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	'''Petrus Plancius''' (1552 – May 15, 1622) was a ]-] ], ] and ]. He was born as '''Pieter Platevoet''' in ], now in ], ]. He studied ] in Germany and England. At the age of 24 he became a ] in the ].		'''Petrus Plancius''' (1552 – May 15, 1622) was a ]-] ], ] and ]. He was born as '''Pieter Platevoet''' in ], now in ], ]. He studied ] in Germany and England. At the age of 24 he became a ] in the ].

	~~Because~~ of ~~fear of religious prosecution by the~~ ] ~~Plancius fled from~~ ] to ] after the city fell into Spanish hands in 1585. ~~There~~ he became interested in ] and ] and, ~~being fortunate enough to have~~ access to nautical charts recently brought from Portugal, he was soon recognized as an expert on safe maritime routes to ] and the nearby "spice islands" ~~enabling~~ colonies and port trade in both, including what would become the ], named after the ] set up in 1602. He ~~was among the cohort which~~ saw strong potential in the little-mapped ] and strongly believed in the idea of a ] until the failure of ]'s third voyage in 1597 in ~~common~~ ~~consensus precluded~~ its ~~possibility or~~ viability.		Plancius fled from ] to ] to avoid religious prosecution by the ] after the city fell into Spanish hands in 1585. In Amsterdam he became interested in ] and ] and, having access to nautical charts recently brought from Portugal, he was soon recognized as an expert on safe maritime routes to ] and the nearby "spice islands". This enabled colonies and port trade in both, including what would become the ], named after the ] set up in 1602. He saw strong potential in the little-mapped ] and strongly believed in the idea of a ] until the failure of ]'s third voyage in 1597 seemed to preclude its viability.

	For ], Plancius is considered to be one of the notable figures in the ] (c. 1570s–1670s).		For ], Plancius is considered to be one of the notable figures in the ] (c. 1570s–1670s).

	==Cartography==		==Cartography==
	]]]		]]]
	In 1592 Plancius published his best known world map titled "Nova et exacta Terrarum Tabula geographica et hydrographica".<ref>"New and exact geographic and hydrographic map of the world".</ref> ~~Apart~~ ~~from~~ ~~maps, he~~ published journals and navigational guides and developed a new method for determining ]. He also ~~introduced~~ the ] for navigational maps.		In 1592 Plancius published his best known world map titled "Nova et exacta Terrarum Tabula geographica et hydrographica".<ref>"New and exact geographic and hydrographic map of the world".</ref>{{Better source}} He also published journals and navigational guides and developed a new method for determining ]. He also promoted the ] for navigational maps.

	Plancius was one of the founders of the ] for which he drew over 100 maps.		Plancius was one of the founders of the ], for which he drew over 100 maps.

	Plancius was closely acquainted with ], an explorer of the ].		Plancius was closely acquainted with ], an explorer of the ].

	Plancius prepared the map, ''Exacta & accurata delinatio… regionibus China, Cauchinchina, Camboja, sive Champa, Syao, Malacca, Arracan & Pegu,'' published in ]’s popular book, ''Itinerario'' (1596).<ref>Leo Bagrow, ''History of Cartography,'' revised and enlarged by R. A. Skelton, London, Watts, 1964, p.265. ; Cornelis Koeman, ''Jan Huygen Van Linschoten,'' Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra Biblioteca Geral 1, 1984, Centro de Estudos de Historia e Cartografia, Vol.153, pp.39-41. Also in ''Revista da Universidade de Coimbra,'' vol.32, 1985, pp.27-47.</ref>		Plancius prepared the map, ''Exacta & accurata delinatio… regionibus China, Cauchinchina, Camboja, sive Champa, Syao, Malacca, Arracan & Pegu,'' published in ]'s popular book, ''Itinerario'' (1596).<ref>Leo Bagrow, ''History of Cartography,'' revised and enlarged by R. A. Skelton, London, Watts, 1964, p.265. ; Cornelis Koeman, ''Jan Huygen Van Linschoten,'' Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra Biblioteca Geral 1, 1984, Centro de Estudos de Historia e Cartografia, Vol.153, pp.39-41. Also in ''Revista da Universidade de Coimbra,'' vol.32, 1985, pp.27-47.</ref>

	===Uranography===		===Uranography===
	In 1589 Plancius collaborated with the Amsterdam cartographer ] on a 32.5-cm celestial globe, which, using the sparse information available about southern celestial features, ~~for the first time~~ depicted: ] the southern cross, ] the southern triangle, and the ], ] and ].		In 1589 Plancius collaborated with the Amsterdam cartographer ] on a 32.5-cm celestial globe, which, using the sparse information available about southern celestial features, depicted ] (the southern cross), ] (the southern triangle), and the ] (] and ]).

	In 1595 Plancius ~~asked~~ ], the chief pilot on the ''Hollandia'', to make observations to fill in the blank area around the south celestial pole on European maps of the southern sky. Keyser died in ] the following year – the expedition had many casualties – but his catalogue of 135 ]s,<ref name="knobel_dehoutman">, by E. B. Knobel, 1917, the catalogue starting at </ref> probably ~~measured up~~ with the help of ~~explorer-~~colleague ],<ref name="ridpath_ch1_c"> by ]</ref> was delivered to Plancius. These stars appear as 12 new southern ]s,<ref name="ridpath_ch1_c"/> on a 35-cm celestial globe designed by Plancius in late 1597 (or early 1598) and produced in collaboration with the Amsterdam cartographer ]. The 12 new constellations (mostly referring to animals and subjects described in natural history books and travellers' journals of his day) are ] the Bee (later changed to ] by ]), ] the Bird of Paradise, ], ] the Goldfish (or Swordfish), ] the Crane, ] the Small Water Snake, ] the Indian, ] the Peacock, ], ] the Southern Triangle, ] the Toucan, and ] the Flying Fish. (The Southern Triangle and Southern Cross were reported as asterisms by earlier navigators and appear on earlier charts,<ref name="Dekker">{{cite journal \|last=Dekker \|first=Elly \|date=1987 \|title=Early Explorations of the Southern Celestial Sky \|url= \|journal=Annals of Science \|volume=44 \|issue= \|pages=439–470 \|doi= 10.1080/00033798700200301\|access-date= \|bibcode = 1987AnSci..44..439D }}</ref> but the globe of 1598 is the first surviving source that plots their locations reasonably accurately.) Also notable is the inclusion of Achernar as Alpha Eridani.		In 1595 Plancius trained ], the chief pilot on the ''Hollandia'', to make astronomical observations to fill in the blank area around the south celestial pole on European maps of the southern sky. Keyser died in ] the following year – the expedition had many casualties – but his catalogue of 135 stars,<ref name="knobel_dehoutman">, by E. B. Knobel, 1917, the catalogue starting at </ref> probably developed with the help of Keyser's colleague ],<ref name="ridpath_ch1_c"> by ]</ref> was delivered to Plancius when the remaining ships returned. These stars appear as 12 new southern ]s,<ref name="ridpath_ch1_c"/> on a 35-cm celestial globe designed by Plancius in late 1597 (or early 1598) and produced in collaboration with the Amsterdam cartographer ]. The 12 new constellations (mostly referring to animals and subjects described in natural history books and travellers' journals of his day) are ] the Bee (later changed to ] by ]), ] the Bird of Paradise, ], ] the Goldfish (or Swordfish), ] the Crane, ] the Small Water Snake, ] the Indian, ] the Peacock, ], ] the Southern Triangle, ] the Toucan, and ] the Flying Fish. (The Southern Triangle and Southern Cross were reported as asterisms by earlier navigators and appear on earlier charts,<ref name="Dekker">{{cite journal \|last=Dekker \|first=Elly \|date=1987 \|title=Early Explorations of the Southern Celestial Sky \|url= \|journal=Annals of Science \|volume=44 \|issue= \|pages=439–470 \|doi= 10.1080/00033798700200301\|access-date= \|bibcode = 1987AnSci..44..439D }}</ref> but the globe of 1598 is the first surviving source that plots their locations reasonably accurately.) Also notable is the inclusion of ] as Alpha Eridani.

	These constellations, together with the constellation ] illustrated by Plancius on his large wall map of the world of 1592, were then incorporated in 1603 by ] in his sky atlas, the '']''.		These constellations, together with the constellation ] illustrated by Plancius on his large wall map of the world of 1592, were then incorporated in 1603 by ] in his sky atlas, the '']''.

Revision as of 01:23, 8 September 2019

Petrus Plancius by J. Buys/Rein. Vinkoeles (1791)

Petrus Plancius (1552 – May 15, 1622) was a Dutch-Flemish astronomer, cartographer and clergyman. He was born as Pieter Platevoet in Dranouter, now in Heuvelland, West Flanders. He studied theology in Germany and England. At the age of 24 he became a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church.

Plancius fled from Brussels to Amsterdam to avoid religious prosecution by the Inquisition after the city fell into Spanish hands in 1585. In Amsterdam he became interested in navigation and cartography and, having access to nautical charts recently brought from Portugal, he was soon recognized as an expert on safe maritime routes to India and the nearby "spice islands". This enabled colonies and port trade in both, including what would become the Dutch East Indies, named after the Dutch East India Company set up in 1602. He saw strong potential in the little-mapped Arctic Sea and strongly believed in the idea of a Northeast Passage until the failure of Willem Barentsz's third voyage in 1597 seemed to preclude its viability.

For his pioneering contributions in the history of celestial cartography, Plancius is considered to be one of the notable figures in the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography (c. 1570s–1670s).

Cartography

In 1592 Plancius published his best known world map titled "Nova et exacta Terrarum Tabula geographica et hydrographica". He also published journals and navigational guides and developed a new method for determining longitude. He also promoted the Mercator projection for navigational maps.

Plancius was one of the founders of the Dutch East India Company, for which he drew over 100 maps.

Plancius was closely acquainted with Henry Hudson, an explorer of the New World.

Plancius prepared the map, Exacta & accurata delinatio… regionibus China, Cauchinchina, Camboja, sive Champa, Syao, Malacca, Arracan & Pegu, published in Jan Huygen van Linschoten's popular book, Itinerario (1596).

Uranography

In 1589 Plancius collaborated with the Amsterdam cartographer Jacob Floris van Langren on a 32.5-cm celestial globe, which, using the sparse information available about southern celestial features, depicted Crux (the southern cross), Triangulum Australe (the southern triangle), and the Magellanic Clouds (Nubecula Major and Minor).

In 1595 Plancius trained Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser, the chief pilot on the Hollandia, to make astronomical observations to fill in the blank area around the south celestial pole on European maps of the southern sky. Keyser died in Java the following year – the expedition had many casualties – but his catalogue of 135 stars, probably developed with the help of Keyser's colleague Frederick de Houtman, was delivered to Plancius when the remaining ships returned. These stars appear as 12 new southern constellations, on a 35-cm celestial globe designed by Plancius in late 1597 (or early 1598) and produced in collaboration with the Amsterdam cartographer Jodocus Hondius the Elder. The 12 new constellations (mostly referring to animals and subjects described in natural history books and travellers' journals of his day) are Apis the Bee (later changed to Musca by Lacaille), Apus the Bird of Paradise, Chamaeleon, Dorado the Goldfish (or Swordfish), Grus the Crane, Hydrus the Small Water Snake, Indus the Indian, Pavo the Peacock, Phoenix, Triangulum Australe the Southern Triangle, Tucana the Toucan, and Volans the Flying Fish. (The Southern Triangle and Southern Cross were reported as asterisms by earlier navigators and appear on earlier charts, but the globe of 1598 is the first surviving source that plots their locations reasonably accurately.) Also notable is the inclusion of Achernar as Alpha Eridani.

These constellations, together with the constellation Columba illustrated by Plancius on his large wall map of the world of 1592, were then incorporated in 1603 by Johann Bayer in his sky atlas, the Uranometria.

In 1612 (or 1613) Plancius introduced the following eight constellations on a 26.5-cm celestial globe published in Amsterdam by Pieter van der Keere: Apes the Bee, Camelopardalis the Giraffe (often interpreted as a Camel), Cancer Minor the Small Crab, Euphrates Fluvius et Tigris Fluvius the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris, Gallus the Cock, Jordanis Fluvius the River Jordan, Monoceros the Unicorn and Sagitta Australis the Southern Arrow. Of the latter constellations, only Camelopardalis and Monoceros are still found on modern star charts, and recognized by the IAU.