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| {{Macedonia intro}} | |||
| The definition of '''Macedonia''' is a major source of confusion due to the overlapping use of the term to describe geographical, political and historical areas, languages and peoples. Ethnic groups inhabiting the area use ] for the same entity, or the same terminology for different entities, which is often confusing to other inhabitants of the region and foreigners alike. | |||
| ], the region has presented markedly shifting borders across the ] peninsula. ], no single definition of its borders or the names of its subdivisions is accepted by all scholars and ethnic groups. ], it is mainly inhabited by four ethnic groups, three of which self-identify as ''Macedonians'': One ] group does so at a national level, while another, ], as well as a ] one do so at a regional level. ], the names and origins of the languages and dialects spoken in the region are a source of controversy. ], the use of the name ''Macedonia'' has led to a ] between ] and the ]. Despite intervention from the ], the dispute is still pending full resolution. | |||
| Regardless of the borderless, historic nature of the region, Macedonia can be safely considered as lying in the heart of the Balkan peninsula. Therefore, the reason for this ], ] and confusion can be summarised in ]'s words: ''"The Balkan region has a tendency to produce more history than it can consume."''<ref name=ciaonet>{{cite web| url= http://wwics.si.edu/ees/special/2003/nlinde.pdf| title= Enlarging the Euro-Atlantic Space: Special Issues for Southeast Europe| author= Linden, Ronald H| accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ] | format= pdf |pages =120}}</ref> | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| :''Main article: ]'' | |||
| There are three theories for the etymology of the name '''Macedonia'''. According to ancient ], '''Macedon''' was the name of the first ''phylarch'' (tribal chief) of the tribe that initially settled western, southern and central Macedonia and founded the kingdom of ]. Αccording to ], the ''Makednoí'' were a tribe of the ].<ref name=herod>{{cite web| url=http://perseus.uchicago.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0004:entry=macedonians | title= Perseus encyclopedia | work= ], ] 1.56, 8.43 | language= Ancient Greek & English translation | accessyear=2006 | accessmonthday = August, 3}}</ref> The name probably derives from the adjective '''{{Polytonic|μακεδνός}}''' ''makednós'', meaning "tall", which ] uses of a poplar tree,<ref></ref> and which the grammarian ] records as a ] word meaning "large" or "heavenly"<ref>], ''s.v.''</ref> It has been commonly suggested that both the Macedonians (''Makedónes'') and their ''Makednoí'' tribal ancestors were regarded as tall people.<ref>{{cite book| first= N. G. L. |last=Hammond |title= Classical Review, New Ser., Vol. 12, No. 3 | year= Dec., 1962| pages=pp. 270-271}}</ref> A third hypothesis suggests that the name ''Makedónes'' may mean "highlanders", from an unattested ancient ] ] '''*{{Polytonic|μακι-κεδόνες}}''' ''*maki-kedónes'' "of the high earth".<ref name= borza>{{cite book|title= Athenians, Macedonians, and the Origins of the Macedonian Royal House | first =Eugene N.| last=Borza | url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1064-1173%281982%2919%3C7%3AAMATOO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J&size=LARGE| publisher=Hesperia Supplements, Vol. 19, Studies in Attic Epigraphy, History and Topography. Presented to Eugene Vanderpool| year=1982| pages= 7-13 | doi=10.2307/1353964 }}</ref> According to the ], the names ''Macedonia'' and ''Macedonians'' derive from the Greek word ''Macednon'' which means ''high'' — a reference to the group's mountainous homeland. | |||
| ==In history== | |||
| {{Historical Macedonia}} | |||
| The ] has been home to several historical political entities; the main ones are given below. The borders of each of these entities were different. The area occupied by ancient ] approximately coincided with ].<ref>{{cite book| first=Robin | last= Lane Fox| title= Alessandro Magno| location=Turin | publisher= Einaudi |year= 2004|pages= pp. 17-21}}</ref> | |||
| ===In early history=== | |||
| :''Main article: ]'' | |||
| The ancient ], ''Macedon'' had more or less definite borders, although the question of whether the upland areas, like ], were part of the kingdom or independent states tended to be fought out under most of the Macedonian kings. Under ], Macedonia expanded markedly, growing to include ], and northward to the Danube; he personally controlled much of Greece. Under Alexander, it expanded within decades to an ], occupying most of the known world; one part of it then became the Hellenistic kingdom of Macedonia. After the ], they established a province of Macedonia, which had various borders in different centuries. The Roman provincial system stopped working at the fall of the Roman Empire, and when the Byzantines set up a ] of Macedonia, it was much further to the East, excluding even ], to say nothing of ]. The ] did not use Macedonia as the name of an administrative unit. | |||
| Historical political entities which have used the name ''Macedonia'' were: | |||
| * ] (as an ancient ]) existed in the northern-most part of ], bordering the kingdom of ] on the west and the region of ] to the east. The first Macedonian state emerged in the ] or early 7th century BCE. Its notable ruler ] conquered all of the known world until his early death in 323 BCE. The kingdom lasted until the Romans divided it into four republics in 168 BCE.<ref>Rostovtseff, ''History of the Ancient World'', ii, 78</ref> | |||
| *The Romans had two different entities called ''Macedonia'', at different levels: | |||
| ** ] was formed into a ] in 146 BC. Its boundaries were shifted from time to time for Roman administrative convenience, but it usually extended west to the Adriatic. ] divided it into ''Macedonia prima'' and ''Macedonia salutaris''. | |||
| **The provinces were only part of the Roman ], organized some time around 300; authorities differ, but it certainly existed under ]. In addition to the two Macedonian provinces, it included ], ], ], ], and ]. Both the diocese and the provinces ceased to function as administrative units when the late Roman Empire lost control of the Balkans around 600 or 700. | |||
| * ], during the ] period, was a new ] organised by ], out of the ], stretching of ] and the ] valley east along the ] (ancient Macedonia was the ]). ] replaced this with a ], which included much of his Bulgarian conquests.<ref>Warren Treadgold, ''A History of the Byzantine State and society'' (1997), pp. 421, 478, ''et passim''</ref> | |||
| *The Ottomans held Macedonia for five centuries; they did not keep Macedonia as an ]. The region of European Turkey lying between ] and ] continued to be called Macedonia, however. In 1904, when most of it was placed under international administration, it contained the districts of ], ], ], ], ], and ]. In 1912-3, this was divided among the Balkan states.<ref> {{cite book| first=Colin | last= Imber| title= The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The structure of Power| location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK | publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |year= 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Halil|last= Inalcik| title=The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300-1600 |coauthors= Translation by Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imber | location= London | publisher= Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year= 1973}}</ref><ref> {{cite book|first=Donald Edgar| last=Pitcher| title= An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire | location=Leiden, Netherlands | publisher= E.J.Brill | year=1972}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Miller|first= William|title= The Ottoman empire and its successors|location = Cambridge |publisher = The University Press|year = 1936}} pp. 9, 447-9</ref> | |||
| ===In modern history=== | |||
| {{main|History of modern Macedonia}} | |||
| Since the early stages of the ], the provisional government of Greece claimed Macedonia as part of Greek national territory, but the ], which established a Greek independent state, set its northern boundary between ] and ].<ref> {{cite book| first=John | last= Comstock| title= History of the Greek Revolution complied from official documents of the Greek Government... and other authentic sources| location= New York |year= 1829}} p.5</ref> | |||
| When the ] started breaking apart, ''Macedonia'' was claimed by all members of the ] (], ], ] and ]), and by ]. The armies of the Balkan League advanced and occupied ''Macedonia'' in the ] in 1912. Because of disagreements between the allies about the partition of the region, the ] erupted, and in its aftermath the arbitrary region of ''Macedonia'' was split into definite borders. The political entities that existed or still exist in this region, under the name ''Macedonia'' are: | |||
| *] (as a region of Greece) refers to a region of three ] in ], incorporated in 1913, as a result of the ], between the ] and the ].<ref name=poulton>{{cite book | first=Hugh | last=Poulton | year=2000 | title=Who Are the Macedonians? | publisher=Indiana University Press | id=ISBN 0-253-21359-2 | pages=85-86 | chapter=Greece |url=http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&id=8_zeaeTOz6YC&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=85&prev=http://books.google.com/books%3Fq%3D%2522Who%2Bare%2Bthe%2BMacedonians%2522%2BPoulton&sig=NobKDU7Unvc2AqCZLCn0vSM5VIo }}</ref> | |||
| *] (as a ] within ]) used to refer to the ] established in 1946, later known as the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, one of the constituent republics of the ], renamed in 1963 .<ref name=LOC> {{loc}} {{cite web| url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/yutoc.html | title= The Library of Congress, Country Studies | work=Yugoslavia | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ] }}</ref> | |||
| **] (as a contemporary ]) refers<sup><span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{ Ref label|offensive3|3|a }} to the conventional short form name of the ], which held a referendum and established its independence from ] on ], ].<ref name= mkconst>{{cite web| url=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/mk00000_.html | title=International Constitutional Law | work= Macedonia — Constitution |accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=] |language= English translation}}</ref> | |||
| ==In geography== | |||
| ] (as a current geographical term) refers to a region of the ] in ], covering some 60,000 or 70,000 square kilometers. Although the region's borders are not officially defined by any international organization or state, in some contexts, the territory appears to correspond to the basins of (from west to east) the ] (''Aliákmonas''), ] and ] rivers, and the plains around ] and ]. | |||
| ] as seen by Bianconi, 1885. Most other maps of that period have similar borders, differing slightly from each other; a few maps restrict the region to its southern part. .]] | |||
| In a ], the region presents markedly shifting borders across the Balkan peninsula, since borders were loosely defined according to the administrative requirements of its conquerors. Under the Ottoman conquest, which lasted five centuries, ''Macedonia'' was not an administrative division of the ].<ref name= mccarthy1> ] (2001) ''The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire'', Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-340-70657-0</ref> H.R. Wilkinson, the geographer, suggests that the region "defies definition", but that many mappers agree "on its general location".<ref name= wilkinson>{{cite book | last = Wilkinson| first =H. R.| title = Maps and Politics; a review of the ethnographic cartography of Macedonia| url = http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/244268?tab=holdings| year = 1951| publisher = Liverpool University Press| location = Liverpool | id= {{LCC|DR701.M3|W5}} | pages =''(a)'' p.1, ''(b)'' pp. 2-4,99, 121ff, ''(c)'' p.120, ''(d)'' pp.4,99, 137 ''(e)'' pp. 2,4}}</ref> Macedonia was well enough defined in 1897 for ] propose "Macedonia for the Macedonians", implying all the inhabitants of the region, irrespectively of their ethnicity.<ref name=oxford1>Oxford English Dictionary Unabridged — Draft Revision (Mar. 2005) — "Macedonian"</ref> The Balkan nations began to proclaim their rights to it after the ] in 1878, and its subsequent revision. | |||
| Many ] maps were produced in this period of controversy; these differ primarily in the areas given to each nationality within Macedonia. This was in part a result of the choice of definition: an inhabitant of Macedonia might well have different nationalities depending on whether the basis of classification was ], ], ], ] or personal choice. In addition, the Ottoman census, taken on the basis of ], was misquoted by all sides; descent, or "]", was largely conjectural; inhabitants of Macedonia might speak a different language at the market and at home, and the same Slavic dialect might be called Serbian "with Bulgarian influences", Macedonian, or West-Bulgarian. | |||
| These maps would also differ somewhat in the boundaries given to Macedonia. Its only inarguable limits were the ] and the Serbian and Bulgarian frontiers (as of 1885); where it bordered on Old Serbia, Albania, and Thrace (all parts of Ottoman ]) was debatable.<ref name= wilkinson /> | |||
| The Greek ethnographer Nicolaides, the Austrian Meinhard, and the Bulgarian Kǎnčev accepted the ]s and the ]; as had scholars before 1878.<ref name= wilkinson /> The Serb Gopčevič preferred a line much further south, assigning the entire region from ] to ] to "Old Serbia"; and some later Greek geographers have agreed to a more restricted Macedonia.<ref name= wilkinson /> In addition, maps might vary in smaller details: as to whether this town or that was Macedonian. One Italian map included ], where Nicolaides and Meinhard had drawn the boundary just south of it. On the south and west, ], ], and ] varied from map to map; on the east, the usual line is the lower ] river and then north or northwest, but one German geographer takes the line so far west as to exclude ] and ].<ref name = wilkinson /> | |||
| Extremist ] ]s of the "]" movement have expressed ] claims to what they refer to as ''"]"'' (in ]),<ref name="Times">Greek Macedonia "not a problem", ''The Times'' (London), ], ]</ref><ref name="Patrides">Patrides, Greek Magazine of Toronto, September — October, 1988, p. 3.</ref><ref name="Currency">{{cite news| first=Marlise |last=Simons |title=As Republic Flexes, Greeks Tense Up |date=] ] |publisher=New York Times | url=http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F10611FC3B580C708CDDAB0894DA494D81 }} </ref> ''"]"'' (in ]),<ref name="Bulgaria">{{cite web | last = Lenkova | first = M. | coauthors = Dimitras, P., Papanikolatos, N., Law, C. (eds) | title =Greek Helsinki Monitor: Macedonians of Bulgaria | work = Minorities in Southeast Europe | publisher =Greek Helsinki Monitor, Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe — Southeast Europe | date = 1999 | url = http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/pdf/cedime-se-bulgaria-macedonians.PDF | format = pdf | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref> ''"]"'' (in ]),<ref name="Albania">{{cite web| url= http://www.florina.org/html/2003/2003_osce_albania.html | title=Rainbow — Vinozhito political party | work=The Macedonian minority in Albania | accessmonthday = ]| accessyear= ]}}</ref> and ''"] and ]"'' (in ]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makedonija.info/info.html|title=Makedonija — General Information|accessmonthday = ]|accessyear=]}}</ref> ], ], ] and ] form the overwhelming majority of the population of each part of the region respectively. These fringe groups have received no official encouragement from the government of the ], especially since 1995 when a constitutional amendment was added stating that there were no territorial claims on neighbouring countries. However, schoolbooks and official government publications in the Republic have shown the country as part of an unliberated whole.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://uranus.ee.auth.gr/new/eng/macedonia.old/kofos | title= The vision of "Greater Macedonia" | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://uranus.ee.auth.gr/new/eng/macedonia.old/kofos/fig16.html | title= The vision of "Greater Macedonia" | work=Specific examples (I)| accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://uranus.ee.auth.gr/new/eng/macedonia.old/kofos/fig11.html | title= The vision of "Greater Macedonia" | work=Specific examples (II)| accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=]}}</ref><ref>''The Macedonian Times'', semi-governmental monthly periodical, Issue number 23, July-August 1996:14, Leading article: Bishop Tsarknjas</ref><ref>''Facts About the Republic of Macedonia'' - annual booklets since 1992, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Secretariat of Information, Second edition, 1997, ISBN 9989-42-044-0. p.14. ] ].</ref><ref>, '''', Skopje, ] ]</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.macedonianembassy.org.uk/history.html | title= Official site of the Embassy of the Republic of Macedonia in London | work= An outline of Macedonian history from Ancient times to 1991 | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=] }}</ref> | |||
| {{Geographical Macedonia}} | |||
| The ] is commonly divided into three major and two minor sub-regions.<ref name=danforth>Danforth, L. M. (1997) ''The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World'', Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-04356-6, p.44</ref> The name ''Macedonia'' appears under certain contexts on the major regions, while the smaller ones are traditionally referred to by other local ]: | |||
| ===Major sub-regions=== | |||
| The region of Macedonia is commonly split geographically into three main sub-regions, especially when discussing the ]. The terms are used in non-partisan scholarly works, although they are also used in ] literature of an ] nature:<ref name= mymk>{{cite web |url=http://www.mymacedonia.net/aegean/aegean.htm | title=myMacedonia.net | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=]}}</ref> | |||
| * '']''<sup><span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{Ref label|offensive1|1|a}} (or ]) is a term that refers to an area in the south of the Macedonia region. The borders of the area are, overall, those of ancient ] in ]. It covers an area of 34,200 km²<ref name= brit-gr>{{cite web| url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9049698 |title= Encyclopædia Britannica | year= 2006 | work=Macedonia |accessmonthday = ] |accessyear=]}}</ref> (for discussion of the reported irredentist origin of this term, see ]). | |||
| * '']''<sup><span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{ref label|Pirin|2|a}} (or ]) is an area in the east of the Macedonia region. The borders of the area approximately coincide with those of ] in ].<ref name=danforth /> It covers an area of 6,449 km².<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.bl.government.bg/bl/index.html| title= Official site: District of Blagoevgrad | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref> | |||
| * '']'' (formerly ]) is an area in the north of the Macedonia region. The borders of the area are those of the ].<ref name= danforth /> It covers an area of 25,333 km².<ref name= cia-mk>{{cite web| url=https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/mk.html|title= CIA — The World Factbook|work= Macedonia|accessmonthday = ]|accessyear=]}}</ref> | |||
| ===Minor parts=== | |||
| In addition to the above named sub-regions, there are also two smaller regions, in ] and ] respectively. These regions are also considered geographically part of Macedonia. They are referred to by ] as follows,<ref name= mymk /> but typically aren't referred to by non-partisan scholars. | |||
| ] is a small area in the west of the Macedonia region in ], mainly around the ]. It includes parts of the ], ] and ] districts. These districts in whole occupy about 3,000 km², but the area concerned is significantly smaller. | |||
| ] and ] are minor parts in the north of the Macedonia region in ]. They roughly correspond to the Serbian district of ] (435 km²) and the monastery of ]. | |||
| ==In demographics== | |||
| {{main|Demographic history of Macedonia}} | |||
| The region, as defined above, has a total population of about 5 million. The main disambiguation issue in demographics is the self-identifying name of two contemporary groups. The ] population of the ] self-identify as ''Macedonian'' on a national level, while the ] self-identify as both ''Macedonian'' on a regional, and ''Greek'' on a national level. This disambiguation problem has led to a wide variety of terms used to refer to the separate groups, more information of which can be found in the ] section. | |||
| {| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 345px; font-size: 95%; float: right;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" | |||
| | height=35px; colspan="2" border="0" style="color:#fff; background:#669; font-size:larger; font-weight: bold;" align="center" | <big>Demographic Macedonia</big> | |||
| |- | |||
| | ''']''' || <small>All inhabitants of the region, irrespective of ethnicity</small> | |||
| |- | |||
| | ]<sup><span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{ Ref label|offensive3|3|b }} || <small>A contemporary ethnic group, also referred to as ''Slavomacedonians'' or ''Macedonian Slavs''<ref>{{cite web| title=MSN Encarta | work=Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555941/Macedonia_Former_Yugoslav_Republic_of.html#p6| accessmonthday = ]|accessyear=]}}</ref><sup>, <span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{ Ref label|offensive4|5|a}}</small> | |||
| |- | |||
| | Macedonians<sup><span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{ Ref label|offensive3|3|c }} || <small>Citizens of the ] irrespective of ethnicity</small> | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || <small>A ] regional group, also referred to as ''Greek Macedonians'' or ''Aegean Macedonians''<sup><span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{Ref label|offensive1|1|c}}</small> | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || <small>A group of antiquity</small> | |||
| |- | |||
| | Macedonians || <small>A ] regional group,<ref name=bcb>{{cite web| url=http://www.diversitybulgaria.org/en/materials.php?sub=36| title=British Council — Bulgaria | work= Macedonians of Bulgaria | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=]}}</ref> also referred to as '']ers''.</small> | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || <small>An alternative name for ]</small> | |||
| |} | |||
| The self-identifying ]s (collectively referring to the inhabitants of the region) that inhabit or inhabited the area are: | |||
| As an ], ] refers<sup><span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{ Ref label|offensive3|3|d }} to the majority of the population of the ]. Statistics for 2002 indicate the population of ethnic Macedonians within Republic of Macedonia as 1,297,981.<ref name= cia-mk /><ref name= census-mk>{{cite web| url=http://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/kniga_13.pdf | title= State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia| work= 2002 census| language=English | format=pdf | pages=34 |accessmonthday = ]| accessyear=]}}</ref> On the other hand, as a ], it refers to all the ]s of the Republic of Macedonia, irrespective of their ethnic or religious affiliation.<ref name= cia-mk /><!-- see 'Nationality' heading --> However, the preamble of the constitution<ref name= mkconst /> distinguishes between ''"the Macedonian people"'' and the ''"Albanians, Turks, Vlachs, Romanics and other nationalities living in the Republic of Macedonia"'', but for whom ''"full equality as citizens"'' is provided. As of 2002 the total population of the country is 2,022,547.<ref name= census-mk /> | |||
| As a regional group in ], ] refers to ethnic ] living in regions referred to as Macedonia, and particularly ]. This group composes the vast majority of the population of the Greek region of Macedonia. The 2001 census for the total population of the Macedonia region in Greece shows 2,625,681.<ref census-gr> {{el icon}} {{cite web| url= http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1101_SAP_01_TB_DC_01_02_Y.zip | title= General Secretariat of National Statistical Service of Greece | work= 2001 census | format = zip xls | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref> | |||
| The same term in antiquity described the ],<ref name=oxford1 /> including their notable rulers ] and ] who self-identified as Greeks.<ref name=pomeroy1>Pomeroy, S., Burstein, S., Dolan, W., Roberts, J. (1998) ''Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History'', Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-509742-4</ref> | |||
| As a regional group in ], ''Macedonians'' refers to the inhabitants of ], who in their vast majority self-identify as ] at a national level and as ''Macedonians'' at a regional, but not ethnic level.<ref name=bcb /> As of 2001, the total population of ] is 341,245, while the ] living in the same region are 3,117.<ref census-bg> {{bg icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm | title=National Statistical Institute (of Bulgaria) | work= 2001 census | accessmonthday = August, 3 | accessyear= 2006 }}</ref> The ''Bulgarian Macedonians'' also self-identify as '']ers'' (пиринци, ''pirintsi'')<ref>{{bg icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.digsys.com/bgnews/show_story.html?issue=90964855&media=3945184&class=8474908&story=90964856 | title=Български новини | work=Поне един ден веселие и безгрижие | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=]}}</ref> to avoid confusion with the neighboring ethnic group. | |||
| ] can be used as an alternative name for Aromanians, people living throughout the southern ], especially in northern ], ], the ] and ], and as an emigrant community in ], ]. According to ], their total population in all countries is 306,237.<ref name= Macedo-Romanians>{{cite web| url= http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rup | title= Ethnologue | work= Report for Macedo-Romanian language | accessyear=2006 | accessmonthday = August, 3 }}</ref> This not very frequent appellation is the only one with the disambiguating ], both within the members of the same ethnic group and the other ethnic groups in the area.<ref name= oxford4>Oxford English Dictionary Unabridged — Draft Revision (Mar. 2005) — "Macedo-"</ref> | |||
| The ethnic ] living in the region of Macedonia, as defined above, are mainly concentrated in the ] (especially in the northwestern part that borders ] and ]), and less in the Albanian ] of Macedonia around the ]. As of 2002, the total population of Albanians within the republic is 509,083 or 25.2% of the country's total population.<ref name= census-mk /> | |||
| It should be noted that the ancient ] derived their name from their founder, Bishop ], not from the geographical region of Macedonia. | |||
| <div style="clear: both"></div> | |||
| ==In linguistics== | |||
| As language is one of the elements tied in with ], the same disputes that are voiced over demographics are also found in linguistics. In terms of the word Macedonian to describe a linguistic phenomenon, be it a ] or a ], there are two main disputes: | |||
| {| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 345px; font-size: 95%; float: right;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" | |||
| | height=35px; colspan="2" border="0" style="color:#fff; background:#669; font-size:larger; font-weight: bold;" align="center" | <big>Linguistic Macedonia</big> | |||
| |- | |||
| | ]<sup><span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{ Ref label|offensive3|3|e }} || <small>A contemporary ], also referred to as ''Slavomacedonian'' or ''Macedonian Slavic''<ref>{{cite book| url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ppbuavUZKEwC&vid=ISBN1850655340&dq=&pg=PR9&lpg=PR9&sig=pQh0ojlZmc7RraIH3hHiYmxCvX4&q | title=Who Are the Macedonians?| first=Hugh |last=Poulton | pages= p. ix | publisher= C.Hurst & Co. Ltd. | location= United Kingdom | year=1995, 2000 | id=ISBN 1-856-5534-0 {{Please check ISBN|1-856-5534-0 (too short)}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Ethnologue | url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mkd |work= Report for Macedonian language| accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/get-familyid.cfm?CFTREEITEMKEY=IELBA | title= The Linguist List | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=]}}</ref><sup>, <span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{ Ref label|offensive4|5|b}}</small> | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || <small>A dialect of ], typically simply referred to as ''Greek''</small> | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || <small>A language or dialect of antiquity</small> | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || <small>Another name for the ]</small> | |||
| |} | |||
| On the first hand, the origins of the ] are currently debated. It is as yet undetermined whether the language / dialect was a ] related to ]<ref>{{cite book | last = Masson | first = Olivier | editor = S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth (eds.) | title = ] | origyear = 1996 | edition = revised 3rd ed. | year = 2003 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = USA | id =ISBN 0-19-860641-9 | pages = 905-906}}</ref><ref>] (1989), ''The Macedonian State. Origins, Institutions and History'', Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-814927-1, pp 12-13 </ref> | |||
| and/or ]<ref> ] (1843), ''De Graecae linguae dialectis'', Göttingen, 1839-1843 ; Hoffmann, O. ''Die Makedonen. Ihre Sprache und ihr Volkstum'', Göttingen, 1906</ref> dialects among others, a sibling language of ] forming a ''Greaco-Macedonian'' or ''Hellenic'' supergroup, or an independent ] language close to Greek, ] and ] languages.<ref>] and Adams, D.Q. (eds.) (1997), ''Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture'', Taylor & Francis Inc., ISBN 1-884964-98-2, p.361</ref> The scientific community generally agrees that, although few findings are available (e.g. ] lexicon, ])<ref> Dubois L. (1995) ''Une talbet de malédiction de Pella: s'ahit-il du premier texte macédonien?,'' REG 108:190-197</ref> there is no decisive evidence for supporting either hypothesis.<ref> Brixhe C., Panayotou A. (1994) ''Le Macédonien in: Langues indo-européennes,'' ed. Bader, Paris, pp 205–220 </ref> | |||
| On the other hand, the (south Slavic) ]<sup><span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{ Ref label|offensive3|3|f }} is unrelated to the ]. It currently suffers from two main disputes. The first dispute is over the name (alternative ways of referring to this language can be found in the ] section). The second dispute is over the existence of a Macedonian language distinct from ], the denial of which is a position supported by nationalist groups,<ref name=lunt1986>Lunt, H. (1986) "On Macedonian Nationality" in ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 45, No. 4. pp. 729-734</ref> but also, less vehemently, by ordinary Bulgarians. Further information on this can be found in the ] article. | |||
| Today, ] is also dialect of ] a language of the ]. Additionally, ] is an ] spoken in ] by the ].<ref name= oxford4 /> | |||
| ==In politics== | |||
| The controversies in geographic, linguistic and demographic terms, are also manifested in international politics. Among the autonomous countries that were formed as a result of the ]n split in the 1990s, was the (until then) subnational entity of ], by the official name of ], the others being ], ], ], ] and ]. The peaceful break-away of that nation, resulted in a necessary change for its name, to signify disassociation from federal Yugoslavia. | |||
| {{Political Macedonia}} | |||
| ]<sup><span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{ Ref label|offensive3|3|g }} is the constitutional name<ref name= mkconst /> of the ] which occupies the northern part of the geographical region of ''Macedonia''. ''The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia'' (FYROM) is a term used to refer to this state by the main international organisations, including ],<ref name=un>{{cite web| url=http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r225.htm | title=United Nations | work=Admission of the State whose application is contained in document A/47/876-S/25147 to membership in the United Nations | accessmonthday = ]| accessyear=]}}</ref> | |||
| ],<ref name= eu>{{cite web | url= http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/the_former_yugoslav_republic_of_macedonia/index_en.htm | title= European Union | work= European Commission, Enlargement, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | accessmonthday = September, 5 |accessyear=2006}}</ref> | |||
| ],<ref name=NATO>{{cite web | url= http://www.nato.int/issues/enlargement/index.html | title=NATO |work=Enlargement |accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref> | |||
| ],<ref name=IMF>{{cite web | url= http://www.imf.org/external/country/MKD/index.htm| title= International Monetary Fund |work=former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the IMF |accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref> | |||
| ],<ref name=WTO>{{cite web| url=http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/macedonia_e.htm | title= World Trade Organization | work=Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and the WTO |accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=]}}</ref> | |||
| ],<ref name=IOC>{{cite web | title=International Olympic Committee |work=Olympic Committee of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | url= http://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/noc/noc_uk.asp?noc_initials=MKD|accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref> | |||
| ],<ref name=WB>{{cite web | title=World Bank | work= Countries & Regions | url= http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/0,,pagePK:180619~theSitePK:136917,00.html|accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref> | |||
| ],<ref name=EBRD>{{cite web| title=European Bank for Reconstruction and Development | work=ebrd and fyr macedonia | url= http://www.ebrd.com/country/country/mace/index.htm EBRD |accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref> | |||
| ],<ref name=OSCE>{{cite web | title=The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe |work=Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia admitted to OSCE | url= http://www.osce.org/item/16032.html|accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref> | |||
| ],<ref name=fifa>{{cite web |url= http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/confederations/associationdetails/0,1483,MKD,00.html?countrycode=MKD| title=FIFA Organisation | work= FYR Macedonia |accessmonthday = ]| accessyear=]}}</ref> | |||
| and ].<ref name=fiba>{{cite web |url= http://www.fibaeurope.com/Default.asp?nfID=2604| title=FIBA Organisation | work= FYR Macedonia |accessmonthday = ]| accessyear=]}}</ref> | |||
| The term was introduced in 1993 by the ], following a ]. Some countries use this term as a stop-gap measure, pending resolution of the naming dispute. | |||
| Greece and the Republic of Macedonia each consider this name a compromise:<ref name="Accord">, United Nations, ] ].</ref> it is opposed by some Greeks for containing the Greek self-identifying name ''Macedonia'', and by many in the Republic of Macedonia for not being the short self-identifying name.<ref>{{cite web|last = Gatzoulis | first = B.| coauthors = Templar, M., A.| title = MACEDONIA? What's in a Name — A Rose by Any Other Name, Is It Still A Rose? | publisher = Pan-Macedonian Association USA, Inc | date = 2000 | url = http://www.panmacedonian.info/namenew.htm |accessmonthday = ] |accessyear=]}}</ref> Greece uses it in both the abbreviated (''FYROM'' or ''ΠΓΔΜ'')<sup><span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{ref|offensive2}} and spellout form (''πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας''). | |||
| ] refers also to a geographic region in ], divided in the three administrative sub-regions ('']'') of ], ], and ]. The region is overseen by the ]. The capital of Greek Macedonia is ], which is the largest city in the region of Macedonia. Thessaloniki is also the ''joint capital city'' (''"συμπρωτεύουσα"''-symprotévousa)<ref name=symprot>{{el icon}}{{cite web| url=http://www.thessalonikicity.gr/Ypiresies/Grafeio_Dimarxou/omilies/omilia-21-1-2005.htm | work=Speech by Thessaloniki Mayor Vassilis Papageorgopoulos in the protocol signing ceremony for sisterhood with ], ] | title= Official site of the Municipality of Thessaloniki | accessyear=] | accessmonthday = ]}}</ref> of Greece, the capital being ]. | |||
| ==Names in the languages of the region== | |||
| ; Macedonia | |||
| :{| | |||
| |]: || ''Maqedonia'' || || ]: || ''Македонија'' (Makedonija) | |||
| |- | |||
| |]: || ''Մակեդոնիա'' (Makedonia)|| || ]: || ''Makedoniya' | |||
| |- | |||
| |]: || ''Machidunia''|| || ]: || ''Македония'' (Makedonija) | |||
| |- | |||
| |]: || ''Македония'' (Makedonija)|| || ]: || ''Македонија, Makedonija'' | |||
| |- | |||
| |]: || ''Μακεδονία'' (Makedhonia)|| || ]: || ''Makedonya'' | |||
| |- | |||
| |]: || ''Makedonia, מקדוניה'' | |||
| |} | |||
| {{clear}} | |||
| ==Terminology by group== | |||
| All these controversies have led ethnic groups in Macedonia to use terms in conflicting ways. Despite the fact that these terms may not always be used in a ] way, they may be perceived as such by the receiving ethnic group. Both ] and ], generally use all terms deriving from ''Macedonia'' to describe their own ethnic or regional group, and have devised several other terms to disambiguate the other side, or the region in general. | |||
| A proportion of ] and ethnic Macedonians have extremist views about their inter-relatedness. On the one hand, extremist ethnic Macedonians<ref name=EthMacNat> {{cite web| url= http://macedonia.cjb.net/ | title= Macedonian Info | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=]}}</ref> | |||
| seek to deny the possibility of any national, linguistic and historical relatedness to the Bulgarians. On the other hand, extremist Bulgarians seek to downplay this distinctiveness,<ref name=BulgNat1> {{cite web| url=http://www.macedoniainfo.com/ | title= Macedonian Scientific Institute | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref> | |||
| and are often supported by extremist Greeks.<ref name= LAOS>{{el icon}} {{cite web| url= http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=59 | title= Ελληνικές Γραμμές ("Hellenic Lines") | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref> | |||
| Bulgarians and ethnic Macedonians seek to deny the self-identification of the ] in northern Greece,<ref name = BulgNat2> {{cite web | url=http://www.geocities.com/bulgarmak/ | title = Bulgarian Human Rights in Macedonia | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear = ]}}</ref> | |||
| which mostly self-identifies as Greek. Extremists on all sides have been known to fabricate and reproduce falsified information, along with denying genuine information and propagating unscientific and ].<ref name= pseudo>{{cite web | last = Arnaiz-Villena | first = A. | coauthors = Dimitroski K., Pacho A. ''et al'' | title = HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks | work = (theory considered to "lack scientific merit", see below) | publisher = Blackwell Publishing, Inc. | date = 2001 | url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057002118.x | doi = 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057002118.x |accessmonthday = ] | accessyear =] }}</ref><ref name= pseudoYES> {{cite journal | last= ] | first = Luca, L. | coauthors = Piazza A., ] | title =Comment on the above theory: Dropped genetics paper lacked scientific merit | journal = Nature | issue = 415 | pages = 115 | publisher = Nature Publishing Group | date = ] ] | url = http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v415/n6868/full/415115b_r.html | doi = 10.1038/415115b | accessdate = 2006-07-23}}</ref><ref name= pseudoINDEED> {{cite web |last = McKie | first = Robin | url= http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,605798,00.html. | title= Article regarding above theory | work= Journal axes gene research on Jews and Palestinians | publisher = The Observer International | date = ] ] | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=] }}</ref> | |||
| Certain terms are in use by these groups as outlined below. Any denial of self-identification by any side, or any attribution to Macedonia related terms by third parties to the other side, can be seen as highly offensive. General usage of these terms follows: | |||
| <div class="references-small"> | |||
| {{MultiCol}} | |||
| ===Bulgarian=== | |||
| <span style="border:1px solid #000">]</span> | |||
| * ''<u>Garkomani</u>'' (Гъркомани) is a derogatory term used to refer to the largest portion of the Slavic-speaking minority of ] in ] who self-identify as Greeks.<ref name= Garkomani>{{bg icon}} {{cite web| url=http://vmro.150m.com/ag/ag_2_5.html |last= Giza | first= Antony | title= The Balkan Countries and the Macedonian Question | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref> | |||
| * ''<u>Macedonian</u>'' and the ] are considered ]s of ] by Bulgarian linguists, not independent languages or dialects of other languages (e.g. Serbian). This is also the popular view in ]. The Bulgarian government, however, has officially recognized the language as the constitutional language of the Republic of Macedonia.<ref name= BulLang> {{cite press release | title = Article: Bulgaria recognises Macedonian language | publisher = AIMpress Sofia — Skopje | date = ] ]| url = http://www.aimpress.ch/dyn/trae/archive/data/199902/90222-005-trae-sof.htm | accessdate = 2006-07-25}}</ref> | |||
| * ''<u>Macedonism</u>'' (Македонизъм) is a term referring to the political ideology or simply views that the Slavs of Macedonia are an ethnic group separate from Bulgarians, with their own separate language, history and culture. It is also used to describe what Bulgarians view as the falsification of their history whether by Macedonian or foreign scholars who subscribe to the Macedonist point of view. It carries strong negative connotations.<ref name=macedonism>{{bg icon}} {{cite book | last = Dimitrov | first = Bozhidar | authorlink = Bozhidar Dimitrov | year = 2003 | title = The Ten Lies of Macedonism | publisher = Blaže Koneski | location = Strumica, Republic of Macedonia | id = ISBN 954-07-1807-4 | url = http://www.macedoniainfo.com/10_Lies_Macedonism2.htm | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear = ]}}</ref> (see ]). | |||
| * ''<u>Macedonistics</u>'' (Македонистика) is a term, generally synonymous with disciplines such as study of the origins of the Macedonian language and history of the Macedonian people conducted in the Republic of Macedonia and in former ]. It is generally considered in Bulgaria to be a kind of ]. | |||
| * ''<u>Macedonist</u>'' (Македонист) is a term for a person (typically ethnic Macedonian) who believes that Macedonian Slavs are not ethnic Bulgarians but a separate ethnic group, directly descended from the ancient Macedonians. It is a more negatively charged synonym of "Macedonian nationalist". More rarely it is used for someone associated with the study of the origins of the Macedonian language and history of the Macedonian people (not necessarily from the Republic of Macedonia or Yugoslavia), whose studies support the official historical doctrine of the Republic of Macedonia or former Yugoslavia.<ref name=macedonism /> | |||
| * ''<u>Old Bulgarian</u>'' (Старобългарски) is the name ] give to the ] used in the ] among others. In contrast, ] is rarely referred by ] as ''Old Macedonian'', but is referred as ''Old Slavic''.<ref name= OldChurchSlav>{{bg icon}} {{cite web| url=http://synpress.bglink.net/11-2002/zograf.htm | last = Todorov | first = Georgi| title= Article: The construction of "Zograf" by Stefan the Great | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref> | |||
| {{ColBreak}} | |||
| ===Greek=== | |||
| <span style="border:1px solid #000">]</span> | |||
| * ''<u>Macedonia</u>'' (Μακεδονία) can refer to the ] or ] in ] depending on the context — usually the first being disambiguated.<ref name= Meizon> {{cite book | year=1997 | title=Μείζον Ελληνικό Λεξικό ("Mízon Hellinikó Lexikó") | author=Tegopoulos, Fytrakis | pages=674, 1389 | publisher=Ekdoseis Armonia A.E. | id=ISBN 960-7598-04-0}}</ref> | |||
| * ''<u>Macedonian</u>'' (Μακεδόνας) refers to an ethnically Greek ].<ref name= Meizon /> | |||
| * ''<u>Ancient Macedonian</u>'' (Αρχαίος Μακεδόνας) refers to an ].<ref name= Meizon /> | |||
| * ''<u>Macedonian Slav</u>'', ''<u>Slavic Macedonian</u>'' or ''<u>Slavomacedonian</u>''<sup><span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{ Ref label|offensive4|5|c }} (Σλαβομακεδόνας) refers to a member of the ]. | |||
| * ''<u>Macedonian Slavic</u>'', ''<u>Slavic Macedonian</u>'' or ''<u>Slavomacedonian</u>''<sup><span style="color:#00f">N-</span></sup>{{ Ref label|offensive4|5|d }} (Σλαβομακεδονικά) refers to the ].<ref>{{cite web |title= Greek Helsinki Monitor & Minority Rights Group-Greece (MRG-G) | work = EBLUL and EUROLANG drop references to "Slavo-Macedonia Language" in favor of " Macedonian Language" following criticism by Macedonian diaspora and Minority rights NGOs | date = ] ] | url = http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/organizations/ghm/ghm_13_03_02.rtf | format = rtf |accessmonthday = ] | accessyear = ]}}</ref> | |||
| * ''<u>Republic of Skopje</u>'' (Δημοκρατία των Σκοπίων) refers to the ].<ref>{{cite web | last = Nystazopoulou — Pelekidou | first = M. | coauthors = ''translated by:'' Kyzirakos I.| title = The republic of Skopje and the northest geographical boundaries of Macedonia | work = The "Macedonian Question": A Historical Review | publisher = Ionian University, ISBN 960-7260-01-5 | date = 1992 | url = http://www.hri.org/docs/macque/map2.html | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=] | language=English}}</ref> | |||
| * ''<u>State of Skopje</u>'' (Κράτος των Σκοπίων) refers to the ].<ref>{{cite web | last = ''His Beatitude the Archbishop of Athens and All Greece'' | first = ] | title = The Archbishop on the problem of the naming of the FYROM | work = Letters | publisher = ''Ecclesia'': the official site of the ] | date = ] ]| url = http://www.ecclesia.gr/english/archbishop/letters/fyrom.html |accessmonthday = ] | accessyear = ] | language=English}}</ref> | |||
| * ''<u>Skopje</u>'', or ''<u>Skopia</u>'' (Σκόπια) refers to either the ] or its capital city of ].<ref name=Skopje>{{el icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=1932|title= Ελληνικές Γραμμες ("Hellenic Lines") |accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}} </ref> | |||
| * ''<u>Skopjan</u>'', or ''<u>Skopian</u>'' (Σκοπιανός) refers to a member of the ] living in the Republic or outside it, not in Greece.<ref name= Skopje /> | |||
| * ''<u>Skopianika</u>'' (Σκοπιανικά) refers to the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geonames.de/langmkd.html|title=Macedonian in different languages|accessmonthday = ]|accessyear=]|language=English}}</ref> | |||
| * ''<u>Slavophone</u>'' (Σλαβόφωνος) refers to a member of the Slavic speaking ], which mainly consists of ],<ref name=slavomacedonian> {{cite web| url= http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/pdf/macedonians_old.pdf | last = Greek Helsinki Monitor | first = MRG-G | title =The Macedonians | date = 1993 - 1996 | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=] | format=pdf}}</ref> but also ] and ]. | |||
| * ''<u>Bulgaroskopian</u>'' (Βουλγαροσκοπιανός) is a derogatory term used to refer to ].<ref name = LAOS /> | |||
| * ''<u>Pseudomacedonian</u>'' (Ψευδομακεδόνας) is a term used to refer to ], and asserts their nationhood is contrived.<ref>{{el icon}} {{cite web| title=antibaro.gr | url=http://www.antibaro.gr/national/xolebas_slabomakedones.htm |work=η επιστροφή των «Σλαβομακεδόνων» (the return of the «Slavomacedonians»)| accessmonthday = ]|accessyear=]}}</ref> | |||
| {{ColBreak}} | |||
| ===Ethnic Macedonian=== | |||
| <span style="border:1px solid #000">]</span> | |||
| * ''<u>Macedonia</u>'' (Македонија) can interchangeably refer to either the ] or the ].<ref name= ethnmkBrit>{{mk icon}} {{cite book| title= ЕНЦИКЛОПЕДИЈА Британика (Encyclopedia Britannica) |chapter=Maкедонија (Macedonia)| publisher=Топер| location=Скопје |year=2005}}</ref> | |||
| * ''<u>Macedonians</u>'' (Македонци) generally refers to the Macedonian ethnic group associated with the ], neighbouring countries and abroad.<ref name= ethnmkBrit /> | |||
| * ''<u>Aegean Macedonia</u>'' (Егејска Македонија — ''Egejska Makedonija'') refers to ] in ] (as defined by the administrative division of Greece).<ref>{{mk icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.a1.com.mk/vesti/default.asp?VestID=10713 | title=A1 TV | work=Средба на Македонците од Егејска Македонија во Трново| accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=]}}</ref><ref name=president>{{mk icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.president.gov.mk/info.asp?SectionID=9&InfoID=1332#top | title=Official webpage of the President of the Republic of Macedonia | work=Остварени средби на Претседателот Бранко Црвенковски за време на неговата посета на Канада | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=] }}</ref> | |||
| * ''<u>Pirin Macedonia</u>'' (Пиринска Македонија — ''Pirinska Makedonija'') refers to the ] of Bulgaria (as defined by the administrative division of Bulgaria).<ref name=president /> | |||
| * ''<u>Old Macedonian</u>'' (Старомакедонски) is one of the names ] give to the ].<ref name= tribuna>{{bg icon}} {{cite web| url= http://www.makedonskatribuna.com/MFAUST.htm | title=Македонска Трибуна (Makedonska Tribuna) | work=Народ, който не познава своята собствена история, се поддава на асимилация | author= Вѣнко Марковски | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}} </ref> | |||
| * ''<u>Bugarashi</u>'' (бугараши) or ''bugarofili'' (бугарофили) are derogatory terms used to refer to people in the Republic of Macedonia self-identifying as Bulgarian, or having a pro-Bulgarian orientation.<ref name =vest>{{mk icon}} {{cite web| url= http://www.vest.com.mk/default.asp?id=109142&idg=6&idb=1645&rubrika=Revija | title= Vest Macedonia daily newspaper | work= Бугарофили и србофили се тепале за црквата Свети Никола | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref><sup>, <sup><ref>{{mk icon}} {{cite web| url= http://www.tribune.eu.com/articles/1344.html | title=Tribune | work= Кој го ослободи Марјановиќ од вистината? Кој за што, професорот за “најодвратните бугараши” | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}} </ref> | |||
| *''<u>Egejci</u>'' (Егејци) is а term sometimes used to refer to people living in the Republic of Macedonia and abroad that are originating from the Aegean Macedonia (today’s Greece).<ref>{{mk icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.a1.com.mk/vesti/default.asp?VestID=22918 | title=A1 TV | work=Протест на „Виножито“ и на Македонците Егејци на Меџитлија | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=]}}</ref> | |||
| * ''<u>Grkomani</u>'' (гркомани) is a derogatory term used to refer to the largest portion of the ] minority of ] in ] who self-identify as Greeks.<ref name=Grkomani> {{cite web| url= http://www.biserbalkanski.com/article.aspx?oid=24| title=Biser Balkanski, Canadian Macedonian Internet Community |work= Definition of a Gerkoman | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear= ]}}</ref> | |||
| *''<u>Srbomani</u>'' (србомани) or ''srbofili'' (србофили) are derogatory terms used to refer to people in the Republic of Macedonia self-identifying as Serbian, or having a pro-Serb orientation.<ref name= vest /><sup>, <sup><ref>{{cite web |last = Malinovski |first= I. |url=http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:dfoTcQgyFH0J:libertarianism.50g.com/+Srbomani&hl=en&lr=&strip=1|title="MARKOVGRAD"-Political Thought of the Serbian South.| date= ] ] |publisher = Skoplje, FYROM |accessmonthday = ]| accessyear=]}}</ref> | |||
| {{EndMultiCol}} | |||
| </div> | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| <div class="references-small"> | |||
| :<span style="color:#00f;font-variant:small-caps">n-</span> {{note_label|offensive1|1|a}}{{note_label|offensive1|1|b}}{{note_label|offensive1|1|c}} During the ], in 1947, the ] published a book, ''I Enandion tis Ellados Epivoulis'' ("Designs on Greece"), namely of documents and speeches on the ongoing Macedonian issue, many translations from Yugolsav officials. It reports ] using the term "Aegean Macedonia" on the ], ] in the build up to the Greek Civil War; the original document is archived in ‘GFM A/24581/G2/1945’. For Athens, the “new term, Aegean Macedonia”, (also ''“Pirin Macedonia”''), was introduced by Yugoslavs. Contextually, this observation indicates this was part of the Yugoslav offensive against Greece, laying claim to Greek Macedonia, but Athens does not take issue with the term itself. The 1945 date concurs with Bulgarian sources. Further information on this can be found in the article ]. | |||
| :<span style="color:#00f;font-variant:small-caps">n-</span> {{note_label|Pirin|2|a}}{{note_label|Pirin|2|b}} Despite a history of use by Bulgarian nationalists,<ref name= VMRO-BND>{{bg icon}}{{cite web| url= http://vmro.bg/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=138 |title=VMRO-BND (Bulgarian National Party)|accessmonthday = ] |accessyear= ] }}</ref> the term "'']''" is today regarded as offensive by certain Bulgarians,<ref>{{bg icon}}{{cite web| url=http://cfi.hit.bg/bulgarian/b_5_3.htm | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=] | title=Club for Fundamental Iniciatives | work=КАК СТАВАХ НАЦИОНАЛИСТ }}</ref> who assert that it is widely used by ] as part of the ] concept of ]. However, many people in the country also think of the name as a purely geographical term, which it has historically been. Its use is, thus, controversial. | |||
| :<span style="color:#00f;font-variant:small-caps">n-</span> {{note_label|offensive3|3|a}}{{note_label|offensive3|3|b}}{{note_label|offensive3|3|c}}{{note_label|offensive3|3|d}}{{note_label|offensive3|3|e}}{{note_label|offensive3|3|f}}{{note_label|offensive3|3|g}} The constitutional name of the country "''Republic of Macedonia''" and the short name "''Macedonia''" when referring to the country, can be considered offensive by most ], especially inhabitants of the Greek province of Macedonia. The official reasons for this, as described by the ], are: | |||
| ::"The choice of the name Macedonia by FYROM directly raises the issue of usurpation of the ] ] of a ]. The name constitutes the basis for staking an exclusive rights claim over the ]. More specifically, to call only the ] Macedonians monopolizes the name for the Slavo-Macedonians and creates semiological confusion, whilst violating the human rights and the right to ] of ]. The use of the name by ] alone may also create problems in the trade area, and subsequently become a potential springboard for distorting reality, and a basis for activities far removed from the standards set by the ] and more specifically the clause on good neighbourly relations. The best example of this is to be seen in the content of school textbooks in the ]."<ref name=GrFA> {{cite web | url= http://www2.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/South-Eastern+Europe/Balkans/Bilateral+Relations/FYROM/FYROM+-+THE+NAME+ISSUE.htm|title=Hellenic Republic, Ministry of Foreign Affairs | accessmonthday = ] | accessyear=] | work=Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) - The Name Issue | publisher= | pages= | language=English }}</ref> | |||
| :<span style="color:#00f;font-variant:small-caps">n-</span>{{note|offensive2}} The abbreviated term "''FYROM''" can be considered offensive when used to refer to the ]. The spellout of the term, the "''former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia''", is not necessarily considered offensive, but some ] may still find it offensive due to their right of ] being ignored. The term can also be offensive for Greeks under certain contexts, since it contains the word ''Macedonia''. | |||
| :<span style="color:#00f;font-variant:small-caps">n-</span> {{note_label|offensive4|5|a}}{{note_label|offensive4|5|b}}{{note_label|offensive4|5|c}}{{note_label|offensive4|5|d}} Although acceptable in the past, current use of the name "''Slavomacedonian''" in reference to both the ethnic group and the language can be considered ] and offensive by some ]. The ] reports: | |||
| :: "... the term Slavomacedonian was introduced and was accepted by the community itself, which at the time had a much more widespread non-Greek Macedonian ethnic consciousness. Unfortunately, according to members of the community, this term was later used by the Greek authorities in a pejorative, discriminatory way; hence the reluctance if not hostility of modern-day Macedonians of Greece (i.e. people with a Macedonian national identity) to accept it."<ref name= slavomacedonian /> | |||
| </div> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> | |||
| <references /></div> | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| <div class="references-small"> | |||
| *Eugene N. Borza: ''Before Alexander: constructing early Macedonia.'' Claremont, CA: Regina Books, 1999. ISBN 0-941690-96-0 (pb) | |||
| *Robin Lane Fox, ''Alexander the Great,'' Penguin Books, 1973, ISBN 0-14-008878-4 (pb). | |||
| *{{cite book|last = Wilkinson|first= Henry Robert| | |||
| title= Maps and politics; a review of the ethnographic cartography of Macedonia| | |||
| location= Liverpool|publisher=Liverpool University Press|Date= 1951}} | |||
| </div> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| {{featured article}} | |||
| <!--Interwikis--> | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Link FA|el}} | |||
| ] | |||
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