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| {{dablink|This article is about the infectious disease. For the ] by ], see ].}} | |||
| {{Taxobox_begin | color = violet | name = ''Rabies virus''}} | |||
| {{Taxobox_begin_placement_virus}} | |||
| {{Taxobox_group_v_entry}} | |||
| {{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = '']''}} | |||
| {{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = '']''}} | |||
| {{Taxobox_genus_entry | taxon = '']''}} | |||
| {{Taxobox_species_entry | taxon = '''''Rabies virus'''''}} | |||
| {{Taxobox_end_placement}} | |||
| {{Taxobox_end}} | |||
| {{Infobox_Disease | | |||
| Name = {{PAGENAME}} | | |||
| Image = | | |||
| Caption = | | |||
| DiseasesDB = 11148 | | |||
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|82||a|82}}- | | |||
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|071}} | | |||
| ICDO = | | |||
| OMIM = | | |||
| MedlinePlus = 001334 | | |||
| eMedicineSubj = med | | |||
| eMedicineTopic = 1374 | | |||
| eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|493}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1974}} | | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Rabies''' (Latin, ''rabies'', "madness, rage, fury") is a ] ] disease that causes acute ] in ]s. In non-vaccinated humans, rabies is almost invariably fatal after neurological symptoms have developed, but prompt post-exposure ] may prevent the virus from progressing. | |||
| == Transmission and symptoms == | |||
| ], larger ] cellular inclusions of rabies infection.]] ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, ]es, ], ]s, ]s, ]s, and ]s can become rabid. ]s, ]s, other ]s (except ]s), and ]s are very seldom infected. Rabies may also be present in a so-called "paralytic" form, rendering the victim abnormally quiet and withdrawn. | |||
| The virus is usually present in the ] of a symptomatic rabid animal; the route of infection is nearly always by a bite, and in many cases in animals, causes the victim to be exceptionally aggressive, attack without provocation, and exhibit otherwise uncharacteristic behavior. Transmission has occurred via an ] through mucous membranes; transmission in this form may have happened in people exploring caves populated by rabid bats. Transmission between humans is extremely rare, though it can happen through ] (see below for recent cases), or even more rarely through bites or kisses. | |||
| After a typical human infection by bite, the virus directly or indirectly enters the ]. It then travels along the ] towards the ]. During this phase, the virus cannot be easily detected within the host, and vaccination may still confer cell-mediated immunity to preempt symptomatic rabies. Once the virus reaches the ], it rapidly causes ] and symptoms appear. It may also inflame the spinal cord producing ]. | |||
| The period between infection and the first ]-like symptoms is normally three to twelve weeks, but can be as long as two years. Soon after, the symptoms expand to ], ], ], ], ], abnormal behavior, ]s, progressing to ]. The production of large quantities of ] and tears coupled with an inability to speak or swallow are typical during the later stages of the disease; this can result in "]". Death almost invariably results two to ten days after the first symptoms; the few humans who are known to have survived the disease were all left with severe brain damage, with the recent exception of ] (see below). | |||
| == The virus == | |||
| The ] is a ]. This genus of ]es also includes the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Lyssaviruses have ] symmetry, so their infectious particles are approximately cylindrical in shape. This is typical of plant-infecting viruses; human-infecting viruses more commonly have cubic symmetry and take shapes approximating ]. | |||
| ] shows typical '']'' in the infected neurons. | |||
| The virus has a bullet-like shape with a length of about ] and a cross-sectional diameter of about ]. One end is rounded or conical and the other end is planar or concave. The lipoprotein envelope carries knob like spikes, composed of Glycoprotein G. Spikes do not cover the planar end of the virion. Beneath the envelope is the membrane or matrix (M) protein layer which may be invaginated at the planar end. The core of the Virion consists of helically arranged ribonucleoprotein. The genome is unsegmented linear antisense R.N.A. Also present in the nucleocapsid are RNA dependent R.N.A. transcriptase and some structural proteins. | |||
| <center> | |||
| ] ]<br> | |||
| ''Longitudinal and cross-sectional schematic view of Rabies virus'' | |||
| </center> | |||
| == Prevention == | |||
| There is no known cure for symptomatic rabies, but it can be prevented by ], both in humans and other animals. Virtually every infection with rabies was a death sentence, until ] and ] developed the first rabies vaccination in ]. This vaccine was first used on nine-year old boy ] (1876-1940), on ], ], after the boy was mauled by a rabid dog. | |||
| Their vaccine consisted of a sample of the virus harvested from infected (and necessarily dead) rabbits, which was weakened by allowing it to dry. Similar nerve tissue-derived vaccines are still used now in some countries, and while they are much cheaper than modern cell culture vaccines, they are not as effective and carry a certain risk of neurological complications. | |||
| The human diploid cell rabies vaccine (H.D.C.V.) was started in 1967. Human diploid cell rabies vaccines are made using the attenuated Pitman-Moore L503 strain of the virus. Human diploid cell rabies vaccines have been given to more than 1.5 million humans ]. Newer and less expensive purified chick embryo cell vaccine, and purified Vero cell rabies vaccine are now available. The purified Vero cell rabies vaccine uses the attenuated Wistar strain of the rabies virus, and uses the Vero cell line as its host. | |||
| ===Post-exposure prophylaxis=== | |||
| Treatment after exposure (known as ] or "P.E.P.") is highly successful in preventing the disease if administered promptly, within fourteen days after infection. The first step is immediately washing the wound with soap and water, which is very effective at reducing the number of viral particles. In the United States, patients receive one dose of ] and five doses of rabies vaccine over a twenty-eight day period. One-half the dose of immunoglobulin is injected in the region of the bite, if possible, with the remainder injected intramuscularly away from the bite. This is much less painful compared to when immunoglobulin was administered through the abdominal wall with a large needle. The first dose of rabies vaccine is given as soon as possible after exposure, with additional doses on days three, seven, fourteen, and twenty-eight after the first. Patients that have previously received preexposure vaccination do not receive the immunogolbulin, only the post-exposure vaccinations. Since the wide-spread vaccination of domestic dogs and cats and the development of effective human vaccines and immunoglobulin treatments, the number of recorded deaths in the U.S. from rabies has dropped from one hundred or more annually in the early twentieth century, to 1–2 per year, mostly caused by bat bites, which may go unnoticed by the victim and hence untreated. | |||
| P.E.P. is effective in treating rabies because the virus must travel from the site of infection through the ] (nerves in the body) before infecting the ] (brain and spinal cord) and glands to cause lethal damage. This travel along the nerves is usually slow enough that vaccine and immunoglobulin can be administered to protect the brain and glands from infection. The amount of time this travel requires is dependent on how far the infected area is from the brain: if the victim is bitten in the face, for example, the time between initial infection and infection of the brain is very short and P.E.P. may not be successful. | |||
| ===Preexposure prophylaxis=== | |||
| Currently preexposure immunization has been used on domesticated and normal non-human populations. In many jurisdictions, domestic dogs, cats, and ferrets are required to be vaccinated. A new, orally active, genetically recombined virus vaccine for ] rabies awaits licensing by the U.S. ] ]. A gene that produces a protein in the rabies virus outer coat was inserted into a live ] using recombinant D.N.A. technology. When the modified vaccinia virus infects a normal animal, it produces the antigenic protein normally made by the rabies virus. The victim's systems recognize the protein as foreign, and the animal develops active immunity. The plan for immunization of normal populations involves dropping bait containing food wrapped around a small dose of the live virus. The bait would be dropped by helicopter concentrating on areas that have not been infected yet. | |||
| A preexposure vaccination is also available for humans, most commonly given to veterinarians and those traveling to regions where the disease is common, such as India. (Most tourists would not need such a vaccination, just those doing substantial non-urban activities.) However, should a vaccinated human be bitten by a possible victim, they '''must''' have subsequent post-exposure treatment. Failure to do so could be fatal. Such post-exposure treatment is far less extensive than what would normally be required by one with no preexposure vaccination. | |||
| ==Induced coma treatment== | |||
| {{main|Jeanna Giese}} | |||
| In 2005, the case of a girl of 15<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/352/24/2508 | journal = ] | title = Survival after Treatment of Rabies with Induction of Coma | volume = 352 | pages = 2508–2514 | issue = 24 | date = ] | authorlink = Rodney Willoughby | author = Rodney E. Willoughby, Jr., M.D. | coauthors = ''et al.'' | id = PMID 15958806 }}</ref> who survived acute, unvaccinated rabies was reported, indicating the successful treatment of rabies through induction of a coma. This treatment approach was based on the theory that rabies' detrimental effects were caused by temporary dysfunctions of the brain, and that the induction of a coma, by producing a temporary partial stop in brain function, would protect the brain from damage while the body built up an immune response to the virus. After thirty-one days of isolation and seventy-six days of hospitalization, she was released from the hospital, having survived rabies. Later attempts to use the same treatment have failed. | |||
| == Prevalence == | |||
| ] | |||
| {{current section}} | |||
| More than 99% of all human deaths from rabies occur in Africa, Asia and South America; India alone reports thirty thousand deaths annually.<ref name=WHO_stats>{{cite web | title = Rabies vaccine | work = WHO - Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals | url = http://www.who.int/vaccines/en/rabies.shtml | accessdate = 2006-04-20}}</ref> ] recorded 2,254 rabies cases in the first nine months of 2006, up 30% on the same period in 2005 and had overtaken ] and ] as the country's most deadly disease.<ref name=china-one-dog-policy>]/], , November 9, 2006</ref> One of the sources of recent flourishing of rabies in the ] is the pet boom. China introduced the "One-dog policy" in November 2006 to control the issue.<ref>, retrieved on Nov. 18, 2006</ref> | |||
| Dog licensing, killing of stray dogs, muzzling and other measures contributed to the eradication of rabies from the ] in the early ]. More recently, large-scale vaccination of cats, dogs and ferrets has been successful in combating rabies in some developed countries. | |||
| Rabies virus survives in wide-spread, varied, rural fauna reservoirs. However, in Asia, parts of Latin America and large parts of Africa, dogs remain the principal host. Mandatory vaccination of non-human animals is less effective in rural areas. Especially in developing countries, pets may not be privately kept and their destruction may be unacceptable. Oral vaccines can be safely distributed in baits, and this has successfully impacted rabies in rural areas of ], ], ], ] and elsewhere. Vaccination campaigns may be expensive, and a cost-benefit analysis can lead those responsible to opt for policies of containment rather than elimination of the disease. | |||
| Rabies was once rare in the United States outside the ], but ]s in the mid-Atlantic and northeast United States have been suffering from a rabies epidemic since the ], which is now moving westwards into ].<ref name=MMWR_2006>{{cite journal | author= | title=Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2006 | journal=MMWR Recomm Rep | year=2006 | pages=1-8 | volume=55 | issue=RR-5 | id=}}</ref> | |||
| ] The particular variant of the virus has been identified in the southeastern United States raccoon population since the ], and is believed to have traveled to the northeast as the result of infected raccoons being among those caught and transported from the southeast to the northeast by human hunters attempting to replenish the declining northeast raccoon population.<ref name=Nettles_1979>{{cite journal | author=Nettles VF, Shaddock JH, Sikes RK, Reyes CR | title=Rabies in translocated raccoons | journal=Am J Public Health | year=1979 | pages=601-2 | volume=69 | issue=6 | id={{PMID|443502}} }}</ref> As a result, urban residents of these areas have become more wary of the large but normally unseen urban raccoon population. It has become the common assumption that any raccoon seen diurnally is infected; certainly the reported behavior of most such animals appears to show some sort of illness, and autopsies usually confirm rabies. Whether as a result of increased vigilance or only the common human avoidance reaction to any other animal not normally seen, such as a raccoon, there has only been one documented human rabies case as a result of this variant.<ref name=MMWR_2003>{{cite journal|author=Dietzschold, B, Proniak, M|title=First Human Death Associated with Raccoon Rabies --- Virginia, 2003|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=52|issue=45|pages=1102-1103|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|date=2003|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5245a4.htm|accessdate=2006-06-30}}</ref> <ref name=Humane Society_2006>{{cite web|year=2006|title=Rabies and Wildlife|work=The Humane Society of the United States| url=http://www.hsus.org/wildlife/urban_wildlife_our_wild_neighbors/rabies__wildlife.html|accessdate=2006-06-30}}</ref> This does not include, however, the greatly increasing rate of prophylactic rabies treatments in cases of possible exposure, which numbered fewer than one hundred humans annually in New York State before ], for instance, but rose to approximately ten thousand annually between ] and ]. At approximately $1500 per course of treatment, this represents a considerable public health expenditure. Raccoons do constitute approximately 50% of the approximately eight thousand documented non-human rabies cases in the United States.<ref name=Krebs_1996>{{cite journal | author=Krebs JW, Strine TW, Smith JS, Noah DL, Rupprecht CE, Childs JE | title=Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1995 | journal=J Am Vet Med Assoc | year=1996 | pages=2031-44 | volume=209 | issue=12 | id={{PMID|8960176}} }}</ref> Domestic animals constitute only 8% of rabies cases, but are increasing at a rapid rate.<ref name=Krebs_1996 /> | |||
| ] | |||
| In the midwestern United States, ]s are the primary carriers of rabies, comprising one hundred and thirty-four of the two hundred and thirty-seven documented non-human cases in ]. The most widely distributed reservoir of rabies in the United States, however, and the source of most human cases in the U.S., are ]s. Nineteen of the twenty-two human rabies cases documented in the United States between ] and ] have been identified genetically as bat rabies. In many cases, victims are not even aware of having been bitten by a bat, assuming that a small puncture wound found after the fact was the bite of an insect or spider; in some cases, no wound at all can be found, leading to the hypothesis that in some cases the virus can be contracted via inhaling airborne ] from the vicinity of a bat or bats. For instance, the ] warned on ], ], that a woman who died in October, ] in ] and a man who died in December, ] in ] were both infected with a rabies strain found in silver-haired bats; although bats were found living in the chimney of the woman's home and near the man's place of employment, neither victim could remember having had any contact with them. This inability to recognize a potential infection, in contrast to a bite from a dog or raccoon, leads to a lack of proper prophylactic treatment, and is the cause of the high mortality rate for bat bites. | |||
| In case of an attack by a possibly rabid non-human, most states in the United States allow the killing of the attacker. Because a rabies diagnosis requires that the brain tissue be preserved, it is recommended that rabid non-humans are not to be shot in the head. | |||
| ] is one of the few regions where rabies has never been introduced. However, the Australian Bat Lyssavirus occurs normally in both insectivorous and fruit eating bats (flying foxes) from most mainland states. Scientists believe it is present in bat populations throughout the range of flying foxes in Australia. | |||
| Many territories, such as the ], ], ], ] and ], are free of rabies (although there may be a very low prevalence of rabies among bats in the UK; see below). | |||
| ==Recently publicized cases== | |||
| ===Transmission by bite=== | |||
| Several recently publicised cases have stemmed from ]s, which are known to be a ] for rabies. | |||
| The United Kingdom, which has stringent regulations on the importation of non-human animals, had also been believed to be entirely free from rabies until ] when a single ] was found to be infected with a rabies-like virus usually found only in bats – European Bat Lyssavirus 2 (EBL2). There were no more known cases in the British Isles until ] when another Daubenton's bat tested positive for EBL2 in ]. A bat conservationist who was bitten by the infected bat received post-exposure treatment and did not develop rabies. | |||
| Then in ] David McRae, a Scottish bat conservationist from ], ] who was believed to have been bitten by a bat, became the first human to contract rabies in the United Kingdom since ]. He died from the disease on ] ]. | |||
| In October ] a female brown ] killed one human and injured several others near the city of ], Central ]. The bear was killed by human hunters and diagnosed with rabies. More than one hundred humans were vaccinated afterwards. | |||
| {{wikinews|First unvaccinated survivor of rabies discharged from hospital}} | |||
| In November ], ], a fifteen-year old girl from ], ], became one of only six humans known to have survived rabies after the onset of symptoms, and the first known instance of a human surviving rabies without vaccine treatment. All of the other five received ] before symptoms developed. Giese's disease was already too far progressed for the vaccine to help, and she was considered too weak to tolerate it. Doctors at the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin in ], a suburb of ], achieved her survival with an experimental treatment that involved putting the girl into a drug-induced ], and administering a cocktail of ]s. Giese had symptoms of full-blown rabies when she sought medical help, thirty-seven days after being bitten by a ]. Her family did not seek treatment at the time because the bat seemed healthy. Jeanna regained her weight, strength, and coordination while in the hospital. She was released from the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin on ], ]. | |||
| On May 12, 2006 ] Health Department officials reported that a teenage boy, Zach Jones, in ] had died of rabies after a bat flew in his bedroom while he took a nap and somehow brushed itself upon the boy's skin, allowing Jones to feel it as he woke up. He died at Texas Children's Hospital after an attempt to cure the disease through a drug-induced coma, similar to that of Jeanna Giese. | |||
| On August 6, 2006, 950 Girl Scouts were urged to receive rabies shots by the Girl Scouts of America. The nine hundred and fifty girls had attended a camp in Virginia in July, and had reported seeing bats in their cabins. Even though infections were relatively unlikely, the G.S.A. offered to pay for the shots, at a cost of nearly two million dollars. | |||
| The ] reports 27 cases of human rabies caused by the bat variant rabies virus in the United States from 1990 to 2002. <ref name=CDC_2003>{{cite web|year=2003|title=Rabies Survellance|work=Centers for Disease Control| url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/Professional/publications/Surveillance/Surveillance01/Table2-01.htm | |||
| |accessdate=2006-11-10}}</ref> | |||
| ===Transmission through organ transplants=== | |||
| Rabies is known to have been transmitted between humans by ]. ] | |||
| Infections by ]l transplant have been reported in Thailand (2 cases), India (2 cases), Iran (2 cases),<ref name=Javadi_1996>{{cite journal | author=Javadi MA, Fayaz A, Mirdehghan SA, Ainollahi B | title=Transmission of rabies by corneal graft | journal=Cornea | year=1996 | pages=431-3 | volume=15 | issue=4 | id={{PMID|8776570}} }}</ref> the United States (1 case), and France (1 case).<ref>{{cite journal | author = CDC | title = Human-to-human transmission of rabies via a corneal transplant -- France | journal = MMWR | year = 1980 | volume = 29 | issue = | pages = 25–6 | url= }}</ref> Details of two further cases of infection resulting from corneal transplants were described in 1996. | |||
| In June ], three organ recipients died in the ] from rabies transmitted in the transplanted kidneys and liver of an infected donor from ].<ref name=MMWR_2004a>{{cite journal | author= | title=Investigation of rabies infections in organ donor and transplant recipients--Alabama, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, 2004 | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year=2004 | pages=586-9 | volume=53 | issue=26 | id={{PMID|15241303}} }}</ref> There are bats near the donor's home, but he did not mention having been bitten.<ref name=MMWR_2004b>{{cite journal | author= | title=Update: investigation of rabies infections in organ donor and transplant recipients--Alabama, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, 2004 | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year=2004 | pages=615-6 | volume=53 | issue=27 | id={{PMID|15254455}} }}</ref> The donor is now reported to have died of a cerebral hemorrhage, the culmination of an unidentified neurological disorder, although recipients are said to have been told the cause of death had been a car crash. Marijuana and cocaine were found in the donor's urine at the time of his death, according to a report in ''The New England Journal of Medicine''.<ref name=Srinivasan_2005>{{cite journal | author=Srinivasan A, Burton EC, Kuehnert MJ, Rupprecht C, Sutker WL, Ksiazek TG, Paddock CD, Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Goldsmith C, Hanlon CA, Zoretic J, Fischbach B, Niezgoda M, El-Feky WH, Orciari L, Sanchez EQ, Likos A, Klintmalm GB, Cardo D, LeDuc J, Chamberland ME, Jernigan DB, Zaki SR | title=Transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients | journal=N Engl J Med | year=2005 | pages=1103-11 | volume=352 | issue=11 | id=PMID 15784663}}</ref> The surgeons | |||
| <blockquote>"thought he had suffered a fatal crack-cocaine overdose, which can produce symptoms similar to those of rabies. 'We had an explanation for his condition,' says Dr. Goran Klintmalm, a surgeon who oversees transplantation at Baylor University Medical Center, where the transplants occurred. 'He'd recently smoked crack cocaine. He'd hemorrhaged around the brain. He'd died. That was all we needed to know.' … Because of doctor-patient confidentiality rules, doctors involved with this case would not talk about it on the record, but a few did say that no cocaine was found in the donor's blood, the E.R. doctors might have investigated his symptoms more aggressively instead of assuming he had overdosed. (Because no autopsy was done, doctors have not been able to establish whether the rabies or the drugs actually killed him.)"<ref>{{cite journal | author = Reynolds G | title = Will Any Organ Do? | journal = The New York Times Magazine | year = 2005 | volume = | issue = 10 July | pages = – | url= }}</ref></blockquote> | |||
| In February ], three ] patients in ] and ] were diagnosed with rabies after receiving various organs and cornea transplants from a female donor. Two of the infected people died. Three other patients who received organs from the woman have not yet shown rabies symptoms. The 26 year old donor had died of heart failure in December 2004 after consuming ] and ]. In October 2004, she had visited ], one of the countries worst affected by rabies worldwide. Dozens of medical staff were vaccinated against rabies in the two hospitals as a precautionary measure. | |||
| Associated Press reports that "Donated organs are never tested for rabies. The strain detected in the victims' bodies is one commonly found in bats, health officials said." According to CNN "Rabies tests are not routine donor screening tests, Virginia McBride, public health organ donation specialist with the Health Resources and Services Administration, said. The number of tests is limited because doctors have only about six hours from the time a patient is declared brain-dead until the transplantation must begin for the organs to maintain viability." The tragedy inspired an episode in the American TV show ]. | |||
| ==Transport of pet animals between countries== | |||
| {{main|Pet passport}} | |||
| Rabies is ] to many parts of the world, and one of the reasons given for ] periods in international animal transport has been to try to keep the disease out of uninfected regions. However, most developed countries, pioneered by ], now allow unencumbered travel between their territories for pet animals that have demonstrated an adequate immune response to rabies vaccination. | |||
| Such countries may limit movement to animals from countries where rabies is considered to be under control in pet animals. There are various ]. The United Kingdom has developed a list, and France has a rather different list, said to be based on a list of the ''Office International des Epizooties'' (OIE). The European Union has a harmonised list. No list of rabies-free countries is readily available from OIE. | |||
| However, the recent spread of rabies in the northeastern United States and further may cause a restrengthening of precautions against movement of possibly rabid animals between countries. | |||
| ==Rabies and domestic skunks in the United States== | |||
| There is currently no ]-approved vaccine for the strain of rabies that afflicts skunks. When cases are reported of ]s biting a human, the animals are frequently killed in order to be tested for rabies. | |||
| Humans exposed to the rabies virus must begin post-exposure prophylaxis before the disease can progress to the central nervous system. For this reason, it is necessary to determine whether the animal, in fact, has rabies as quickly as possible. Without a definitive quarantine period in place for skunks, quarantining the animals is not advised as there is no way of knowing how long it may take the animal to show symptoms. Euthanasia of the skunk is recommended and the brain is then tested for presence of rabies virus. | |||
| Skunk owners have recently organized to campaign for USDA approval of both a vaccine and an officially recommended quarantine period for skunks in the United States. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ], a virus very similar to rabies that responds to rabies treatments. | |||
| * ], a ] novel (and film) about a mother and son being terrorized by a rabid dog. | |||
| * ] novel/film about a frontier dog infected by a rabid wolf. | |||
| * ], a 1966 film in which an alcoholic doctor (Glenn Ford) suffers a rabies infection in a Mexican village and must race across the desert–and against time–for the needed antidote that will save his life. | |||
| * ] Season 5 Episode 20 (My Lunch) about 3 transplant patients who receive organs from a donor believed to have died of a cocaine overdose and subsequently found to have rabies, in a story reminiscent of the real-life Texarkana donor described above. | |||
| * ], a film in which a designer virus based on Rabies is created called Rage that creates fast and deadly zombie like symptoms | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <references /> | |||
| *Waterman, James A. 1965. "The History of the Outbreak of Paralytic Rabies in Trinidad Transmitted by Bats to Human Beings and the Lower Animals from 1925." The ''Caribbean Medical Journal'', Vol. XXVI, Nos. 1-4, pp. 164-169. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| * - Information on causes and treatment | |||
| ===Sources=== | |||
| * | |||
| * . | |||
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| ===Other links=== | |||
| {{wiktionary}} | |||
| {{wikinews}} | |||
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| * - NPO dedicated to fighting rabies worldwide | |||
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| * ''(USA Today)'' Progress report on the one known survivor of rabies | |||
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Revision as of 21:22, 30 November 2006
i like cheese and poo