting the overall MOTtask performance.
  • Compare to non-athletes, basketball players also perform much better on MOT task, suggesting that basketball players have high cognitive functions at allocating resources to multiple targets while inhibiting identical looking distractors.
  • Out of the three groups (child group age 7- 12 years old, adult group age 18-40 years old, and older adult group age 65 years and older), Adult group have the best MOT task performance, followed by child group. Older adult performed the worst among the three groups. It is suggested that stereopsis, the ability to perceive depth, helps children and adults accomplish MOT task more successfully, but has no impact on older adults.

References

  1. ^ Pylyshyn, Z. W.; Storm, R. W. (1988). "Tracking multiple independent targets: Evidence for a parallel tracking mechanism". Spatial Vision. 3 (3): 179–197. doi:10.1163/156856888X00122.
  2. Fencsik, D. E.; Klieger, S. B.; Horowitz, T. S. (2007). "The role of location and motion information in the tracking and recovery of moving objects". Perception & Psychophysics. 69 (4): 567–577. doi:10.3758/BF03193914.
  3. Pylyshyn, Z. (1989). "The role of location indexes in spatial perception: A sketch of the FINST spatial-index model". Cognition. 32 (1): 65–97. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(89)90014-0.
  4. ^ Alvarez, G.A.; Scholl, B.J. (2005). "How does attention select and track spatially extended objects? New effects of attentional concentration and amplification". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 134 (4): 461. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.134.4.461.
  5. Styrkowiec, P.; Chrzanowska, A. (2018). "Higher visuo-Attentional Demands of Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) Lead to A Lower Precision in Pointing Movements". The Journal of General Psychology. 145 (2): 134–152. doi:10.1080/00221309.2018.1437385.
  6. ^ Scholl, B.J (2009). "What have we learned about attention from multiple object tracking (and vice versa)". Computation, Cognition, and Pylyshyn: 49–78.
  7. Walle, K. M.; Nordvik, J. E.; Espeseth, T.; Becker, F.; Laeng, B. (2019). "Multiple object tracking and pupillometry reveal deficits in both selective and intensive attention in unilateral spatial neglect". Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 41 (3): 270–289. doi:10.1080/13803395.2018.1536735.
  8. Wang, C.; Hu., L.; Hu., S.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, X. (2018). "Functional specialization for feature-based and symmetry-based groupings in multiple object tracking". Cortex. 108: 265–275. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.09.005.
  9. Alvarez, G.A.; Franconeri, S.L. (2007). "How many objects can you track?: Evidence for a resource-limited attentive tracking mechanism". Journal of Vision. 7 (13): 14. doi:10.1167/7.13.14.
  10. ^ Scholl, B.J.; Pylyshyn, Z.W. (1999). "Tracking multiple items through occlusion: Clues to visual objecthood". Cognitive Psychology. 38 (2): 259–290. doi:10.1006/cogp.1998.0698.
  11. Alvarez, G.A.; Cavanagh, P. (2004). "Independent attention resources for the left and right visual hemifields". Journal of Vision. 4 (8): 29. doi:10.1167/4.8.29.
  12. Bahrami, B. (2003). "Object property encoding and change blindness in multiple object tracking". Visual Cognition. 10 (8): 949–963. doi:10.1080/13506280344000158.
  13. Eichenbaum, A.; Bavelier, D.; Green, C.S. (2014). "Video games: Play that can do serious good". American Journal of Play. 7 (1): 50–72.
  14. Allen, R.; Mcgeorge, P.; Pearson, D.; Milne, A. B. (2004). "Attention and expertise in multiple target tracking". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 18 (3): 337–347. doi:10.1002/acp.975.
  15. O'hearn, K.; Franconeri, S.; Wright, C.; Minshew, N.; Luna, B. (2013). "The development of individuation in autism". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 39 (2): 494. doi:10.1037/a0029400. PMC 3608798.
  16. Qiu, F.; Pi, Y.; Liu, K.; Zhu, H.; Li, X.; Zhang, J.; Wu, Y. (2019). "Neural efficiency in basketball players is associated with bidirectional reductions in cortical activation and deactivation during multiple-object tracking task performance". Biological Psychology.
  17. Plourde, M.; Corbeil, M. E.; Faubert, J. (2017). "Effect of age and stereopsis on a multiple-object tracking task". PLOS ONE. 12 (12): e0188373. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188373.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

External links

Category: