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{{vine memes https://en.wikipedia.org/Video |
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{{Redirect|Broadcast|other uses|Broadcast (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} |
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{{More footnotes|date=November 2010}} |
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]]] |
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'''Broadcasting''' is the ] of ] or video content to a dispersed ] via any electronic ], but typically one using the ] (]s), in a ] model.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peters|first1=John Durham|title=Speaking into the Air|date=1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-66276-3}}</ref><ref name="uchicago.edu">{{cite book|url=http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo3656803.html|title=Speaking into the Air|website=Press.uchicago.edu|accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref> Broadcasting began with ], which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of ] ]s and ]. Before this, all forms of electronic communication (early ], ], and ]) were ], with the message intended for a single recipient. The term ''broadcasting'' evolved from its use as the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Douglas|first1=Susan J.|title=Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899–1922|date=1987|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-3832-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/inventingamerica00doug}}</ref> It was later adopted for describing the widespread distribution of information by printed materials<ref>, 1877, p. 74: "in the case of the estimates sent broadcast by the Department of Agriculture, in its latest annual report, the extent has been sadly underestimated".</ref> or by telegraph.<ref>, ''Saint Louis Medical and Surgical Journal'', December 1886, p. 334: "operations formerly described in the city press alone, are now sent broadcast through the country by multiple telegraph".</ref> Examples applying it to "one-to-many" radio transmissions of an individual station to multiple listeners appeared as early as 1898.<ref>, ''The Electrician'' (London), October 14, 1898, p. 815: "there are rare cases where, as Dr. Lodge once expressed it, it might be advantageous to 'shout' the message, spreading it broadcast to receivers in all directions".</ref> |
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] is usually associated with ] and ], though in recent years, both radio and television transmissions have begun to be distributed by cable (]). The receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset; the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology and equipment (e.g., a radio or television set) can receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes both government-managed services such as ], ] and ], and private ] and ]. The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, title 47, part 97 defines "broadcasting" as "transmissions intended for reception by the general public, either direct or relayed".<ref>Electronic Code of Federal Regulation. (2017, September 28`). Retrieved October 02, 2017</ref> Private or two-way ]s transmissions do not qualify under this definition. For example, ] ("ham") and ] (CB) radio operators are not allowed to broadcast. As defined, "transmitting" and "broadcasting" are not the same. |
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Transmission of radio and television programs from a radio or television station to home receivers by ]s is referred to as "over the air" (OTA) or ] broadcasting and in most countries requires a ]. Transmissions using a wire or cable, like ] (which also retransmits OTA stations with their ]), are also considered broadcasts but do not necessarily require a license (though in some countries, a license is required). In the 2000s, transmissions of television and radio programs via ] digital technology have increasingly been referred to as broadcasting as well. |
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==History== |
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{{Main|History of broadcasting}} |
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<!-- Please maintain section synchronized with main article; see ] for guidelines. --> |
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The earliest broadcasting consisted of sending telegraph signals over the airwaves, using ], a system developed in the 1830s by Samuel ], ] ] and ]. They developed an ] system which sent pulses of ] along wires which controlled an ] that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph system. A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses, and the silence between them. Morse therefore developed the forerunner to modern ]. This was particularly important for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication, but it became increasingly important for business and general news reporting, and as an arena for personal communication by radio amateurs (Douglas, op. cit.). Audio broadcasting began experimentally in the first decade of the 20th century. By the early 1920s radio broadcasting became a household medium, at first on the ] and later on ] Television broadcasting started experimentally in the 1920s and became widespread after World War II, using ] and ] spectrum. ] was initiated in the 1960s and moved into general industry usage in the 1970s, with DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellites) emerging in the 1980s. |
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Originally all broadcasting was composed of ]s using ] techniques but in the 2000s, broadcasters have ] to ] using ]. In general usage, broadcasting most frequently refers to the transmission of information and entertainment programming from various sources to the general public. |
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* ] vs. ] |
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* ] vs. ] |
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* ] |
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The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way broadcast networks more than quadrupled during the two decades from 1986 to 2007, from 432 ] of (optimally compressed) information, to 1.9 ].<ref name="HilbertLopez2011">, Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), ], 332(6025), 60–65; free access to the article through here: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html</ref> This is the information equivalent of 55 newspapers per person per day in 1986, and 175 newspapers per person per day by 2007.<ref name="Hilbertvideo2011">{{cite web |url=http://ideas.economist.com/video/giant-sifting-sound-0 |title=video animation on The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010 |publisher=Ideas.economist.com |accessdate=26 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118072720/http://ideas.economist.com/video/giant-sifting-sound-0 |archivedate=18 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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==Methods== |
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Historically, there have been several methods used for broadcasting ] audio and video to the general public: |
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* ] broadcasting (1881–1932): the earliest form of electronic broadcasting (not counting data services offered by stock ] from 1867, if ] are excluded from the definition). Telephone broadcasting began with the advent of ] ("Theatre Phone") systems, which were telephone-based distribution systems allowing subscribers to listen to live ] and ] performances over telephone lines, created by French inventor ] in 1881. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include ] services for news and entertainment ] which were introduced in the 1890s, primarily located in large ]an cities. These telephone-based ] were the first examples of electrical/electronic broadcasting and offered a wide variety of programming.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} |
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* ] (experimentally from 1906, commercially from 1920); ] signals sent through the air as ] from a ], picked up by an ] and sent to a ]. ] can be linked in ]s to broadcast common ]s, either in ], ] or ]s. |
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* ] broadcasting (telecast), experimentally from 1925, ] from the 1930s: an extension of radio to include ] signals. |
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* ] (also called "cable FM", from 1928) and ] (from 1932): both via ], originally serving principally as transmission media for programming produced at either radio or ]s, but later expanding into a broad universe of cable-originated ]. |
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* ] (DBS) (from c. 1974) and ] (from c. 1990): meant for direct-to-home broadcast programming (as opposed to studio network uplinks and downlinks), provides a mix of traditional radio or television broadcast programming, or both, with dedicated satellite radio programming. (See also: ]) |
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* ] of video/television (from c. 1993) and audio/radio (from c. 1994) streams: offers a mix of traditional radio and television station broadcast programming with dedicated ] and ]. |
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==Economic models== |
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There are several means of providing financial support for continuous broadcasting: |
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* ]: for-profit, usually privately owned stations, channels, networks, or services providing programming to the public, supported by the sale of air time to advertisers for ] or ]s during or in breaks between programs, often in combination with cable or ] subscription fees. |
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* ]: usually ], publicly owned stations or networks supported by license fees, government funds, grants from foundations, corporate ], audience memberships, contributions or a combination of these. |
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* Community broadcasting: a form of ] in which a ], or a ], is owned, operated or ], by a community group to provide programs of local interest known as ]. Community stations are most commonly operated by ]s or ]; however, in some cases they may be operated by a local ] or ], a ] or a municipal government. |
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Broadcasters may rely on a combination of these ]s. For example, in the United States, ] (NPR) and the ] (PBS, television) supplement public membership subscriptions and grants with funding from the ] (CPB), which is allocated bi-annually by Congress. US public broadcasting corporate and charitable grants are generally given in consideration of ]s which differ from commercial advertisements in that they are governed by specific ] restrictions, which prohibit the advocacy of a product or a "call to action". |
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==Recorded and live forms== |
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{{anchor|Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts}} |
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] ] in ], August 2008.]] |
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] |
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The first regular television broadcasts started in 1937. Broadcasts can be classified as "recorded" or "live". The former allows correcting errors, and removing superfluous or undesired material, rearranging it, applying ] and repetitions, and other techniques to enhance the program. However, some live events like ] can include some of the aspects including slow-motion clips of important goals/hits, etc., in between the ] telecast. American radio-network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s requiring radio programs played for the Eastern and Central ]s to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific time zone (See: ]). This restriction was dropped for special occasions, as in the case of the German ] airship '']'' disaster at ], in 1937. During ], prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondents were allowed on U.S. radio. In addition, American radio programs were recorded for playback by ] ]s around the world. |
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A disadvantage of recording first is that the public may know the outcome of an event from another source, which may be a "]". In addition, prerecording prevents ] ]s from deviating from an officially approved ], as occurred with ] broadcasts from Germany in the 1940s and with ] in the 1980s. Many events are advertised as being live, although they are often "recorded live" (sometimes called "]-to-]"). This is particularly true of performances of musical artists on radio when they visit for an in-studio ] performance. Similar situations have occurred in ] ("'']'' is recorded in front of a ] studio ]") and ]. |
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A broadcast may be distributed through several physical means. If coming directly from the ] at a single station or ], it is simply sent through the ] to the ] and hence from the ] located on the ] out to the world. Programming may also come through a ], played either live or recorded for later transmission. Networks of stations may ] the same programming at the same time, originally via ] link, now usually by satellite. Distribution to stations or networks may also be through physical media, such as ], ] (CD), ], and sometimes other formats. Usually these are included in another broadcast, such as when ] (ENG) returns a story to the station for inclusion on a ]me. |
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The final leg of broadcast distribution is how the signal gets to the listener or viewer. It may come over the air as with a ] or ] to an ] and ], or may come through ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diwaxx.ru/|title=Информационно – развлекательный портал – DIWAXX.RU – мобильная связь, безопасность ПК и сетей, компьютеры и программы, общение, железо, секреты Windows, web-дизайн, раскрутка и оптимизация сайта, партнерские программы|website=Diwaxx.ru|accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref> or ] (or "]") via the station or directly from a network. The ] may also bring either ] or ] television to the recipient, especially with ]ing allowing the signal and ] to be shared. The term "]" is often used to distinguish networks that broadcast an over-the-air television signals that can be received using a ] inside a ] with a ] from so-called networks that are broadcast only via ] (]) or ] that uses a ]. The term "]" can refer to the ]s of such networks. |
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==Social impact== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2010}} |
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] ] studio, ], ]]] |
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The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a ]. As with all technological endeavors, a number of technical terms and ] have developed. A list of these terms can be found at ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST+GLOSSARY.htm|website=Qsl.net|accessdate=11 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116173416/http://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ] and ] programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or ], often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having a ] with ] equipment in ]s, the latter also enables ]-based channels, ] and ] services. In his essay, ] wrote that ] is a tool used for dissemination. Durham stated, "] is a lens—sometimes a usefully distorting one—that helps us tackle basic issues such as interaction, presence, and space and time...on the agenda of any future ] in general" (Durham, 211).<ref name="uchicago.edu"/> Dissemination focuses on the message being relayed from one main source to one large ] without the exchange of ] in between. It is possible for the message to be ] once the main source releases it. There is no way to predetermine how the larger population or audience will absorb the message. They can choose to listen, analyze, or simply ignore it. Dissemination in communication is widely used in the world of broadcasting. |
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Broadcasting focuses on getting a message out and it is up to the general public to do what they wish with it. Durham also states that broadcasting is used to address an open-ended destination (Durham, 212). There are many forms of broadcasting, but they all aim to distribute a signal that will reach the target ]. Broadcasters typically arrange audiences into entire assemblies (Durham, 213). In terms of media broadcasting, a ] can gather a large number of followers who tune in every day to specifically listen to that specific ]. The disc jockey follows the script for his or her radio show and just talks into the ].<ref name="uchicago.edu"/> He or she does not expect immediate feedback from any listeners. The message is broadcast across airwaves throughout the community, but there the listeners cannot always respond immediately, especially since many radio shows are recorded prior to the actual air time. |
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==See also== |
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{{columns-list|colwidth=30em| |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] – contains the standards of the topic |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] (EBU) |
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* ] |
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* ] (NBMA) |
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* ], United States |
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* ] (SBE) |
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}} |
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== Notes and references == |
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== Notes and references == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Reflist}}https://en.wikipedia.org/Video |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/Videohttps://en.wikipedia.org/Videohttps://en.wikipedia.org/Videohttps://en.wikipedia.org/Videohttps://en.wikipedia.org/Videohttps://en.wikipedia.org/Videohttps://en.wikipedia.org/Videohttps://en.wikipedia.org/Videohttps://en.wikipedia.org/Videohttps://en.wikipedia.org/Videohttps://en.wikipedia.org/Video |
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==Bibliography== |
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==Bibliography== |
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