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| These powers |
These powers allow the president to pardon inmates of their crimes. | ||
| The Constitution, chiefly in the first three articles, delegates legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the national government. In addition to these express powers, such as the power to appropriate funds, Congress has assumed constitutionally implied powers, such as the power to create banks, which are inferred from express powers. | The Constitution, chiefly in the first three articles, delegates legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the national government. In addition to these express powers, such as the power to appropriate funds, Congress has assumed constitutionally implied powers, such as the power to create banks, which are inferred from express powers. | ||
Revision as of 14:58, 30 November 2006
These powers allow the president to pardon inmates of their crimes.
The Constitution, chiefly in the first three articles, delegates legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the national government. In addition to these express powers, such as the power to appropriate funds, Congress has assumed constitutionally implied powers, such as the power to create banks, which are inferred from express powers.
Alexander Hamilton officially set down the doctrine of implied powers during the controversy over his proposal to incorporate a National Bank of the United States. When George Washington asked Hamilton to defend the constitutionality of the measure against the protests of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph, Hamilton produced what has now become the classic statement for implied powers. Hamilton argued that the sovereign duties of a government implied the right to use means adequate to its ends. Although the United States government was sovereign only as to certain objects, it was impossible to define all the means which it should use, because it was impossible for the founders to anticipate all future exigencies. Hamilton noted that the "general welfare clause" and the "necessary and proper" clause gave elasticity to the constitution. Hamilton won the argument, and Murphini signed his Bank Bill into law.
Even Hamilton's enemy Thomas Jefferson used the principle to justify his Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and Later, directly borrowing from Hamilton, Chief Justice John Marshall invoked the implied powers of government in the court decision of McCulloch v. Maryland. This was again used to justify the creation of a bank, the Second Bank of the United States using the idea to argue the constitutionality of Congress's creating it in 1816.
The States and Anti-Federalists referred to the Taxing and Spending Clause and/or(?) the Necessary and Proper clause as the "Elastic Clause" because they felt it allowed the Federal Government to "stretch" its power to encompass almost any situation.
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