Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 06:08, 30 June 2019

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) is a self-described non-profit, marine conservation organization based in Friday Harbor on San Juan Island, Washington, in the United States.

The tactics of Sea Shepherd have been opposed, even by some who denounce whaling, such as Greenpeace and some officials in the governments of Australia and New Zealand. Paul Watson and American members of Sea Shepherd are currently prohibited by US courts from approaching or harassing Japanese whalers, even if they are observed acting in defiance of international law, i.e., by killing whales in protected waters.

The Japanese government, whose whaling industry is a leading target of the organization's efforts, have called Sea Shepherd eco-terrorists for impeding their research. However, in March 2014 the International Court of Justice ruled the Japanese whaling program in the Southern Ocean was not, as claimed, for scientific purposes, and ordered Japan to cease operations.

In 2017, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society indicated it was abandoning pursuit of Japanese whalers. According to Captain Paul Watson, “hostile governments” in the US, Australia and New Zealand were acting at the time “in league with Japan” against a Sea Shepherd Conservation Society protest vessel. According to Watson, the cost of sending vessels to the region, Japan's increased use of military technology to track them, and new anti-terrorism laws passed specifically to thwart Sea Shepherd's activities made physically tracking the ships impossible."

History

The predecessor organization of Sea Shepherd, the "Earth Force Society", was formed in 1977, after its founder, Paul Watson was ousted from the board of Greenpeace for disagreements over his direct action activism which clashed with their pacifist nature. Watson soon left Greenpeace. Initially without funding and with only a small group of supporters, in 1978 Watson convinced Cleveland Amory, head of the Fund for Animals to fund Watson's first vessel, the Sea Shepherd.

The organization was founded in 1977 under the name Earth Force Society by Paul Watson, a former member of Greenpeace.

Sea Shepherd currently operates nine vessels (see: Neptune's Navy). In addition to the organization's role of documenting and reporting violations of conservation laws, Sea Shepherd operations have utilized direct, non-lethal tactics including scuttling and disabling whaling vessels at harbor, intervening in Canadian and Namibian seal hunts, shining laser light at whalers, throwing bottles of foul-smelling butyric acid onto vessels at sea, boarding of whaling vessels to protest while at sea, and seizure and destruction of drift nets at sea. Sea Shepherd claims that their tactics are necessary to uncover and impede actions that violate international laws protecting wildlife, as the international community has shown itself unwilling or unable to stop species-endangering whaling and fishing practices.

The first direct action undertaken by Sea Shepherd was against Canadian seal hunting in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in March 1979. Also in 1979, the group made headlines when, for the first time, they rammed a pirate whaling vessel, the notorious Sierra. Such acts continued with Sea Shepherd claiming responsibility for damaging or sinking multiple whaling ships, through sabotage or ramming. The group has attempted to intervene against Russian, Spanish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Makah, Faroese, and Japanese whalers in multiple campaigns around the globe. Setting a pattern that the group would keep up in later years, the group managed to scuttle a Portuguese whaling vessel, though the first Sea Shepherd was impounded, and lost. Watson states he used the money gained from selling the story rights to fund his next vessel.

After having spent the 1980s undertaking a variety of controversial and dangerous operations in support of various marine conservation aims, in the 1990s the group has been described as having undertaken a shift in their public attitude. Having previously argued primarily from an ethical viewpoint, from the 1990s, Watson's group now also started ascribing themselves law enforcement powers, using its interpretation of maritime and conservation law, to describe themselves as an anti-poaching agency. Throughout the 1990s The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society had also made a lot of progress with not only with the establishment of their group but also saving wildlife. In March 1990, the society teamed up with others to look closer at methods of driftnet and were successful. 1994 was another successful year for The Sea Shepherd crew as they went after an illegal Norwegian whaling vessel. Sea Shepherd crew ended up sinking this vessel and they were not charged for doing this because the vessel had more illegal behavior than expected. The group started the new decade with a clean up after the oil spill by Petrobras Oil Company. Sea Shepherd helped clean up and set up ways to rescue the wildlife affected by the spill and were contracted by The Rio government to help with this devastation to the ocean. In some cases in the 2000s, they cooperated with official government efforts against maritime poaching, such as in Costa Rican waters, though the agreements often did not last long before conflict ensued. 2008 was another big year for Sea Shepherd in managing the waterways. They took two trips around Antarctica to disturb illegal whaling practices that went on.

However, there is increasing co-operation with national governments in assisting anti-poaching activity in national territorial waters and marine reserves, including in 2016 with the Italian Coast guard in Sicily (Operation Siracusa), Mexican Navy (Operation Milagro) and the Coastguards of Gabon and São Tomé and Príncipe (Operation Albacore) which included having Gabonese military marines aboard.

Starting in September 2010, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society has positioned a crew in Taiji, Japan to monitor and report their annual dolphin drive hunt.

Organization

Sea Shepherd is a non-governmental, non-profit environmental organization. In the United States it has a 501(c)(3) tax exempt status. Most of the organization's revenue—83.2 percent—is spent on its programs, while 16.7 percent of revenue is spent on administrative and fundraising. It is supported by private and corporate donations, lectures by Watson, internet advertising, and grants. The group is operated by volunteers and a small number of paid staff. Watson says he is committed to keeping his organization small, and does not believe in spending money on fundraising or recruitment.

Sea Shepherd is governed by a board of directors, including Watson. The organization has several boards of advisers, each addressing an area of expertise. The Scientific, Technical, and Conservation Advisory Board includes Earth First! founder Dave Foreman and Horst Klienschmidt, a former deputy chair of the International Whaling Commission (2006). The Legal and Law Enforcement Advisory Board includes Ian Campbell, a former Australian Minister of the Environment and Heritage (2004–07) whom whaling groups had accused of having inappropriate and close ties with the organization. The Animal Welfare, Humane and Animal Rights Advisory Board included animal rights philosopher Tom Regan, until his death in 2017. The Media and Arts Advisory Board includes several major Hollywood stars. There is a Photography Advisory Board and a Financial and Management Advisory Board.

Activism

Sea Shepherd engages in conventional protests and direct actions to protect marine wildlife. Sea Shepherd operations have included interdiction against commercial fishing, shark poaching and finning, seal hunting, and whaling. The group has been active in intervening against fishing and poaching in the South Pacific, the Mediterranean, and in waters around the Galapagos Islands. In addition to their direct action campaigns, Sea Shepherd works on ocean issues such as plastic pollution. Sea Shepherd chapters across the world organize onshore cleanups throughout the year to pick up debris near oceans, streams, and rivers. In April 2018, Sea Shepherd released a PSA that takes an artistic approach to telling us that more than one million marine animals die every year from plastic debris.

According to its mission statement, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society "uses innovative direct-action tactics to investigate, document, and take action when necessary to expose and confront illegal activities on the high seas". Those actions have included scuttling and disabling commercial whaling vessels at harbor, using limpet mines to blow holes in ship hulls, ramming other vessels, throwing glass bottles of butyric acid on the decks of vessels at sea, boarding of whaling vessels while at sea, and seizure and destruction of drift nets at sea. As of 2009, Paul Watson has said that the organization has sunk ten whaling ships while also destroying millions of dollars worth of equipment. Their practice of attacking and sinking other ships has led to reports of injuries to other sailors as well as the Sea Shepherd crew, including concussions and complications from chemical attacks.

Watson considers the actions of Sea Shepherd to be against criminal operations and has called the group an anti-poaching organization. Critics claim that Sea Shepherd's actions constitute violations of international law, while Watson has stated that Sea Shepherd believes that their actions constitute an attempt to enforce international conservation laws and international maritime law under the World Charter for Nature adopted by the United Nations. Australia has declared Japan's hunt in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary to be illegal, and federal court judge Jim Allsop has stated "there is no practical mechanism by which orders of this court can be enforced". The lack of official enforcement mechanisms in that law prompted the Society to adopt, without official sanction, what it sees as a law enforcement mission. A 2008 academic paper by researchers at Monash University in Melbourne, Victoria, concluded that the group "may be best categorized as a vigilante group, because they say they are seeking to enforce a legal status quo because of states' and the international community's inabilities or unwillingness to do so".

Watson left Greenpeace in 1977 after being expelled from the board of directors due to his confrontational methods. Since then, Greenpeace has criticized Sea Shepherd for the group's tactics, particularly regarding its interaction with whaling ships while at sea. The rival environmental group maintains Sea Shepherd is a violent organization whose tactics may endanger the lives of fishermen and whalers. Greenpeace has called Watson a violent extremist and will no longer comment on his activities. Greenpeace is also critical of the group on its website and state: "By making it easy to paint anti-whaling forces as dangerous, piratical terrorists, Sea Shepherd could undermine the forces within Japan which could actually bring whaling to an end". Both groups protest the Japanese whale hunts in the Southern Ocean but Greenpeace has a policy to not assist Sea Shepherd in finding the whalers. In his 2009 book, Whaling in Japan, Jun Morikawa states that Sea Shepherd's confrontational tactics have actually strengthened Japan's resolve to continue with its whaling program. According to Morikawa, Sea Shepherd's activities against Japan's whaling ships have allowed the Japanese government to rally domestic support for the program from Japanese who were otherwise ambivalent about the practice of hunting and eating whales.

Sea Shepherd has been criticized and sometimes physically attacked by people in several of the countries they protest against. In March 1995, a mob of Canadian seal hunters stormed the hotel where members were staying. They fled while the mob ransacked their room. In November 1998, Makah seized an inflatable boat belonging to the group and threw rocks at the Sea Shepherd's Sirenian in response to protests over their whale hunt. In 2005, 11 Sea Shepherd crew were involved in an altercation with sealers while on the ice. The sealers were not charged with any crime, but the activists were arrested and later convicted for approaching too close to the hunt. In 2008, fishermen in the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon cut the mooring lines of the Farley Mowat after hearing Watson make disparaging comments about the deaths of four seal hunters. In February 2010, pro-whaling demonstrators gathered outside the Australian Embassy in Tokyo to protest the group. A political activist said that Sea Shepherd's actions were "absolutely racial discrimination against Japanese people". In response, Sea Shepherd stated that they also oppose whaling in the Faroe Islands, sealing in Canada, etc. In response to the events of the sinking of the MY Ady Gil in January 2010, Glenn Inwood, whose firm handles public relations on behalf of the Japanese Institute of Cetacean Research, accused Sea Shepherd of being "hostile eco-terrorists". In March 2014 the International Court of Justice ruled Japan's whaling program was not for scientific purposes. The Court ordered that Japan "revoke any extant authorization, permit or licence to kill, take or treat whales" and refrain from granting any further permits."

As a response to the court ruling, Japan has cut its annual whaling quota from 915 to 333. The new quota includes only minke whales, while the hunting of humpback whales and fin whales ceased. Paul Watson said "I think we've done an amazing job reducing their quotas and saving whales," and has gone on to claim that the actions of Sea Shepherd and the publicity generated was a major factor behind Japan's decision.

In the summer of 2017, Japan passed new anti-terrorism legislation in view of the coming 2020 Olympics. Among others, the new law declare the presence of eco-activist vessels near whalers a terrorist offence. Citing the new laws, Sea Shepherd declared it will stop sending their ships to the Antarctic Ocean against Japanese whaling ships. Sea Shepherd has also pointed out that their vessels were being tracked through the use of Japanese military surveillance satellites. These combined measures were deemed to make Sea Shepherd's Antarctic operations no longer productive. According to Watson, his organisation "cannot compete with their military-grade technology".

Public relations

The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society has received attention from the press and been called "media savvy". The group has worked with journalists and has made statements through press releases to spread its message during various campaigns.

Watson's public relations efforts are shown in an episode of Whale Wars when he creates an international "media storm" after two crewmembers are detained on a Japanese whaling vessel. In his book, Earthforce!, Watson advises readers to make up facts and figures when they need to, and to deliver them to reporters confidently. He also states that the "truth is irrelevant" due to the nature of mass media. In response to criticism that he manipulates the media, Watson has stated: "What we do is provide the media with the kind of stories they can't resist... and this is how we bring attention to what's happening to the whales, the seals, the sharks and the other marine conservation campaigns we're involved in."

Sea Shepherd has also used satellite uplinks, webcams, and internet blogging during its operations in the Southern Ocean, and has invited the media to ride along. In 2006, representatives from Seven network and National Geographic magazine, along with documentary filmmakers, accompanied the group. In a television series entitled Whale Wars, Discovery Communications, Inc. documented Sea Shepherd's 2008/09 Antarctic campaign against Japanese whalers, following events on the Steve Irwin. The program premiered on November 7, 2008, on Discovery's Animal Planet network.

Sea Shepherd has received financial contributions from celebrities and businessmen such as entrepreneur Steve Wynn, television personality Bob Barker, and John Paul DeJoria, as well as other celebrities. Martin Sheen, Daryl Hannah, and Richard Dean Anderson have joined the group during protests. Actors including Edward Norton, Pierce Brosnan, Christian Bale, Clive Standen and Emily Deschanel have supported the group through contributions, while William Shatner has also been mentioned as supporting the group. Actress and model Pamela Anderson is an active spokesperson for the group, has participated in several campaigns, served on the Board of Directors and is a close friend of founder Paul Watson. In 2007, actor Heath Ledger conceived and directed a music video of the Modest Mouse song "King Rat", intended to raise awareness of the whale hunts taking place each year off the coast of his native Australia. Although Ledger died before the video could be completed, others finished it in his honor and debuted the video online in August 2009. Proceeds from iTunes sales of the video in its first month of release were donated to Sea Shepherd.

From the music industry, Anthony Kiedis of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Leona Lewis, Rick Rubin, and the groups Hawkwind, The Red Paintings, Propagandhi, Gojira, Parkway Drive, Heaven Shall Burn, Stick to Your Guns, The Amity Affliction and Architects have financially supported Sea Shepherd. Architects vocalist Sam Carter is also one of Sea Shepherd's British ambassadors. Vegan straight edge band Earth Crisis has supported SSCS, among other environmental organizations, dedicating songs such as "So Others Live" and "Ultramilitance" to them. Giacomo "Josh" Giorgi, vocalist of now-defunct Italian straight edge hardcore band To Kill is the bosun's mate aboard the MY Steve Irwin. In 2009, professional surfer Kelly Slater joined a Quiksilver Australia/Sea Shepherd partnership featuring a fund-raising clothing line, including board shorts designed by Slater. In 2013 alt-metal band Klogr started supporting Sea Shepherd in Europe through the videos "Guinea Pigs" (2013) and "Zero Tolerance" (2014), featuring images from Sea Shepherd documentaries filmed in Taiji and other missions.

The Lush cosmetics company joined with Sea Shepherd to raise awareness about the practice of shark finning in 2008. Lush produced 'Shark Fin Soap' (punning on 'shark fin soup'); all sale proceeds were directed to Sea Shepherd. To launch the soap and awareness campaign a performance artist suspended herself, using hooks in her flesh, in a Lush shopfront window in London.

In Tasmania, Sea Shepherd has been banned from participation in the Australian Wooden Boat Festival on the grounds that its presence could jeopardize the reputation of the organization which aims to celebrate maritime heritage, but not modern maritime issues in Australian waters.

Governmental response

In testimony on "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism" given to a US congressional subcommittee in 2002, Sea Shepherd was the first group mentioned by an FBI official for having attacked commercial fishing operations by cutting drift nets. An earlier Canadian intelligence report on "single issue terrorism" stated that "Watson and his supporters have been involved in a number of militant actions against whale hunting, driftnet fishing, seal hunting and other related issues" and mentions "activities against logging operations in Canada". In 2007, Ian Campbell, then the Australian Environment Minister and a vigorous critic of Japan's whaling, once opposed Sea Shepherd's tactics, saying that it really put the cause of conservation backwards. Due to the 2008 operations against Canadian seal hunters, Danny Williams, Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, called Watson a terrorist and said that Sea Shepherd was not welcome in the province. The group has been accused of eco-terrorism by the Japanese government, whose internationally banned whaling program is a principal focus of the Sea Shepherd.

Sea Shepherd has based many of its operations out of Australia with foreign crew members being able to travel in and out of the country on tourist visas. Tasmanian Greens and the former Greens Senator Bob Brown, have endorsed and supported the Society in various ways, including advocacy within the Australian government and public endorsement of the group. However, Nationals Party Senator Barnaby Joyce has opposed granting Sea Shepherd tax-exempt status stating that "Criminals should not get tax concessions – if you break the law, then donations to your organisation should not be tax deductible".

When the Steve Irwin returned to Hobart, Tasmania in February 2009, Australian Federal Police seized film footage and the ship's logs, reportedly prompted by complaints from Japan. Brown demanded that the Australian Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, order their immediate return, but a spokesman for the Home Affairs Minister said it was a federal police matter.

In October 2009, The Australian Immigration Department ruled that Watson and his First Officer, Peter Hammarstedt, must satisfy new good-character requirements to obtain business visas, requiring them to provide police references from the governments of the United States, Canada and Norway. Watson criticized what he considered a submission to Japanese pressure by the Rudd government. The Australian government responded by rejecting the idea that it was in some way delaying Watson, and on October 20, 2009 issued visas to Watson and Hammarstedt.

Paul Watson said to Discovery Channel the Dalai Lama sent a letter of support for Sea Shepherd's volunteers accompanied by a wrathful, scowling statue of the deity Hayagriva, which expresses compassion and determination in overcoming obstacles. In 2010 during a visit to Japan, the Dalai Lama said that while he agrees with the goal of stopping Japan from hunting whales, they should stop using violent methods to achieve that goal.

The ships of the fleet have flown the flags of different nations and the opinion of several governments that the vessels are engaged in inappropriate activities has several times led to registration issues for Sea Shepherd vessels. Canada, Belize, UK and Togo have revoked the registrations of various vessels. Both the Steve Irwin and Bob Barker ships now sail under Dutch flag leading to direct complaints by the Japanese government towards Dutch ambassadors. The Netherlands consequently considered revoking the registrations for both vessels but finally decided not to do so.

Officials in Japan have discussed revoking the group's tax exempt status with their counterparts in the United States.

In December 2011, the Institute of Cetacean Research (ICR) and Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha Ltd, the two Japanese organizations which operate Japan's whaling program, sued Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) in U.S. federal district court in Seattle. The suit requested an injunction to stop Sea Shepherd's operations against Japanese whalers. The suit was filed in Seattle because Sea Shepherd is based in the state of Washington. The federal court denied the ICR's preliminary injunction against SSCS. The ICR and Kyodo Senpaku appealed and, on December 17, 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued an injunction against Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and any party acting in concert with them from physically attacking any person or vessel of the ICR and requiring them to stay at least 500 yd (457 m) from their vessels. After the court ruling, Paul Watson stepped down and Bob Brown succeeded his role as the leader of SSCS. Sea Shepherd appealed to the US Supreme Court to have the injunction set aside, but the appeal was rejected. On February 26, 2013, the Court of Appeals maintained the injunction, stating that SSCS's activities were "the very embodiment of piracy". This reversed a previous decision by Richard A. Jones, who was removed as trial judge for abuse of discretion.

In 2013, Julie Bishop, the Foreign Minister of Australia, told the press club of Japan, "We do not, and will never, condone reckless, dangerous, unlawful behaviour. And where it occurs on the high seas, we will unreservedly condemn it. The fact that the Sea Shepherd visits Australian ports or some of the Sea Shepherd fleet might be registered in Australia is not indicative in any way of the Australian government’s support for the organisation. And we will continue to comply fully with our international legal obligations with regard to safety at sea".

In March 2012, reacting to Paul Watson's allegation that Maltese politicians were bribed by the Bluefin tuna industry, Prime Minister of Malta Lawrence Gonzi announced that the government would initiate libel proceedings against the Sea Shepherd founder.

In May 2012, Watson was detained by German authorities after he arrived at the Frankfurt Airport based on a request from the government of Costa Rica. The charge stemmed from an altercation in 2002 in which Sea Shepherd contends that the other vessel was shark finning in Guatemalan waters. Members of the other involved ship said that Sea Shepherd was trying to kill them. Watson was charged with violating navigational regulations. The conflict took place during filming for the documentary Sharkwater. Watson subsequently skipped bail and went into hiding at the end of July. Watson's lawyer has confirmed that he has fled the country. The Costa Rican government requested the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) to issue a Red Notice (an arrest request to member countries), which was granted by Interpol.

Fleet

Sea Shepherd refer to the ships it has operated as Neptune's Navy. As of 2017, the conservation society operates nine ships: MV Brigitte Bardot, the MY Bob Barker, the MY Sam Simon, the RV Martin Sheen, the MY Jairo Mora Sandoval, a new MY Farley Mowat, the MV John Paul DeJoria, the MY Ocean Warrior, and the MV Sharpie, as well as smaller vessels such as rigid-hulled inflatable boats.

The Steve Irwin was obtained in 2007 and originally called the Robert Hunter. It was renamed in honor of The Crocodile Hunter star Steve Irwin. His widow, Terri, gave her support to Sea Shepherd, saying: "Whales have always been in Steve's heart and in 2006 he was investigating the possibility of joining the Sea Shepherd on part of its journey to defend these beautiful animals." The other ship, the 1200 ton Bob Barker, was named after well-known television game show host and animal activist Bob Barker, who made the purchase in Ghana of the retired Norwegian whaling vessel possible with a donation of US$5 million. In February 2010, the Bob Barker collided with the Japanese whaling vessel Yushin Maru No. 3, tearing a gash in the hull of the Bob Barker.

The group also formerly operated the Farley Mowat (impounded by the Canadian government, with Sea Shepherd having stated that they have no intention of paying the legal fines and berthage fees to recover their now obsolete vessel) and the Ady Gil, formerly known as the Earthrace (sunk after a collision with the MV Shōnan Maru 2 whaling security vessel in early 2010) as well as a number of earlier vessels.

Sea Shepherd acquired the Ocean 7 Adventurer for its 2010/11 campaign against Japanese whaling in the Antarctic. In November 2010, Mayor Brad Pettitt of Fremantle, Western Australia, christened the vessel Gojira with Fremantle as its home port, making this the first Sea Shepherd ship registered in Australia, with an Australian crew. The Gojira was renamed MV Brigitte Bardot in May 2011 after complaints of copyright infringement by Toho.

For the 2011–2012 Antarctic campaign, the organization acquired drone aircraft to assist in their surveillance of the whaling ships.

In July 2012 Sam Simon, a co-creator of The Simpsons, reportedly donated money to purchase the fourth vessel, a former German icebreaker. The actual ship however turned out to be a former Japanese weather survey vessel, now called the MY Sam Simon.

On October 18, 2014, Martin Sheen, the actor, unveiled Sea Shepherd's newest vessel, R/V Martin Sheen, named in his honor, and captained by Oona Layolle of France. The name of this vessel carries the prefix "R/V" because it will be engaged in direct action as a research vessel.

In January 2015 two decommissioned, 30 knot, Island-class Coast Guard cutters were spotted flying the Sea Shepherd flag in Annapolis Yacht Basin. In June 2015, Sea Shepherd revealed on their website that they had purchased these vessels. One is named MY Farley Mowat, after an earlier vessel that Sea Shepherd retired in 2008, and the other was named MY Jules Verne, after the author of the novel 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, but was renamed MV John Paul DeJoria on January 31, 2017.

On December 7, 2017 the organization announced the acquisition of a third Island Class Cutter thanks to a donation from Chris Sharp, a biotech businessman. The vessel was named MV Sharpie, and for its maiden mission it will join Operation Milagro in the Gulf of California to help save the endangered vaquita porpoise.

In the media

Sea Shepherd's campaigns have been documented in the TV series Whale Wars and Ocean Warriors produced by Animal Planet / Discovery Channel, and in books by current and past members including:

• Laura Dakin, "Cookin' Up a Storm: Stories and Recipes from Sea Shepherd's Anti-Whaling Campaigns" (March 16, 2015; Book Publishing Company). ISBN 978-1570673122
• Raffaella Tolicetti, "Think! Eat! Act!: A Sea Shepherd Chef's Vegan Cookbook" (July 24, 2014; Microcosm Publishing). ISBN 9781621066668
• Laurens de Groot, "Hunting the Hunters: At war with the whalers" (January 2, 2014; Adlard Coles). ISBN 978-1472903648.
• Rik Scarce, Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement, second revised ed. (1990; Left Coast Press, 2005), Ch. 6. ISBN 978-1-59874-028-8
• Paul Watson, Seal Wars: Twenty-five Years in the Front Lines with the Harp Seals (2002; Firefly Books, 2003). ISBN 978-1-55297-751-4
• Paul Watson, Ocean Warrior: My Battle to End the Illegal Slaughter on the High Seas (1994; Key Porter Books, 1996). ISBN 978-1-55013-599-2
• David B. Morris, Earth Warrior: Overboard with Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (1995; Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing). ISBN 1-55591-203-6
• Paul Watson, Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy (1993; Los Angeles: Chaco Press). ISBN 0-9616019-5-7
• Paul Watson, "Sea Shepherd : My Fight For Whales And Seals" (1980; W. W. Norton and Company). ISBN 978-0393335804

See also

• Peter James Bethune, skipper of the Ady Gil
• Rod Coronado, animal rights activist who has been involved in direct actions with the group
• Alex Pacheco, member of the advisory board who served on the Sea Shepherd

References

1. Lynch, Jim (March 21, 2004). "Friday Harbor, Wash., Activist Elicits Dual Images of Hero, Foe". The Oregonian.
2. ^ "Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace: some facts". Greenpeace. December 17, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
3. ^ Parry, Lloyd (February 9, 2007). "Whalers aid in Antarctic rescue of environmentalists". Times Online. London. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
4. ^ "Group defiant over US ban on tackling Japan whalers". AFP. December 19, 2012. Archived from the original on December 20, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
5. ^ "Paul Watson: Sea Shepherd eco-warrior fighting to stop whaling and seal hunts". London: The Telegraph. April 17, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
6. ^ "Japan ordered to immediately stop whaling in Antarctic as International Court of Justice rules program was not carried out for scientific purposes". Australia: ABC News. March 31, 2014. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
7. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/aug/29/sea-shepherd-says-it-will-abandon-pursuit-of-japanese-whalers.
8. https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/29/asia/japan-whaling-sea-shepherd/index.html
9. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/aug/29/sea-shepherd-says-it-will-abandon-pursuit-of-japanese-whalers
10. https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/29/asia/japan-whaling-sea-shepherd/index.html
11. Vidal, John (January 2, 2006). "Greenpeace fights sea battle with rival anti-whaling ship". London: The Guardian. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
12. ^ Khatchadourian, Raffi (November 5, 2007). "Neptune's Navy". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
13. ^ Heller, Peter (May 2006). "The Whale Warriors: Whaling in the Antarctic Seas". National Geographic Adventure. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
14. Vidal, John (July 30, 2011). "'Eco-pirate' Paul Watson is in danger of losing his boat". London: The Observer. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
15. "Street Fight on the High Seas". The New Yorker. January 12, 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
16. ^ "Hardline warrior in war to save the whale". The New Zealand Herald. January 11, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
17. "Environmentalists Jailed After Painting Baby Seals Red". Ocala Star-Banner. March 11, 1979. p. 2A.
18. "Seal-hunt protesters fear more trouble". The Spokesman-Review. March 12, 1979. p. 3.
19. "Conservationist Admits Ramming 'Whaler'". The Age. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
20. ^ Nagtzaam, Gerry; Lentini, Pete (January 2008). "Vigilantes on the High Seas?: The Sea Shepherds and Political Violence". Terrorism and Political Violence. 20 (1): 110–133. doi:10.1080/09546550701723658. ISSN 0954-6553.
21. ^ Le Montre, Darrah (June 9, 2009). "Whale Wars' Sea Shepherd Nets Anthony Kiedis and Rick Rubin's Support". Hollywood Today. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
22. ^ “Our History.” Sea Shepherd, 6 Mar. 2018, seashepherd.org/our-history/.
23. Manami Okazaki (February 9, 2010). "Watson to whalers: We will never surrender". The Japan Times. p. 12.
24. "Charity Navigator Rating – Sea Shepherd Conservation Society". Charity Navigator.org. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
25. Perpitch, Nicolas (December 14, 2006). "Campbell denies eco-terrorism". Perth Now. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
26. "Japanese whalers attack Campbell's links". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. December 15, 2006. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
27. "Who We Are". Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Archived from the original on August 30, 2009. Retrieved September 20, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
28. Larter, Paul (February 8, 2008). "Australia condemns bloody killing of whale and calf by Japanese fleet". London: Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
29. "Marine Animals Are Suffocating On Plastic In This New Sea Shepherd PSA". Fast Company. 2018-04-11. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
30. "Sea Shepherd – Who We Are". Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Archived from the original on August 30, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
31. Woodham, Kerre (January 10, 2010). "Lucky ocean crash". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
32. "Whaling acid attack terrorist act: Japan". The Sydney Morning Herald. Reuters. February 9, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2007.
33. Darby, Andrew (March 3, 2008). "Sea Shepherd activists attack Japanese whaler". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved June 4, 2009.
34. Biggs, Stuart (March 4, 2008). "Japan Summons Australian, Dutch Ambassadors Over Whaling Clash". Bloomberg News. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
35. Campbell, Duncan (June 3, 2002). "Champion of seas faces attempted murder case". The Guardian. London. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
36. Vidal, John (January 2, 2006). "Greenpeace fights sea battle with rival anti-whaling ship". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
37. Young, Emma (January 15, 2008). "Australia rules Japanese whaling illegal". New Scientist. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
38. Summers, Chris (April 30, 2002). "Spotlight on Greenpeace rebel". BBC News. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
39. Vidal, John (January 2, 2006). "Greenpeace fights sea battle with rival anti-whaling ship". London: The Guardian. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
40. McKie, Robin (January 13, 2008). "Green ships in deadly duel with whalers". London: The Guardian. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
41. Fraser, Doug (April 9, 2008). "Cape man fights whalers". Cape Cod Times. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
42. Kingston, Jeff, "Whaling whoppers debunked", The Japan Times, April 25, 2010, p. 11.
43. Sheridan, Dick (March 17, 1995). "Seal Fishermen Attack Group". New York: NY Daily News. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
44. "National News Briefs; Whale Hunt Protesters Are Arrested by Police". The New York Times. November 2, 1998. p. 19. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
45. "Seal defenders attacked". The New Zealand Herald. April 3, 2005. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
46. "Sealers scuffle with protesters: 'I hit one guy with my fist to defend myself:' ship's captain". Edmonton Journal. April 1, 2005.
47. "Anti-sealing activist opts to pay fine rather than face jail". The Canadian Press. April 3, 2006.
48. "St-Pierre fishermen chase anti-sealing ship from harbour". CBC News. April 4, 2008. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
49. "Japanese Whaling Advocates Gather in Tokyo". New Tang Dynasty Television. February 23, 2010. Archived from the original on March 3, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
50. "The Court finds that Japan's whaling programme in the Antarctic (JARPA II) is not in accordance with three provisions of the Schedule to the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling", Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening) (PDF), The Hague, Netherlands: International Court of Justice, March 31, 2014, archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2014, retrieved January 27, 2019 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
51. Oliver Milman. "Japan cuts Antarctic whale quota after UN court ruling | Environment". The Guardian. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
52. "Sea Shepherd is quitting the Antarctic. Could this help end whaling? - Hack - triple j". Abc.net.au. August 29, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
53. Ben Doherty. "Sea Shepherd says it will abandon pursuit of Japanese whalers | Environment". The Guardian. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
54. Author: Klaus Esterluss. "Sea Shepherd quits campaign - giving Japan′s whalers free rein? | Environment| All topics from climate change to conservation | DW | 30.08.2017". DW. Retrieved February 25, 2018. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
55. Preville, Philip (June 5, 1997). "Live from jail". Montreal Mirror. Archived from the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
56. Lacitis, Erik (November 3, 1998). "Lead Stuntman In Anti-Whaling Drama Is One Seasoned Actor". The Seattle Times. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
57. Strong, Geoff (January 14, 2006). "Sophisticated media machine blows whalers out of the water". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
58. "International Incidents R Us". Whale Wars. Season 1. Episode 3. 2008-11-14. Animal Planet.
59. Paul Watson. 1993. Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy. La Caňada, CA: Chaco Press, p. 42.
60. The Australian Accessed 090810
61. Millar, Peter (January 10, 2010). "Ady Gil downed by Japanese whalers". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
62. "Modest Mouse "King Rat" Directed by Heath Ledger &#124". Wearethemasses.com. Archived from the original on September 15, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
63. "Heath Ledger's graphic animation". Melbourne: The Age. Associated Press. August 5, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
64. "Dale Vince OBE and Sam Carter (Architects) join Sea Shepherd UK". www.seashepherd.org.uk. April 14, 2014. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 4, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |publicationdate= ignored (|publication-date= suggested) (help)
65. Shari Black Velvet. "EARTH CRISIS - DENNIS MERRICK". www.saveascream.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
66. "Earth Crisis". Roadrunner Records. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. Retrieved November 4, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
67. "Meet the crew of the Steve Irwin". www.seashepherd.org. Archived from the original on January 31, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
68. Bassett, Deborah. "Kelly Slater Teams Up With Sea Shepherd". Surfer magazine. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
69. "Artist to be hung on shark hooks". BBC News. September 3, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
70. "Shark protester hooked". The Sun. London. September 3, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
71. "Sea Shepherd Australia - Hobart festival banned Sea Shepherd". www.seashepherd.org.au. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
72. "Federal Bureau of Investigation – Congressional Testimony". Federal Bureau of Investigation. February 12, 2002. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
73. "Commentary No. 74: Single Issue Terrorism". Canadian Security Intelligence Service. April 25, 2008. Archived from the original on December 27, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
74. "Sealing activists bailed out with bag of toonies". CTV. April 14, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
75. ^ Darby, Andrew (May 10, 2009). "Whale activist hits visa hurdle". The Age. Hobart. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
76. "Greens Welcome Steve Irwin's Safe Return to Hobart". The Tasmanian Greens. February 21, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
77. Taylor, Lenore (January 12, 2012). "Joyce hails tax break bar on charity 'crims'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
78. "Aust federal govt distances itself from raid". Perth Now. February 22, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
79. Thomas, Pete (October 5, 2009). "Whale wars saga begins with Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson under investigation". The Los Angeles Times, Outposts. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
80. "Aust federal govt distances itself from raid". Television New Zealand. Australian Associated Press. February 22, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
81. Clifford, Liam (October 19, 2009). "Australian immigration denies delaying Sea Shepherd's visa – Immigration News". Global Visas. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
82. "Dalai Lama criticises anti-whaling protesters". Google News. AFP. June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
83. Sea Shepherd kom med norsk flagg – Norsk rikskringkasting AS, published January 8, 2010. (Norwegian)
84. Stuart, Myiow (February 13, 2009). "Five Nations Confederacy Flag Flying Proud on Earth's Oceans". Mohawk Traditional Council. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
85. "Detained antiwhaling activist in good health: Okada". Kyodo News International. February 19, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
86. Darby, Andrew (January 6, 2007). "Buccaneer a badge of honour for whaling opponent". The Sydney Morning Herald.
87. Britain to deregister anti-whaler after Japan pipes up, The Age, January 30, 2007
88. "Dutch bill would hit Sea Shepherd". The Japan Times. February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
89. Alabaster, Jay (January 3, 2011). "WikiLeaks: Sea Shepherd, Anti-Whaling Group, Tax Exempt Status Revocation Discussed By U.S., Japan Officials". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
90. Maher, Sid (January 4, 2011). "WikiLeaks cables reveal Japan, US 'plot' to sink activists". The Australian. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
91. Koh, Yoree (January 3, 2011). "WikiLeaks Japan: Whale Diplomacy". The Wallstreet Journal. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
92. "Sea Shepherd sued in U.S. by whalers". Japan Times. Kyodo News. December 10, 2011. p. 2. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
93. Jones, Richard (February 16, 2012). "Judge won't stop anti-whaling activists". UPI. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
94. Dwyer, Molly (December 17, 2012). "Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Richard A. Jones, District Judge, Presiding" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
95. Martinez, Michael (January 9, 2013). "'Whale Wars' TV star-activist resigns after court injunction". CNN. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
96. McCurry, Justin (February 1, 2013). "Australia orders Japanese whalers to stay away". London: The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
97. "US Supreme Court rejects Sea Shepherd bid". Special Broadcasting Service. February 15, 2013. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
98. "US court brands whale activists Sea Shepherd 'pirates'". BBC. February 26, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
99. Yuhas, Alan (February 27, 2013). "Sea Shepherd conservation group declared 'pirates' in US court ruling". London: The Guardian. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
100. "Court Orders Injunction Against 'Piracy' by Anti-Whaling Group". Metropolitan News-Enterprise. February 27, 2013.
101. "'We're not pirates,' anti-whaling sailor Paul Watson tells Seattle court". The Seattle Times. November 6, 2013.
102. editor, Katharine Murphy deputy political (October 17, 2013). "Greg Hunt and Julie Bishop at odds over whaling monitoring" – via The Guardian. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
103. Balzan, Jurgen (March 6, 2012). "Government initiates libel proceedings against Sea Shepherd founder". Malta Today. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
104. "Paul Watson Arrested: Sea Shepherd Says Founder Arrested In Germany". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. May 14, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
105. Slivka, Kelly (May 16, 2012). "Germany Detains Activist 'Whale Wars' Captain". The New York Times. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
106. "Sea Shepherd appeals to German gov't over arrest". Charlotte Observer. Associated Press. May 15, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
107. Hopper, Tristin (July 25, 2012). "Canadian-born Sea Shepherd boss Paul Watson skips bail in Germany for 'unknown destination'". National Post. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
108. Wallasch, Oliver. "Letter from Paul Watson's lawyer" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
109. "Interpol issues Watson Red Notice". The Japan Times. Jiji Press. August 10, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
110. "Sea Shepherd eyes new ship".
111. ^ Andrew Darby (June 26, 2009). "'Spaceship' boosts anti-whaling force". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
112. "The Time is Right for Bob Barker to Rescue the Whales". Sea Shepherd. January 5, 2010. Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
113. "Sea Shepherd eyes new ship". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. April 8, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
114. Wotherspoon, Sarah (December 5, 2007). "Protest ship renamed to honor Croc Hunter Steve Irwin". Herald Sun. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
115. "Sea Shepherd vessel named in honor of Steve Irwin". Shipping Times. December 6, 2007. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
116. "Rachel Maddow: Bob Barker on saving the whales". The Rachel Maddow Show. January 6, 2010. MSNBC. Archived from the original on August 6, 2009. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
117. Violence Escalates in Southern Ocean Whaling Battle Environment News Service
118. "The Crash That Made Headlines". Whale Wars. Animal Planet. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
119. Darby, Andrew (November 18, 2010). "Ady Gil and whalers both at fault for collision: inquiry". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
120. "Sea Shepherd Renames Vessel After Actress Brigitte Bardot : Ecorazzi".
121. Reuters. "Drones deployed against Japan's whaling fleet: inquiry". {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
122. Darby, Andrew (July 2, 2012). "Simpsons co-creator backs anti-whaling bid". Brisbane Times. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
123. "Martin Sheen Unveils Sea Shepherd's Newest Vessel, R/V Martin Sheen, Named in his Honor" (Press release). Sea Shepherd. October 18, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
124. pfurgurson@capgaznews.com, E.B. Furgurson III,. "A pair of cutters spark curiosity in downtown Annapolis".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
125. "Two former USCG Island Class cutters bought by Sea Shepherd - Marine Log". www.marinelog.com.
126. "Sea Shepherd Launches New Anti-poaching Vessel M/V Sharpie". Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
127. "Sea Shepherd Conservation Society - Sea Shepherd Launches Its Newest Vessel, The M/V John Paul DeJoria - News - News And Commentary". Archived from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

External links

• Official website

• Sea Shepherd Conservation Society