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Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
File:Abdel Fattah El-Sisi.jpg
6th President of Egypt
Incumbent
Assumed office 8 June 2014
Prime Minister	Ibrahim Mahlab Sherif Ismail Moustafa Madbouly
Preceded by	Adly Mansour (Interim)
Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt
In office 16 July 2013 – 26 March 2014
Prime Minister	Hazem al-Beblawi Ibrahim Mahlab
Chairperson of the African Union
Incumbent
Assumed office 10 February 2019
Preceded by	Paul Kagame
Minister of Defence
In office 12 August 2012 – 26 March 2014
Prime Minister	Hesham Qandil Hazem al-Beblawi Ibrahim Mahlab
Preceded by	Mohamed Hussein Tantawi
Succeeded by	Sedki Sobhy
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces
In office 12 August 2012 – 26 March 2014
Preceded by	Mohamed Hussein Tantawi
Succeeded by	Sedki Sobhy
Director of Military Intelligence
In office 3 January 2010 – 12 August 2012
Preceded by	Murad Muwafi
Succeeded by	Mahmoud Hegazy
Personal details
Born	Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi (1954-11-19) 19 November 1954 (age 70) Cairo, Cairo Governorate, Egypt
Political party	Independent
Spouse	Entissar Amer ​(m. 1977)​
Children	4
Alma mater	Egyptian Military Academy
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	Egypt
Branch/service	Egyptian Army
Years of service	1977–2014
Rank	File:Egypt Army Field Marshal Rotated.svg Field marshal
Unit	Infantry
Battles/wars	Gulf War Sinai insurgency

Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil El-Sisi (Template:Lang-ar ʿAbdel-Fattāḥ Saʿīd Ḥesēn Khalīl es-Sīsi Egyptian Arabic: [ʕæbdel.fætˈtæːħ sæˈʕiːd ħeˈseːn xæˈliːl ɪsˈsiːsi]; born 19 November 1954) is an Egyptian politician who is the sixth and current President of Egypt, former Director of Military Intelligence, former Minister of Defence, and former General. Starting 10 February 2019, Sisi also began serving a one-year term as Chairperson of the African Union.

Sisi was born in Cairo and after joining the military, held a post in Saudi Arabia before enrolling in the Egyptian Army's Command and Staff College. In 1992, Sisi trained at the Joint Services Command and Staff College at Watchfield, Oxfordshire, in the United Kingdom, and then in 2006 trained at the United States Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Sisi served as a mechanized infantry commander and then as director of military intelligence. After the Egyptian revolution of 2011 and election of Mohamed Morsi to the Egyptian presidency, Sisi was appointed Minister of Defence by Morsi on 12 August 2012, replacing the Mubarak-era Hussein Tantawi.

As Minister of Defence, and ultimately Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Sisi was involved in the military coup that removed Morsi from office on July 3, 2013, in response to June 2013 Egyptian protests, called a revolution by its proponents. He dissolved the Egyptian Constitution of 2012 and proposed, along with leading opposition and religious figures, a new political road map, which included the voting for a new constitution, and new parliamentary and presidential elections. Morsi was replaced by an interim president, Adly Mansour, who appointed a new cabinet. The interim government cracked down on the Muslim Brotherhood and its Islamist supporters in the months that followed, and later on certain liberal opponents of the post-Morsi administration. On 14 August 2013, police carried out the August 2013 Rabaa massacre, killing hundreds of civilians and wounding thousands, leading to international criticism.

On 26 March 2014, in response to calls from supporters to run for presidency, Sisi retired from his military career, announcing that he would run as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election. The election, held between 26 and 28 May, featured one sole opponent, Hamdeen Sabahi, saw 47% participation by eligible voters, and resulted in Sisi winning in a landslide victory with more than 97% of the vote. Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014. Sisi's government has given the Egyptian military unchecked power, and some media reports have labeled him a dictator and a strongman, comparing him to Egypt's former dictators.

In the 2018 presidential election, Sisi faced only nominal opposition (a pro-regime supporter, Moussa Mostafa Moussa) after the military arrest of Sami Anan and his enforced disappearance afterwards, threats made to Ahmed Shafik with old corruption charges and an alleged sex tape, and the withdrawal of Khaled Ali and Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat due to the overwhelming obstacles and violations made by the elections committee.

Early life and military education

Sisi was born in Old Cairo on 19 November 1954, to parents Said Hussein Khalili al-Sisi and Soad Mohamed. He grew up in Gamaleya, near al-Azhar Mosque, in a quarter where Muslims, Jews and Christians resided and in which he later recalled how, during his childhood, he heard church bells and watched Jews flock to the synagogue unhindered. Sisi would later enroll in the Egyptian Military Academy, and upon graduating he held various command positions in the Egyptian Armed Forces and served as Egypt's military attaché in Riyadh. In 1987 he attended the Egyptian Command and Staff College. In 1992 he continued his military career by enrolling in the British Command and Staff College, and in 2006 enrolled in the United States Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Sisi was the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, serving as the director of military intelligence and reconnaissance department. He was later chosen to replace Mohamed Hussein Tantawi and serve as the commander-in-chief and Minister of Defence and Military Production on 12 August 2012.

Sisi's family originated from Monufia Governorate. He is the second of eight siblings (his father later had six additional children with a second wife). His father, a conservative but not radical Muslim, had a wooden antiques shop for tourists in the historic bazaar of Khan el-Khalili.

He and his siblings studied at the nearby library at al-Azhar University. Unlike his brothers – one of whom is a senior judge, another a civil servant – el-Sisi went to a local army-run secondary school, where concurrently his relationship with his maternal cousin Entissar Amer started to develop. They were married upon Sisi's graduation from the Egyptian Military Academy in 1977. He attended the following courses:

• General Command and Staff Course, Egyptian Command and Staff College, 1987;
• General Command and Staff Course, Joint Command and Staff College, United Kingdom, 1992;
• War Course, Fellowship of the Higher War College, Nasser Military Academy, Egypt, 2003;
• War Course, United States Army War College, United States, 2006;
• Egyptian Armed Forces military attaché in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
• Basic Infantry Course, US

Military career, 1977–2014

El-Sisi received his commission as a military officer in 1977 serving in the mechanised infantry, specialising in anti-tank warfare and mortar warfare. He became Commander of the Northern Military Region-Alexandria in 2008 and then Director of Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance. El-Sisi was the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of Egypt. While a member of the Supreme Council, he made controversial statements regarding allegations that Egyptian soldiers had subjected detained female demonstrators to forced virginity tests. He is reported to have told Egypt's state-owned newspaper that "the virginity-test procedure was done to protect the girls from rape as well as to protect the soldiers and officers from rape accusations." He was the first member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to admit that the invasive tests had been carried out.

Main command positions

• Commander, 509th Mechanized Infantry Battalion
• Chief of Staff, 134th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
• Commander, 16th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
• Chief of Staff, 2nd Mechanized Infantry Division
• Chief of Staff, Northern Military Zone
• Deputy Director, Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance Department
• Director, Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance Department

Also reported is commander of the 23rd Mechanized Division, Third Field Army.

Minister of Defense

On 12 August 2012, Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi made a decision to replace the Mubarak-era Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, with then little-known el-Sisi. He also promoted him to the rank of colonel general. Sisi was then described by the official website of FJP as a "Defense minister with revolutionary taste". El-Sisi also took the post of Minister of Defense and Military Production in the Qandil Cabinet.

After el-Sisi was appointed as minister of defence on 12 August 2012, there were concerns in Egypt regarding rumours that General el-Sisi was the hand of the Muslim Brotherhood in the army, though el-Sisi has always declared that the Egyptian army stands on the side of the Egyptian people. On 28 April 2013, during celebrations for Sinai Liberation Day, el-Sisi said that "the hand that harms any Egyptian must be cut". This statement was taken by Morsi opponents as a clarification that the Army is in support of them. However, the statement was interpreted by Morsi supporters as a warning to Morsi opponents that el-Sisi would not allow an overthrow of the government. He remained in office under the new government formed after the deposition of Morsi, and led by Hazem al-Beblawi. He was also appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt. On 27 January 2014, he was promoted to the rank of field marshal.

Civil uprising, coup d'état and transition

Mass demonstrations occurred on 30 June 2013 as tens of millions of Egyptians took to the streets to denounce Mohamed Morsi. Clashes took place around Egypt. Soon afterwards, the Egyptian Army issued a 48-hour ultimatum which aired on television that gave the country's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the anti-Morsi demonstrators. The Egyptian military also threatened to intervene if the dispute was not resolved by then.

On 3 July 2013, the Egyptian Armed Forces declared that as the political parties had failed to meet the deadline and Morsi had failed to build a national consensus for his leadership, the army had to overthrow Morsi in a coup d'état. The army then installed Adly Mansour as the interim head of state in his place until a new president could be elected, and ordered the arrest of many members of the Muslim Brotherhood on charges of "inciting violence and disturbing general security and peace." El-Sisi announced on television that the president had "failed to meet the demands of the Egyptian people" and declared that the constitution would be temporarily suspended, which was met by acceptance from anti-Morsi demonstrations and condemnation from pro-Morsi supporters in Rabaa al-Adawiya.

On 24 July 2013, during a speech at a military parade, el-Sisi called for mass demonstrations to grant the Egyptian military and police a "mandate" to crack down on terrorism. While supporters interpreted this to mean that el-Sisi felt the need of the people to prove to the world that it was not a coup but the popular will, the statement was seen by opponents as contradicting the military's pledges to hand over power to civilians after removing Morsi and as indicating an imminent crackdown against Islamists.

The reactions to el-Sisi's announcement ranged from open support from the Egyptian presidency and the Tamarod movement to rejection, not only by the Muslim Brotherhood, but also by the Salafi Nour Party, the Islamist Strong Egypt Party, the liberal April 6 Youth Movement and some Egyptian human rights groups.

During the August 2013 Cairo sit-ins dispersal, the Egyptian military under el-Sisi's command was involved in assisting the national police in dispersing two sit-ins held by Muslim Brotherhood/Morsi supporters from sit-ins in Rabaa el-Adaweya and Nahda squares. This action resulted in rapidly escalating violence that eventually led to deaths of 638 people, of whom 595 were peaceful protestors with at least 3,994 injured (according to the Ministry of Health) in addition to several violent incidents in various cities including Minya and Kerdasa. Writing for British newspaper The Independent in August 2013, Robert Fisk described then-General el-Sisi as being at a loss, but that a massacre - as Fisk called the sit-in dispersal - would go down in history as an infamy. Writing for the American magazine Time, Lee Smith concluded that "Egypt's new leader is unfit to rule", referring not to the actual head of government at the time, interim president Adly Mansour, but to Sisi. In a file published by the State Information Services, the government explained the raids by stating that "police went on to use force dispersing the sit-in on 14 August 2013 with the least possible damage, causing hundreds of civilians and police to fall as victims, while Muslim Brotherhood supporters imposed a blockade for 46 days against the people in al-Nahda and Rabaa al-Adawiya squares under the name of sit-in where tens of protesters took to the street daily hindered the lives of the Egyptians, causing unrest and the death or injury of many victims as well as damage to public and private properties".

On 3 August 2013, el-Sisi gave his first interview since the overthrow of President Mohamed Morsi. Speaking to The Washington Post, he criticised the US response and accused the Obama administration of disregarding the Egyptian popular will and of providing insufficient support amid threats of a civil war, saying, "You left the Egyptians. You turned your back on the Egyptians, and they won't forget that.".

On the 6 October war anniversary in 2013, el-Sisi announced that the army was committed to the popular mandate of 26 July 2013: "We are committed, in front of God, to the Egyptian and Arab people that we will protect Egypt, the Egyptians and their free will."

During the anniversary celebration that year, General el-Sisi invited the Emirati, Iraqi, Bahraini, Moroccan and Jordanian defence ministers to celebrate with him. During his speech he said in a warning way that the Egyptian people "will never forget who stood with them or against them". El-Sisi described 6 October as "a day to celebrate for all Arabs", hoping for the "unification of Arabs". He also thanked "Egypt's Arab brothers, who stood by its side." El-Sisi commented on the relationship between the Egyptian army and Egyptian people, saying that it is hard to break. El-Sisi said: "We would die before you would feel pain". He also compared the Egyptian army to the Pyramid, saying that "it cannot be broken".

Civil liberties

After Sisi had ousted president Morsi and disbanded the Shura Council, in September 2013 interim president Adly Mansour temporarily decreed that ministers could award contracts without a request for tender. In the next month, the government awarded building contracts worth approximately one billion dollars to the Egyptian Army. In April 2014, the interim government's Investment Law banned appeals against government contracts.

Also in September 2013, the interim government removed pre-trial detention limits for certain crimes, allowing unconvicted political dissidents to remain in detention indefinitely. In November 2013, el-Sisi's government banned protests in an attempt to combat the growing pro-Brotherhood unrest; the police arrested thousands of Egyptians using the new law.

On 24 March 2014, an Egyptian court sentenced 529 members of the Muslim Brotherhood to death, following an attack on a police station in 2013, an act described by Amnesty International as "the largest single batch of simultaneous death sentences we've seen in recent years anywhere in the world". The BBC reported that by May 2016, approximately 40,000 people, mostly Brotherhood members or loyalists, had been imprisoned since Morsi's overthrow.

Cult of personality

The anti-Morsi demonstrators on the streets welcomed el-Sisi's announcement of the overthrow of Morsi with celebrations and carried posters of el-Sisi, chanting "The Army and the People are one hand" and supporting General el-Sisi. On social networks, thousands of Egyptians changed their profile pictures to pictures of el-Sisi, while others started campaigns requesting that El-Sisi be promoted to the rank of field marshal, while others hoped he would be nominated in the next presidential elections.

Cupcakes, chocolate and necklaces bearing the "CC" initials were created, restaurants in Egypt named sandwiches after him, blogs shared his pictures, and columns, op-eds, television shows and interviews discussed the "new idol of the Nile valley" in the Egyptian mainstream media. On 6 December 2013, el-Sisi was named "Time Person of the Year" in Time magazine's annual reader poll. The accompanying article noted "Sisi's success reflected the genuine popularity of a man who led what was essentially a military coup in July against the democratically elected government of then President Mohammed Morsi."

The "Kamel Gemilak" (Finish Your Favor) and "El-Sisi for President" campaigns were started to gather signatures to press el-Sisi, who had said he had no desire to govern, to run for presidency. Many politicians and parties including Egyptians and non-Egyptians had announced their support for el-Sisi in the event of his running for president, including the National Salvation Front, Tamarod, Amr Moussa, a previous candidate for the presidency, Abdel-Hakim Abdel-Nasser son of late President Gamal Abdel Nasser, unsuccessful presidential candidate Ahmed Shafik, Prime Minister Hazem Al Beblawi, Naguib Sawiris, the Free Egyptians Party, the Revolutionary Forces Bloc, and the Russian president Vladimir Putin. However, Hamdeen Sabahi ran against him in the presidential race. Subsequently, Sabahi issued criticisms of Sisi and his candidacy by expressing doubt about Sisi's commitment to democracy, arguing that the general bears a measure of direct and indirect responsibility for the human rights violations carried out during the period of the interim government. He also denounced what he deemed to be the transitional government's hostility toward the goals of the revolution.

Kamel Gemilak states to have collected 26 million signatures asking Sisi to run for president. On 21 January 2014, Kamel Gemilak organised a mass conference call in Cairo International Stadium to call on el-Sisi to run for president. On 6 February 2014, the Kuwaiti newspaper al-Seyassah claimed that el-Sisi would run for president, saying that he had to meet the wishes of the Egyptian people for him to run. El-Sisi confirmed on 26 March 2014 that he would run for president in the presidential election. Shortly after his announcement, popular hashtags were started for and against el-Sisi's presidential bid. The presidential election, which took place between 26 and 28 May 2014, saw el-Sisi win 96 percent of votes counted; it was held without the participation of the controversial Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom & Justice Party, which had won every prior post-Mubarak electoral contest.

Personal life

Unlike Hosni Mubarak, el-Sisi has been protective of the privacy of his family. He is married to his cousin, Entissar Amer, and is the father of three sons and one daughter. One of his sons is married to the daughter of former Egyptian army chief Mahmoud Hegazy. He comes from a religious family and frequently quotes Quranic verses during informal conversations; El-Sisi's wife wears the Islamic hijab, though usually a casual kind that covers the hair but not the neck. El-Sisi is known to be quiet and is often called the Quiet General. Even as a young man he was often called "General Sisi" due to his perceived orderly demeanor.

According to Sherifa Zuhur, a professor at the War College, when el-Sisi attended, many American officers expressed doubts that Muslims could be democratic. El-Sisi disputed this opinion; he and others were critical of decisions made in Iraq and Libya. Zuhur also had the impression that el-Sisi supported a gradual move towards pluralism. While at the War College, Sisi sometimes led Friday prayers at the local mosque.

Sisi described himself as "a doctor whose diagnoses are sought after by top philosophers and prominent world leaders."

Recognition

Military

• 30 June 2013 Revolution Medal
• 25 January 2011 Revolution Medal
• Silver Jubilee of Liberation of Sinai Medal (2007)
• Golden Jubilee of 23 July 1952 Revolution (2002)
• Silver Jubilee of October War 1973 Medal (1998)
• Longevity and Exemplary Service Medal
• October War 1973 Medal (1973)
• Kuwait Liberation Medal
• Kuwait Liberation Medal (Egypt)
• Liberation of Sinai Decoration (1982)
• Distinguished Service Decoration
• Military Duty Decoration, Second Class
• Military Duty Decoration, First Class
• Military Courage Decoration
• Republic's Military Decoration
• Training Decoration
• Army Day Decoration

Civil

• Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud
• Order of Mubarak the Great
• Order of Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa of Bahrain
• Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry
• Medal of Arab tourism
• Honorary PhD from National University of Public Service

Publications

Written by Sisi when he was a Brigadier General:

• "Democracy in the Middle East" (Archive). U.S. Army War College (USAWC) Strategy Research Project. Advised by Colonel Stephen J. Gerras. - Obtained through the U.S. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) by Judicial Watch

See also

• Abd Al-Halim Abu-Ghazala
• Gamal Abdel Nasser
• Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)

References

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Further reading

• Hessler, Peter (2 January 2017). "The shadow general : President Sisi has unwittingly revealed more about the way Egypt now works than anyone could have imagined". Letter from Cairo. The New Yorker. 92 (43): 44–55. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |1= and |authormask= (help) Online version is titled "Egypt's Failed Revolution".

External links

• Egyptian State Information Service CV
• Egyptian Armed Forces Commander-in-chief CV
• El-Sisi is the new commander-in-chief of the Egyptian armed forces
• Sisi's first televised interview on YouTube Template:Ar icon
• On the future First Lady

v t e Presidents of Egypt (list)
	Mohamed Naguib Gamal Abdel Nasser Anwar Sadat Sufi Abu Taleb Hosni Mubarak Muhammad Tantawi Mohamed Morsi Adly Mansour Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Italic: acting or interim president

v t e Commanders of the Egyptian Armed Forces since the Egyptian Revolution of 1952
Ministers of defense & commanders-in-chief	Mohamed Naguib (1952–53) Abdel Latif Boghdadi (1953–54) Abdel Hakim Amer (1954) Hussein el-Shafei (1954) Abdel Hakim Amer (1954–62) Abdel Wahab el-Beshry (1962–66) Shams Badran (1966–67) Abdel Wahab el-Beshry (1967) Amin Howeidi (1967–68) Mohamed Fawzi (1968–71) Mohammed Ahmed Sadek (1971–72) Ahmad Ismail Ali (1972–74) Mohamed Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy (1974–78) Kamal Hassan Ali (1978–80) Ahmed Badawi (1980–81) Abd Al-Halim Abu-Ghazala (1981–89) Youssef Sabri Abu Taleb (1989–91) Muhammad Hussein Tantawy (1991–2012) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (2012–14) Sedki Sobhy (2014–18) Mohamed Ahmed Zaki (2018–24) Abdel Mageed Saqr (2024–present)
Chiefs of staff of the Armed Forces	Mohamed Ibrahim Selim (1952–59) Abdel Hakim Amer (1959–64) Mohamed Fawzi (1964–67) Abdul Munim Riad (1967–69) Ahmad Ismail Ali (1969) Mohammed Ahmed Sadek (1969–71) Saad el-Shazly (1971–73) Mohamed Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy (1973–74) Mohammed Aly Fahmy (1974–78) Ahmed Badawi (1978–80) Abd Al-Halim Abu-Ghazala (1980–81) Abd Rab el-Nabi (1981–83) Ibrahim El-Orabi (1983–87) Safi al-Din Abu Shnaaf (1987–91) Salah Halabi (1991–95) Magdy Hatata (1995–2001) Hamdy Wahiba (2001–05) Sami Hafez Anan (2005–12) Sedki Sobhy (2012–14) Mahmoud Hegazy (2014–17) Mohammed Farid Hegazy (2017–21) Osama Askar (2021–24) Ahmed Fathy Khalifa (2024–present)
Italics indicate interim officeholder

v t e Leaders of Arab League member states
Algeria Abdelmadjid Tebboune Nadir Larbaoui  Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Salman  Comoros Azali Assoumani  Djibouti Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed  Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Moustafa Madbouly  Iraq Abdul Latif Rashid Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani  Jordan Abdullah II Jafar Hassan  Kuwait Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah  Lebanon Najib Mikati*  Libya Mohamed al-Menfi Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh  Mauritania Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mokhtar Ould Djay  Morocco Mohammed VI Aziz Akhannouch  Oman Haitham bin Tariq  Palestine Mahmoud Abbas Mohammad Shtayyeh  Qatar Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani  Saudi Arabia Salman Mohammed bin Salman  Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Hamza Abdi Barre  Sudan Transitional Sovereignty Council* Osman Hussein*  Syria Mohammed al-Bashir  Tunisia Kais Saied Kamel Madouri  United Arab Emirates Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum  Yemen Rashad al-Alimi* Ahmad Awad bin Mubarak

• 1954 births
• 2013 Egyptian coup d'état
• African Union chairpersons
• Beblawi Cabinet
• Chiefs of staff
• Defence Ministers of Egypt
• Egyptian military personnel
• Egyptian Muslims
• Field marshals of Egypt
• Living people
• Members of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
• Critics of Islamism
• Order of Abdulaziz al Saud
• Order of Mubarak the Great
• People from Cairo
• Presidents of Egypt
• Qandil Cabinet
• Leaders who took power by coup