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The '''Golden Gate Bridge''' is a ] spanning the ], the {{convert|1|mi|km|adj=mid|-wide|spell=in}} ] connecting ] and the ]. The structure links the American city of ], ]—the northern tip of the ]—to ], carrying both ] and ] across the strait. The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and the United States. It has been declared one of the ] by the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=2147487305 |title=American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders |publisher=Asce.org |date=July 19, 2010 |accessdate=August 30, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802060056/http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=2147487305 |archivedate=August 2, 2010}}</ref>


The ] travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as "possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed, bridge in the world."<ref name="Frommers">{{cite book|last1=Levine|first1=Dan|title=Frommer's comprehensive travel guide, California '93|date=1993|publisher=Prentice Hall Travel|location=New York|isbn=0671846744|page=118}}</ref><ref name="Frommers2">{{cite book|last1=McGrath|first1=Nancy|title=Frommer's 1985-86 guide to San Francisco|date=1985|publisher=Frommer/Pasmantier Pub.|location=New York|isbn=0671526545|page=10}}</ref> At the time of its opening in 1937, it was both the ] and the ] suspension bridge in the world, with a main span of {{convert|4,200|ft|m|sigfig=3}} and a total height of {{convert|746|ft|m}}. The ] travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as "possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed, bridge in the world."<ref name="Frommers">{{cite book|last1=Levine|first1=Dan|title=Frommer's comprehensive travel guide, California '93|date=1993|publisher=Prentice Hall Travel|location=New York|isbn=0671846744|page=118}}</ref><ref name="Frommers2">{{cite book|last1=McGrath|first1=Nancy|title=Frommer's 1985-86 guide to San Francisco|date=1985|publisher=Frommer/Pasmantier Pub.|location=New York|isbn=0671526545|page=10}}</ref> At the time of its opening in 1937, it was both the ] and the ] suspension bridge in the world, with a main span of {{convert|4,200|ft|m|sigfig=3}} and a total height of {{convert|746|ft|m}}.


==History== ==History==
BLAHBLAHAAHAHASWMNSDAFHDSM.ZFDGwww.christophercollects.co.uk

===Ferry service=== ===Ferry service===
{{see|Ferries of San Francisco Bay}} {{see|Ferries of San Francisco Bay}}
Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco.<ref name="two">{{cite web |title=Two Bay Area Bridges |accessdate=March 9, 2009 |publisher=US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration |url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/2bridges.cfm}}</ref> Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco.<ref name="two">{{cite web |title=Two Bay Area Bridges |accessdate=March 9, 2009 |publisher=US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration |url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/2bridges.cfm}}</ref> Streets and Highways Code, Chapter 2, Article 3, Section 301-635#Route 101|California Streets and Highways Code § 401]], Route 101 ends at "the approach to the Golden Gat

The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company service, launched in 1867, eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company, a ] subsidiary, the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s.<ref name="two"/><ref name="scrap">{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/04/28/BAG8BCGI3I1.DTL&hw=ferry&sn=310&sc=862 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |title=Ferry tale&nbsp;– the dream dies hard: 2 historic boats that plied the bay seek buyer&nbsp;– anybody |author=Fimrite, Peter |accessdate=October 31, 2007 |date=April 28, 2005}}</ref> Once for railroad passengers and customers only, Southern Pacific's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy.<ref>{{cite book |title=San Francisco Bay Ferryboats |author=Harlan, George H. |publisher=Howell-North Books |year=1967 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=IPBAAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> The ferry crossing between the ] in San Francisco and ] in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost $1.00 per vehicle,{{when|date=January 2019}} a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge.<ref name="bc">{{cite news |url=http://www.baycrossings.com/archives/2002/04_May/so_where_are_they_now.htm |publisher=Bay Crossings |title=So Where Are They Now? The Story of San Francisco's Steel Electric Empire |author=Span, Guy |date=May 4, 2002 |access-date=October 31, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023072202/http://www.baycrossings.com/Archives/2002/04_May/so_where_are_they_now.htm |archive-date=October 23, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{better source|the source no longer exists|date=January 2019}} The trip from the ] took 27 minutes.

Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County. San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay, the city's growth rate was below the national average.<ref name="Sigmund">{{cite web |last=Sigmund |first=Pete |year=2006 |url=http://www.cegltd.com/story.asp?story=7045&headline=The%20Golden%20Gate:%20%EBThe%20Bridge%20That%20Couldn%EDt%20Be%20Built%ED |title=The Golden Gate: 'The Bridge That Couldn't Be Built', |publisher=Construction Equipment Guide |accessdate=May 31, 2007}}</ref> Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the {{convert|6700|ft|m|abbr=off|adj=on}} strait, which had strong, swirling tides and currents, with water {{convert|372|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Barnard, Hanes, Rubin, Kvitek |title=Giant Sand Waves at the Mouth of San Francisco Bay |journal=Eos |date=July 18, 2006 |volume=87 |issue=29 |url=http://seafloor.csumb.edu/publications/Barnard_etal_EOSJuly2006.pdf |access-date=April 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618102436/http://seafloor.csumb.edu/publications/Barnard_etal_EOSJuly2006.pdf |archive-date=June 18, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at the center of the channel, and frequent strong winds. Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation.<ref name="Sigmund"/>

===Conception===
] in foreground, c. 1891]]
Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new, the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 '']'' article by former engineering student James Wilkins.<ref name="Owens">{{cite book |author=Owens, T.O. |year=2001 |title=The Golden Gate Bridge |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=0-8239-5016-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/goldengatebridge00owen }}</ref> San Francisco's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million (equivalent to ${{inflation|US|.100|1916|r=1|fmt=c}} billion today), and impractical for the time. He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less.<ref name="two"/> One who responded, ], was an ambitious engineer and poet who had, for his ], designed a {{convert|55|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} ] the ].<ref name="experience">{{cite web |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |accessdate=November 7, 2007 |title=The American Experience:People & Events: Joseph Strauss (1870–1938) |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldengate/peopleevents/p_strauss.html}}</ref> At the time, Strauss had completed some 400 ]—most of which were inland—and nothing on the scale of the new project.<ref name="Denton">Denton, Harry ''et al.'' (2004) "Lonely Planet San Francisco" ''Lonely Planet'', United States, {{ISBN|1-74104-154-6}}</ref> Strauss's initial drawings<ref name="Owens"/> were for a massive ] on each side of the strait, connected by a central suspension segment, which Strauss promised could be built for $17&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{inflation|US|17|1916|r=0|fmt=c}} million today).<ref name="two"/>

Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} A suspension-bridge design was considered the most practical, because of recent advances in ].<ref name="two"/>

Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California.<ref>{{cite web |year=1999 |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/news_events/exhibits/bridge/up028.html |title=Bridging the Bay: Bridges That Never Were |publisher=UC Berkeley Library |accessdate=April 13, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718052702/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/news_events/exhibits/bridge/up028.html |archivedate=July 18, 2006 }}</ref> The bridge faced opposition, including litigation, from many sources. The ] was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic. The ] feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors. Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs. ], one of the most powerful business interests in California, opposed the bridge as competition to its ferry fleet and filed a lawsuit against the project, leading to a mass boycott of the ferry service.<ref name="two"/>

In May 1924, Colonel ] held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the ] in a request to use federal land for construction. Deakyne, on behalf of the Secretary of War, approved the transfer of land needed for the bridge structure and leading roads to the "Bridging the Golden Gate Association" and both San Francisco County and Marin County, pending further bridge plans by Strauss.<ref>Miller, John B. (2002) "Case Studies in Infrastructure Delivery" ''Springer'', {{ISBN|0-7923-7652-8}}.</ref> Another ally was the fledgling ], which supported the development of roads and bridges to increase demand for automobiles.<ref name="bc"/>

The bridge's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by ], city engineer of San Francisco, and Strauss. The name became official with the passage of the ] Act by the ] in 1923, creating a ] to design, build and finance the bridge.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gudde |first=Erwin G. |title=California Place Names |publisher=] |year=1949 |location=Berkeley, California |page=130 |oclc=37647557}}</ref> San Francisco and most of the counties along the ] joined the Golden Gate Bridge District, with the exception being ], whose residents opposed the bridge's construction and the traffic it would generate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goldengatebridge.org/research/ConstructionBldgGGB.php |title=Special District Formed&nbsp;– Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District |accessdate=January 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Design===
]
Strauss was chief engineer in charge of overall design and construction of the bridge project.<ref name="Sigmund"/> However, because he had little understanding or experience with cable-suspension designs,<ref name="PBS">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldengate/peopleevents/p_strauss.html |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |accessdate=December 12, 2007 |title=People and Events: Joseph Strauss (1870–1938)}}</ref> responsibility for much of the engineering and architecture fell on other experts. Strauss's initial design proposal (two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint. The final graceful suspension design was conceived and championed by ], the engineer of the ] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Gate Bridge Design|url=http://www.goldengatebridge.org/research/Design.php|website=goldengatebridge.org|publisher=Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District|accessdate=November 27, 2017|language=en}}</ref>

], a relatively unknown residential architect, designed the overall shape of the bridge towers, the lighting scheme, and ] elements, such as the tower decorations, streetlights, railing, and walkways. The famous ] color was Morrow's personal selection, winning out over other possibilities, including the US Navy's suggestion that it be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships.<ref name="Sigmund" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goldengate-morrow/|title=Irving Morrow {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref>

Senior engineer ], collaborating remotely with Moisseiff, was the principal engineer of the project.<ref name="Moisseiff">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldengate/peopleevents/p_moisseiff.html |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |title=American Experience:Leon Moisseiff (1872–1943) |accessdate=November 7, 2007}}</ref> Moisseiff produced the basic structural design, introducing his "deflection theory" by which a thin, flexible roadway would flex in the wind, greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers.<ref name="Moisseiff"/> Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound, a later Moisseiff design, the ], collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed, because of an unexpected ].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1119/1.16590 |url=http://www.ketchum.org/billah/Billah-Scanlan.pdf |author1 =Billah, K. |author2=Scanlan, R. |year=1991 |title=Resonance, Tacoma Narrows Bridge Failure |series =Undergraduate Physics Textbooks |journal=] |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=118–124}}</ref> Ellis was also tasked with designing a "bridge within a bridge" in the southern abutment, to avoid the need to demolish ], a pre–Civil War masonry fortification viewed, even then, as worthy of historic preservation. He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge's southern anchorage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goldengatebridge.org/research/FortPoint.php |title=The Point of Fort Point: A Brief History |publisher= Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District |accessdate=November 2, 2018}}</ref>

]

Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree. He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University. He became an expert in structural design, writing the standard textbook of the time.<ref name="ellis"/> Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge, but he received none of the credit in his lifetime. In November 1931, Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate, Clifford Paine, ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff.<ref name="ellis"/> Ellis, obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression, continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis, eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations.<ref name="ellis"/>

With an eye toward self-promotion and posterity, Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who, despite receiving little recognition or compensation,<ref name=PBS/> are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge. He succeeded in having himself credited as the person most responsible for the design and vision of the bridge.<ref name="ellis">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldengate/peopleevents/p_ellis.html |accessdate=November 7, 2007 |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |title=The American Experience:Charles Alton Ellis (1876–1949)}}</ref> Only much later were the contributions of the others on the design team properly appreciated.<ref name="ellis"/> In May 2007, the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge.

{{Clear}}
{{Wide image|Golden-Gate-Bridge.svg|1000px|Panorama showing the height, depth, and length of the span from end to end, looking west}}
{{Wide image|Golden Gate Bridge Dec 15 2015 by D Ramey Logan.jpg|1000px|Panorama of the Golden Gate Bridge at sunset, as seen from just north of ]}}

===Finance===
The Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District, authorized by an act of the ], was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to design, construct, and finance the Golden Gate Bridge.<ref name=Sigmund/> However, after the ], the District was unable to raise the construction funds, so it lobbied for a $30&nbsp;million ] (equivalent to ${{inflation|US|30|1929|r=0|fmt=c}} million today). The bonds were approved in November 1930,<ref name="experience"/> by votes in the counties affected by the bridge.<ref>Jackson, Donald C. (1995) "Great American Bridges and Dams" ''John Wiley and Sons'', {{ISBN|0-471-14385-5}}</ref> The construction budget at the time of approval was $27&nbsp;million (${{inflation|US|27|1930|r=0|fmt=c}} million today). However, the District was unable to sell the bonds until 1932, when ], the founder of San Francisco–based ], agreed on behalf of his bank to buy the entire issue in order to help the local economy.<ref name="two"/>

===Construction===
Construction began on January 5, 1933.<ref name="two"/> The project cost more than $35&nbsp;million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/news_events/bridge/gate_2.html |title=Bridging the Bay: Bridges That Never Were |publisher=UC Berkeley Library |accessdate=February 19, 2007}}</ref> (${{format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|35000000|1935}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US-GDP}} dollars{{Inflation-fn|US-GDP}}), and was completed ahead of schedule and $1.3 million under budget (equivalent to ${{inflation|US|1.3|1935|r=1|fmt=c}} million today).<ref>{{cite web |title=72 years ago today, iconic Golden Gate Bridge finished construction ahead of schedule & $1.3 million under budget |url=https://www.worldculturepictorial.com/blog/content/72-years-ago-today-iconic-golden-gate-bridge-finished-construction-ahead-schedule-13-million |date=May 27, 2009 |accessdate=April 10, 2013}}</ref>
The Golden Gate Bridge construction project was carried out by the McClintic-Marshall Construction Co., a subsidiary of ] founded by Howard H. McClintic and Charles D. Marshall, both of ].

]. A total of 1.2 million steel rivets hold the bridge's two towers together.]]

Strauss remained head of the project, overseeing day-to-day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions. A graduate of the ], he placed a brick from his alma mater's demolished McMicken Hall in the south anchorage before the concrete was poured. He innovated the use of movable safety netting beneath the construction site, which saved the lives of many otherwise-unprotected ironworkers. Of eleven men killed from falls during construction, ten were killed on February 17, 1937, when the bridge was near completion and the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Life On The American Newsfront: Ten Men Fall To Death From Golden Gate Bridge |journal=Life |pages=20–21 |date=March 1, 1937 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=TFEEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA20}}</ref> The workers' platform that was attached to a rolling hanger on a track collapsed when the bolts that were connected to the track were too small and the amount of weight was too great to bear. The platform fell into the safety net, but was too heavy and the net gave way. Two out of the twelve workers survived the {{convert|200|ft|m|adj=on}} fall into the icy waters, including the 37-year-old foreman, Slim Lambert. Nineteen others who were saved by the net over the course of construction became members of the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goldengatebridge.org/research/facts.php#HalfwayHell |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge |publisher=Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. |accessdate=November 7, 2007}}</ref><!-- to do: review contributions of others, design approval and adoption -->

The project was finished and opened May 27, 1937. The ] ] was then included in the southeastern end of the Golden Gate Bridge, adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2012.<ref name=King>
{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/place/article/Golden-Gate-Bridge-s-plaza-flawed-but-workable-3585446.php |title=Golden Gate Bridge's Plaza Flawed but Workable |work=] |date=May 25, 2012 |first=John |last=King}}</ref> The Bridge Round House, an ] design by ] completed in 1938, has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop.<ref name=Kligman>
{{cite web |url=http://www.pgecurrents.com/2012/05/25/from-sea-to-shining-sea-pge%E2%80%99s-earley-joins-tribute-to-golden-gate-bridge/ |title=From Sea to Shining Sea: PG&E’s Earley Joins Tribute to Golden Gate Bridge |work=Currents |publisher=] |date=May 25, 2012 |first=David |last=Kligman}}</ref> The diner was renovated in 2012<ref name=King/> and the gift shop was then removed as a new, official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza.<ref name=Kligman/>

During the bridge work, the Assistant Civil Engineer of California ] had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge's road work.<ref>San Francisco Examiner. May 27, 1982. No. 147, p. 2. ''Golden Gate Bridge''&nbsp;– 45th anniversary of completion.</ref> With the death of Jack Balestreri in April 2012, all workers involved in the original construction are now deceased.

===Torsional bracing retrofit===
In 1953 and 1954, the bridge was retrofitted with lateral and diagonal bracing that connected the lower chords<!-- Is "chords" the correct word here? --> of the two side trusses. This bracing stiffened the bridge deck in torsion so that it would better resist the types of twisting that had destroyed the ] in 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://goldengate.org/exhibits/bridge-deck-torsional-resistance-retrofit.php|title=Resisting the Twisting|website=Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District|access-date=July 29, 2019}}</ref>

===Opening festivities, and 50th and 75th anniversaries===
]
]]]
The bridge-opening celebration began on May 27, 1937, and lasted for one week. The day before vehicle traffic was allowed, 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates.<ref name="two"/> On opening day, Mayor ] and other officials rode the ferry to Marin, then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial "barriers," the last a blockade of ] who required Joseph Strauss to present the bridge to the Highway District before allowing him to pass. An official song, "]," was chosen to commemorate the event. Strauss wrote a poem that is now on the Golden Gate Bridge entitled "The Mighty Task is Done." The next day, ] pushed a button in Washington, D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge at noon. As the celebration got out of hand there was a small riot in the uptown ] area. Weeks of civil and cultural activities called "the Fiesta" followed. A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge.<ref name="Owens"/>

In May 1987, as part of the 50th anniversary celebration, the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross the bridge. However, this celebration attracted 750,000 to 1,000,000 people, and ineffective crowd control meant the bridge became congested with roughly 300,000 people, causing the center span of the bridge to flatten out under the weight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_20695952/day-golden-gate-bridge-flattened |title=The Day the Golden Gate Bridge Flattened |author=Tung, Stephen |date=May 23, 2012 |work=San Jose Mercury News |accessdate=January 17, 2016}}</ref> Although the bridge is designed to flex in that way under heavy loads, and was estimated not to have exceeded 40% of the yielding stress of the suspension cables,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gndec.ac.in/~librarian/book/Book%20Cds/25885/PDF/CASES/CABLES/GOLDEN_G.PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011090153/http://gndec.ac.in/~librarian/book/Book%20Cds/25885/PDF/CASES/CABLES/GOLDEN_G.PDF |archivedate=October 11, 2011 |title=THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE |author1 =Pollalis, Spiro N. |author2 =Otto, Caroline |year=1990 |publisher=Harvard Design School |accessdate=April 3, 2011}}</ref> bridge officials stated that uncontrolled pedestrian access was not being considered as part of the 75th anniversary on Sunday, May 27, 2012,<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/26/us/golden-gate-crowd-made-bridge-bend.html |title=Golden Gate Crowd Made Bridge Bend |author=McCarthy, Terrence |date=May 26, 1987 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=April 3, 2011}}</ref><ref name="MIJ">{{cite web |url=http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_15588533 |title=Golden Gate Bridge officials nix walk for 75th anniversary |author=Prado, Mark |date=July 23, 2010 |work=Marin Independent Journal |accessdate=April 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227010207/http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_15588533 |archive-date=December 27, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="GSA">{{cite web |url=http://goldengatebridge75.org/celebrate/golden-gate-festival.html |title=Golden Gate Festival :: Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary |work=Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy |accessdate=March 21, 2012}}</ref> because of the additional law enforcement costs required "since ]"<ref name="WSJ-BayArea">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304019404577418440018082040 |title=A Historian's Long View of Golden Gate Bridge |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=May 24, 2012 |accessdate=August 31, 2013 |author=Fowler, Geoffrey A. |pages=A13C}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="220">
File:GoldenGateBridge openingday.jpg|A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day, 1937.
File:Golden Gate Bridge Opening - (1936).ogg|Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge
File:Invitation to Golden Gate Bridge opening, 1937.jpg|Official invitation to the opening of the bridge. This copy was sent to the City of ].
</gallery>

==Structural specifications==
]

Until 1964, the Golden Gate Bridge had the ] in the world, at {{convert|4,200|ft|m}}. Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by fifteen bridges; it now has the second-longest main span in the United States, after the ] in New York City. The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from ] to abutment is {{convert|8,981|ft|m}}.<ref name = "factsGGBDesign">{{cite web|title=Bridge Design and Construction Statistics|url=http://goldengatebridge.org/research/factsGGBDesign.php|website=goldengatebridge.org|publisher=Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District|accessdate=November 27, 2017|language=en}}</ref>

The Golden Gate Bridge's clearance above high water averages {{convert|220|ft|m}} while its towers, at {{convert|746|ft|m}} above the water,<ref name = "factsGGBDesign"/> were the world's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1993 when it was surpassed by the ], in Mexico.

The weight of the roadway is hung from 250 pairs of vertical suspender ropes, which are attached to two main ]. The main cables pass over the two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end. Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire. The total length of galvanized steel ] used to fabricate both main cables is estimated to be {{convert|80,000|mi|km}}.<ref name = "factsGGBDesign"/> Each of the bridge's two towers has approximately 600,000 ]s.<ref>. ''goldengatebridge.org''. Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved November 5, 2018.</ref>

In the 1960s, when the ] system (BART) was being planned, the engineering community had conflicting opinions about the feasibility of running train tracks north to Marin County over the bridge.<ref>{{cite web |title=A History of BART |url=https://www.bart.gov/about/history |accessdate=November 5, 2018}}</ref> In June 1961, consultants hired by BART completed a study that determined the bridge's suspension section was capable of supporting service on a new lower deck.<ref name="1961Report">{{cite web |title=Rapid Transit for the San Francisco Bay Area |url=http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/bart/1961-parsons-engineering-report-to-sf-bart-district.pdf |website=LA Metro Library |publisher=Parsons Brinkerhoff / Tudor / Bechtel |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref> In July 1961, one of the bridge's consulting engineers, Clifford Paine, disagreed with their conclusion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marinij.com/2010/08/07/did-marin-lose-out-on-bart/|title=Did Marin lose out on BART?|last=Prado|first=Mark|date=August 7, 2010|website=Marin Independent Journal|access-date=May 3, 2019}}</ref> In January 1962, due to more conflicting reports on feasibility, the bridge's board of directors appointed an engineering review board to analyze all the reports. The review board's report, released in April 1962, concluded that running BART on the bridge was not advisable.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Ammann |first1=Othmar H. |authorlink1=Othmar_Ammann |last2=Masters |first2=Frank M. |last3=Newmark |first3=Nathan M. |title=Report on Proposed Installation of Rapid Transit Trains on Golden Gate Bridge |date=April 1962 |publisher=Golden Gate Bridge And Highway District |page= 8 |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101668914 }}</ref>

==Aesthetics==
Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected. Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan, he added details, such as lighting, to outline the bridge's cables and towers.<ref>{{cite journal |author1 =Rodriguez, Joseph A. |year=2000 |title=Planning |author2 =Urban Rivalry in the San Francisco Bay Area in the 1930s |journal=Journal of Planning Education and Research |volume=20 |pages=66–76 |doi=10.1177/073945600128992609}}</ref> In 1999, it was ranked fifth on the '']'' by the ].

The color of the bridge is officially an orange ] called '']''.<ref name="orangePaint">{{cite web |url=http://goldengatebridge.org/research/factsGGBIntOrngPaint.php |title=Golden Gate Bridge: Construction Data |publisher=Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District |accessdate=August 20, 2007}}</ref> The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow<ref>{{cite web |last=Stamberg |first=Susan |title=The Golden Gate Bridge's Accidental Color |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/04/26/135150942/the-golden-gate-bridges-accidental-color |publisher=NPR |accessdate=April 27, 2011}}</ref> because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge's visibility in fog.<ref name="StClair">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/936144129|title=The Secret Lives of Colour|last=St. Clair|first=Kassia|publisher=John Murray|year=2016|isbn=9781473630819|location=London|page=94|oclc=936144129}}</ref>

The bridge was originally painted with ] primer and a lead-based topcoat, which was touched up as required. In the mid-1960s, a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with ] primer and ] topcoats.<ref name="goldengatebridge facts" /><ref name="orangePaint" /> Since 1990, ] topcoats have been used instead for air-quality reasons. The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |url=http://goldengatebridge.org/research/facts.php#IronworkersPainters |title=Golden Gate Bridge: Construction Data: How Many Ironworkers and Painters Maintain the Golden Gate Bridge? |publisher=Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District |accessdate=April 13, 2006}}</ref>
The ongoing maintenance task of painting of the bridge is continuous.<ref name="PaintBridgeGGBHTD">{{cite web |url= http://goldengatebridge.org/research/factsGGBIntOrngPaint.php |title= Painting the Bridge |author= ] |date= 2018 |work= goldengatebridge.org |accessdate= November 24, 2019 |quote= The Bridge is painted continuously. Painting the Bridge is an ongoing task and a primary maintenance job. }}</ref>



{{Clear}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:The Bridge (August 2013).jpg|A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands on a foggy morning at sunrise
File:Golden Gate Bridge tower views 01.jpg|View of Marin from the south tower
File:Golden Gate Bridge tower views 18.jpg|Top of the south tower
</gallery>

==Traffic==
]
]Most maps and signage mark the bridge as part of the ] between ] and ]. Although part of the ], the bridge is not officially part of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goldengatebridge.org/tolls_traffic/ |title=Toll Rates & Traffic Operations |publisher=Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District |accessdate=December 3, 2013}}</ref> For example, under the ], Route 101 ends at "the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge" and then resumes at "a point in Marin County opposite San Francisco". The ] has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the ] (Caltrans).

The ] between the lanes ] several times daily to conform to traffic patterns. On weekday mornings, traffic flows mostly southbound into the city, so four of the six lanes run southbound. Conversely, on weekday afternoons, four lanes run northbound. During off-peak periods and weekends, traffic is split with three lanes in each direction.<ref name="lane-configuration">{{cite web |url=http://goldengatebridge.org/tolls_traffic/RoadwayConfig.php |title=Roadway Configuration / Reversible Lanes |publisher=Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District |accessdate=December 23, 2012}}</ref>

From 1968 to 2015, opposing traffic was separated by small, ]; during that time, there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head-on collisions.<ref name="movable-barrier-project">{{cite web |url=http://goldengatebridge.org/projects/MovableMedianBarrier.php |title=Additional Information&nbsp;– Movable Median Barrier Project |publisher=Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District |accessdate=September 29, 2014 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> To improve safety, the ] on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from {{convert|50|to|45|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on October 1, 1983.<ref name=KeyDates/> Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s, only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2&nbsp;million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier.<ref name="movable-barrier-project"/> Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11, 2015, following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic, the longest in the bridge's history. The new barrier system, including the zipper trucks, cost approximately $30.3 million to purchase and install.<ref name="movable-barrier-project"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Asimov |first1=Nanette |title=Golden Gate Bridge work finished early as barrier is installed |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Golden-Gate-Bridge-work-zips-along-as-barrier-is-6008424.php |accessdate=January 11, 2015 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |publisher=Hearst Newspapers |date=January 11, 2015}}</ref>

===Usage and tourism===
]
{{see also|Golden Gate National Recreation Area}}
The bridge is popular with pedestrians and bicyclists, and was built with walkways on either side of the six vehicle traffic lanes. Initially, they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb, but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003, primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway.<ref name="jumpers">{{cite web |last=Lucas |first=Scott |url=http://www.modernluxury.com/san-francisco/story/kevin-hines-still-alive |title=Kevin Hines Is Still Alive |work=Modern Luxury |date=July 18, 2013 |accessdate=July 18, 2013}}</ref>

The bridge carries about 112,000 vehicles per day according to the Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goldengate.org/bridge/bridge-operations |publisher=The Golden Gate Bridge |title=Bridge Operations |work=Goldengate.org |accessdate=December 29, 2019}}</ref>
The main walkway is on the eastern side, and is open for use by both pedestrians and bicycles in the morning to mid-afternoon during weekdays (5:00&nbsp;a.m. to 3:30&nbsp;p.m.), and to pedestrians only for the remaining daylight hours (until 6:00&nbsp;p.m., or 9:00&nbsp;p.m. during ]). The eastern walkway is reserved for pedestrians on weekends (5:00&nbsp;a.m. to 6:00&nbsp;p.m., or 9:00&nbsp;p.m. during DST), and is open exclusively to bicyclists in the evening and overnight, when it is closed to pedestrians. The western walkway is open only for bicyclists and only during the hours when they are not allowed on the eastern walkway.<ref>. Goldengatebridge.org. Retrieved June 14, 2013.</ref>

Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies: ] and ]. Muni offers Saturday and Sunday service on the Marin Headlands Express bus line, and Golden Gate Transit runs numerous bus lines throughout the week.<ref name="Muni Route 76X">{{cite web |title=Muni Route 76X Marin Headlands |url=http://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/transit/routes-stops/76x-marin-headlands |publisher=San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency |accessdate=July 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Golden Gate Transit bus service">{{cite web |title=Golden Gate Transit bus service |url=http://goldengatetransit.org/services/documents/Map_SF.pdf |publisher=Golden Gate Transit |accessdate=August 19, 2012}}</ref> The southern end of the bridge, near the toll plaza and parking lot, is also accessible daily from 5:30&nbsp;a.m. to midnight by Muni line 28.<ref name="Muni Route 28">{{cite web |title=Muni Route 28 19th Avenue |url=http://www.sfmta.com/cms/asystem/routedesc.php?rted=28 |publisher=San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency |accessdate=August 19, 2012}}</ref> The Marin Airporter, a private company, also offers service across the bridge between Marin County and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marinairporter.com/|title=Marin Airporter, SFO Airport Transportation, Bus Service, Marin County, CA|website=Marin Airporter}}</ref>

A ] and gift shop, originally called the "Bridge Pavilion" (since renamed the “Golden Gate Bridge Welcome Center”), is located on the San Francisco side of the bridge, adjacent to the southeast parking lot. It opened in 2012, in time for the bridge's 75th anniversary celebration. A cafe, outdoor exhibits, and restroom facilities are located nearby.<ref>{{cite web |title=Site Improvements |url=http://goldengatebridge75.org/about/site-improvements.html |website=Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary |publisher=Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District |accessdate=January 12, 2015}}</ref> On the Marin side of the bridge, only accessible from the northbound lanes, is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/maint/ra/ra99.htm | title=H. Dana Bowers Rest Area | publisher=California Department of Transportation | accessdate=June 2, 2016}}</ref> named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/hseb/products/Named_Freeways_Final.pdf | title=2015 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California | pages=183, 205 | publisher=California Department of Transportation | accessdate=June 2, 2016}}</ref>

Lands and waters under and around the bridge are homes to varieties of wildlife such as ]s and sea lions.<ref>. Retrieved on July 30, 2017</ref><ref>The ]. 2015. . Retrieved on July 30, 2017</ref> Three species of ]s that had been absent in the area for many years have shown recent recoveries/(re)colonizations in the vicinity of the bridge; researchers studying them have encouraged stronger protections and recommended that the public watch them from the bridge or from land, or use a local ] operator.<ref>. Retrieved on July 30, 2017</ref><ref>Keener B.. 2017. . Retrieved on July 30, 2017</ref><ref>Woodrow M.. 2017. . The ]. Retrieved on July 30, 2017</ref>

=== Tolls ===
]
When the Golden Gate Bridge opened in 1937, the toll was 50 cents per car (equivalent to ${{inflation|US|.50|1937|r=2|fmt=c}} today), collected in each direction. In 1950 it was reduced to 40 cents each way (${{inflation|US|.40|1950|r=2|fmt=c}} today), then lowered to 25 cents (${{inflation|US|.25|1955|r=2|fmt=c}} today) in 1955. In 1968, the bridge was converted to only collect tolls from southbound traffic, with the toll amount reset back to 50 cents (${{inflation|US|.50|1968|r=2|fmt=c}} today).<ref name=TollData>{{cite web |publisher= Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District |title=Traffic/Toll Data |url=http://goldengatebridge.org/research/GGBTraffToll.php |accessdate=June 3, 2018}}</ref>

The last of the construction bonds were retired in 1971, with $35&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{inflation|US|35|1971|r=0|fmt=c}} million today) in principal and nearly $39&nbsp;million (${{inflation|US|39|1971|r=0|fmt=c}} million today) in interest raised entirely from bridge tolls.<ref name=KeyDates>{{cite web |publisher=Research Library |title=Key Dates |url=http://goldengatebridge.org/research/dates.php |accessdate=December 11, 2007}}</ref> Tolls continued to be collected and subsequently incrementally raised; by 1991, the toll was $3.00 (equivalent to ${{inflation|US|3|1991|r=2|fmt=c}} today).<ref name=TollData/>

The bridge began accepting tolls via the ] electronic toll collection system in 2002, with $4 tolls for FasTrak users and $5 for those paying cash.<ref name=TollData/> In November 2006, the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District recommended a ] program for the bridge to address its operating deficit, projected at $80&nbsp;million over five years. The District promised that the proposal, which it called a "partnership program", would not include changing the name of the bridge or placing advertising on the bridge itself. In October 2007, the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means, most likely a toll increase.<ref>{{cite news |work=San Francisco Chronicle |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/10/27/BAIPT1MHO.DTL&hw=golden+gate&sn=001&sc=1000 |accessdate=October 27, 2007 |title=Golden Gate Bridge directors reject sponsorship proposals |author=Curiel, Jonathan |date=October 27, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://goldengate.org/news/PartnershipProgram.php |publisher=Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District |accessdate=October 27, 2007 |title=Partnership Program Status}}</ref> The District later increased the toll amounts in 2008 to $5 for FasTrak users and $6 to those paying cash.<ref name=TollData/>

In an effort to save $19.2&nbsp;million over the following 10 years, the Golden Gate District voted in January 2011 to eliminate all toll takers by 2012 and use only ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/01/28/MN4M1HFS7J.DTL |title=Golden Gate Bridge to eliminate toll takers |first=Michael |last=Cabanatuan |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=January 29, 2011 |accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> Subsequently, this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013. The cost savings have been revised to $19 million over an eight-year period. In addition to FasTrak, the Golden Gate District implemented the use of ] (branded as "Pay-by-Plate"), and also a one time payment system for drivers to pay before or after their trip on the bridge. Twenty-eight positions were eliminated as part of this plan.<ref name = "tolls">{{cite web |url=http://goldengate.org/toll/index.php |title=Toll 2014 |publisher=Goldengate.org |date=April 7, 2014 |accessdate=April 26, 2014}}</ref>

On April 7, 2014, the toll for users of FasTrak was increased from $5 to $6, while the toll for drivers using either the license plate tolling or the one time payment system was raised from $6 to $7. Bicycle, pedestrian, and northbound motor vehicle traffic remain toll free. For vehicles with more than two axles, the toll rate is $7 per axle for those using license plate tolling or the one time payment system, and $6 per axle for FasTrak users. During peak traffic hours, carpool vehicles carrying two or more people and motorcycles pay a discounted toll of $4; drivers must have Fastrak to take advantage of this carpool rate.<ref name = "tolls"/> The Golden Gate Transportation District then planned to increase the tolls by 25 cents in July 2015, and then by another 25 cents each of the next three years.<ref name="SFCron_20140407">{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Tolls-for-crossing-Golden-Gate-Bridge-rise-1-5381206.php |title=Tolls for crossing Golden Gate Bridge rise $1 |first=Michael |last=Cabanatuan |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=April 7, 2014 |accessdate=April 26, 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" align="center"
|+ Golden Gate Bridge toll increases (2014–18)<ref name="SFCron_20140407"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://goldengate.org/board/2014/agendas/documents/Bd02.28.14s8bFASumRec.pdf |format=PDF |title=Summary of Recommendations, February 27, 2014 |publisher=Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District |work=Board of Directors |pages=5–6 |accessdate=May 24, 2015}}</ref>
|-
! Effective date
! ]
! Toll-by-plate
! Carpool
! Multi-axle vehicle
|-
| April 7, 2014
| $6.00
| $7.00
| $4.00
| $7.00 per axle
|-
| July 1, 2015
| $6.25
| $7.25
| $4.25
| $7.25 per axle
|-
| July 1, 2016
| $6.50
| $7.50
| $4.50
| $7.50 per axle
|-
| July 1, 2017
| $6.75
| $7.75
| $4.75
| $7.75 per axle
|-
| July 1, 2018
| $7.00
| $8.00
| $5.00
| $8.00 per axle
|}

===Congestion pricing===
{{Further|San Francisco congestion pricing}}
]

In March 2008, the Golden Gate Bridge District board approved a resolution to start ] at the Golden Gate Bridge, charging higher tolls during the peak hours, but rising and falling depending on traffic levels. This decision allowed the ] to meet the federal requirement to receive $158&nbsp;million in federal transportation funds from ] Urban Partnership grant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonomanews.com/articles/2008/05/30/news/doc482cdfd074f2a552247919.txt |title=GG Bridge tolls could top $7, June 11 meeting will set new rates |work=Sonoma Index-Tribune |author=Bolling, David |date=May 29, 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> As a condition of the grant, the congestion toll was to be in place by September 2009.<ref>{{cite web |author=The San Francisco Chronicle |url=http://www.planetizen.com/node/30156 |title=Congestion Pricing Approved for Golden Gate Bridge |publisher=planetizen.com |date=March 19, 2008 |accessdate=April 3, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Cabanatuan, Michael |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/03/15/MNT9VK8H3.DTL&hw=Bridge+raises+tolls&sn=002&sc=825 |title=Bridge raises tolls, denies Doyle Dr. funds |work=The San Francisco Chronicle |date=March 15, 2008 |accessdate=April 3, 2008}}</ref>

The first results of the study, called the Mobility, Access and Pricing Study (MAPS), showed that a congestion pricing program is feasible.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfcta.org/content/view/302/148/ |publisher=] |title=Mobility, Access and Pricing Study |accessdate=February 22, 2009}}</ref> The different pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008.<ref name="NYTimes01_09">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/04/us/04congestion.html |title=San Francisco Studies Fees to Ease Traffic |work=The New York Times |author=Wollan, Malia |date=January 4, 2009 |accessdate=February 22, 2009}}</ref>

In August 2008, transportation officials ended the congestion pricing program in favor of varying rates for metered parking along the route to the bridge including on Lombard Street and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2008-08-12/news/17120897_1_congestion-pricing-experiment-congestion-toll-golden-gate-bridge-district |title=Golden Gate Bridge congestion toll plan dies |work=San Francisco Chronicle |author=Cabanatuan, Michael |date=August 12, 2008}}</ref>

== Issues ==

===Suicides===
{{Main|Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge}}
] initiative, this sign promotes a special telephone available on the bridge that connects to a ].]]

The Golden Gate Bridge is the second-most used ]/] in the world, after the ].<ref>{{cite news |first=James |last=Bone |title=Golden Gate bridge in San {{sic|Fransico |nolink=y}} gets safety net to deter suicides|work=The Times |url=http://journalisted.com/article/jdey |location=New York |accessdate=October 23, 2008 | date=October 13, 2008}}</ref> The deck is about {{convert|245|ft|m}} above the water.<!-- Distance from water to bottom of bridge is 220 ft. Distance from bottom of bridge to deck is about 25 ft per ref. --><ref>{{cite web |url=http://keerc.snu.ac.kr/bridge/lecture/bridge/Bridge%20Design-3.pdf |title=Suspension Bridges |website=snu.ac.kr |page=5 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030712142048/http://keerc.snu.ac.kr/bridge/lecture/bridge/Bridge%20Design-3.pdf |archivedate=July 12, 2003}}</ref> After a fall of four seconds, ] hit the water at around {{cvt|75|mph|km/h m/s|-1||}}. Most of the jumpers die from impact ]. About 5% of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally ] or die of ] in the cold water.<ref name="lethal4">{{cite news |title=LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death: Suicide by bridge is gruesome, and death is almost certain. The fourth in a seven-part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate. |first1=John, Staff Writer |last1=Koopman |date=November 2, 2005 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/LETHAL-BEAUTY-No-easy-death-Suicide-by-bridge-2562269.php#page-1 |newspaper=] |accessdate=June 3, 2014}}</ref><ref name="LAtimess">{{cite web |last=Bateson |first=John |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/sep/29/opinion/la-oe-bateson-golden-gate-bridge-suicides-20130929 |title=The suicide magnet that is the Golden Gate Bridge |work=Los Angeles Times |date=September 29, 2013 |accessdate=October 14, 2013}}</ref>

After years of debate and over an estimated 1,500 deaths, suicide barriers began to be installed in April 2017. Construction will take approximately four years at a cost of over $200 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Suicide Barriers Going Up At Golden Gate Bridge After Over 1.5K Deaths|url=http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2017/04/13/suicide-barriers-to-go-up-at-golden-gate-bridge-after-1-5k-deaths/|website=CBS San Francisco|publisher=CBS Broadcasting Inc.|accessdate=November 27, 2017|language=en|date=April 13, 2017}}</ref> In December 2019, it was reported that construction of the suicide prevention net is two years behind schedule because of issues with the lead contractor, Shimmick Construction Co. Shimmick was sold in 2017, leading to the slowdown of several existing projects. The completion date for the Golden Gate Bridge net is now set for 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ktla.com/2019/12/13/construction-of-suicide-net-at-golden-gate-bridge-is-2-years-behind-schedule/|title=Construction of Suicide Net at Golden Gate Bridge Is 2 Years Behind Schedule|date=2019-12-13|website=KTLA|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref>

===Wind===
Since its completion, the Golden Gate Bridge has been closed because of weather conditions only three times: on December 1, 1951, because of gusts of {{convert|69|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}; on December 23, 1982, because of winds of {{convert|70|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}; and on December 3, 1983, because of wind gusts of {{convert|75|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="goldengatebridge facts">{{cite web |url=http://goldengatebridge.org/research/facts.php |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge |publisher=Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District |accessdate=March 12, 2008}}</ref>

An ], placed midway between the two towers on the west side of the bridge, has been used to measure wind speeds. Another anemometer was placed on one of the towers.

{{Anchor|Seismic retrofit}}

===Seismic vulnerability and improvements===
]
Modern knowledge of the effect of earthquakes on structures led to a program to ] the Golden Gate to better resist seismic events. The proximity of the bridge to the ] places it at risk for a significant earthquake. Once thought to have been able to withstand any magnitude of foreseeable earthquake, the bridge was actually vulnerable to complete structural failure (i.e., collapse) triggered by the failure of supports on the {{convert|320|ft|m|adj=on}} arch over ].<ref>{{cite news |title=70 YEARS: Spanning the Golden Gate:New will blend in with the old as part of bridge earthquake retrofit project |author=Nolte, Carl |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=May 28, 2007 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/05/28/MNGV7Q2QGI1.DTL}}</ref> A $392&nbsp;million program was initiated to improve the structure's ability to withstand such an event with only minimal (repairable) damage. One challenging undertaking is completing this program without disrupting traffic. A complex electro-hydraulic synchronous lift system was custom built for construction of temporary support towers and a series of intricate lifts, transferring the loads from the existing bridge onto the temporary supports. This was completed with engineers from ] and ], accomplishing this task without disrupting day-to-day San Francisco commuter traffic.<ref>. ''Roads&Bridges'' (December 28, 2000).</ref><ref name = "retrofit">{{cite web |url=http://goldengatebridge.org/projects/retrofit.php |title=Overview of Golden Gate Bridge Seismic Retrofit |accessdate=June 21, 2008 |author=Golden Gate Bridge Authority |date=May 2008}}</ref> Although the retrofit was initially planned to be completed in 2012, as of 2017, it was expected to take several more years to complete all of the necessary work.<ref name = "retrofit"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://enr.construction.com/features/transportation/archives/050103-1.asp |title=Famed Golden Gate Span Undergoes Complex Seismic Revamp |accessdate=June 21, 2008 |last=Gonchar |first=Joann |date=January 3, 2005 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Construction}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2017/05/24/costly-golden-gate-bridge-retrofit-still-years-away-from-completion/|title=Costly Golden Gate Bridge Retrofit Still Years Away From Completion|date=May 24, 2017|language=en-US|access-date=July 29, 2019}}</ref>

{{Anchor|Doyle Drive replacement project}}

The former elevated approach to the Golden Gate Bridge through the ], known as Doyle Drive, dated to 1933 and was named after Frank P. Doyle. Doyle, the president of the Exchange Bank in Santa Rosa and son of the bank's founder, was the man who, more than any other person, made it possible to build the Golden Gate Bridge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidioparkway.org/about/history.aspx |title=Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive |publisher=Presidio Parkway Project |accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref> The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the ] and points north.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfcta.org/content/view/275/94/ |title=Doyle Drive Replacement Project |work=Doyle Drive Replacement Project |publisher=San Francisco County Transportation Authority |accessdate=May 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426064515/http://www.sfcta.org/content/view/275/94/ |archive-date=April 26, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The road was deemed "vulnerable to earthquake damage," had a problematic 4-lane design, and lacked shoulders; a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that it be replaced. Construction on the $1&nbsp;billion<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-01-05/bay-area/17466642_1_doyle-drive-caltrans-closures |title=Doyle Drive makeover will affect drivers soon |last=Cabanatuan |first=Michael |date=January 5, 2010 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref> replacement, temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway, began in December 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidioparkway.org/construction_info/ |title=Current Construction Activity |work=Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive |publisher=Presidio Parkway |accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref>
The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27–30, 2012, and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway, until it was switched onto the finished Presidio Parkway on the weekend of July 9–12, 2015. {{as of|2012|May|}}, an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/20120501/news/205011005?tc=ar |title=SMITH: It's wrecked, but it's still 'Doyle Drive' |newspaper=Press Democrat |accessdate=May 1, 2012}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Gallery==

{{comparison_of_notable_bridges.svg}}

{{Wide image|San_Francisco_with_two_bridges_and_the_low_fog.jpg|800px|Panorama of San Francisco with two bridges (Western section of Bay Bridge in the left background), ] (in background to the left of north tower), and ] (on the San Francisco waterfront in the background behind the north tower) from ]|center}}
{{Wide image|Golden Gate Bridge at night.jpg|800px|Panorama of the Golden Gate Bridge at night, with San Francisco in the background|center}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Transport|Engineering|San Francisco Bay Area}}
* ], a bridge with a similar design in Portugal
* '']'', a 2006 documentary on suicides from the Bridge
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Cassady, Stephen |url=https://www.amazon.com/Spanning-Gate-Cassady/dp/0916290360 |title=Spanning the Gate |publisher=Squarebooks |date=1979 |edition=Commemorative edition, 1987}}
* {{cite book |author1 =Dyble, Louise Nelson |url=http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14601.html |title=Paying the Toll: Local Power, Regional Politics |author2 =the Golden Gate Bridge |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |date=2009}}
* {{cite news |author=Friend, Tad |url=http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/031013fa_fact? |title=Jumpers: The fatal grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge |work=] |date=October 13, 2003 |volume=79 |issue=30 |page=48 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108171731/http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/031013fa_fact |archivedate=November 8, 2006 }}
* {{cite news |author1 =Guthman, Edward |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/10/30/MNG2NFF7KI1.DTL |title=Lethal Beauty / The Allure: Beauty |author2 =an easy route to death have long made the Golden Gate Bridge a magnet for suicides |work=] |date=October 30, 2005}}
* {{cite book |author=Schwartz, Harvey |title=Building the Golden Gate Bridge: A Workers' Oral History |publisher=University of Washington Press |date=2015 |isbn=978-0295995069}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/goldengatelifeti00star|title=Golden Gate: The Life and Times of America's Greatest Bridge|author1=Starr, Kevin|author-link=Kevin Starr|date=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|isbn=978-1-59691-534-3|location=|pages=}}
* {{cite book |author=Steel, Eric |title=] |date=2006}} (Documentary film regarding suicides occurring at the Golden Gate Bridge.)
* {{cite web |url=http://www.vibrationdata.com/golden.htm |title=Golden Gate Bridge Natural Frequencies |website=Vibrationdata.com |date=April 5, 2006}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Golden Gate Bridge|Golden Gate Bridge}}
* {{official website}}
* {{HAER |survey=CA-31 |id=ca1355 |title=Golden Gate Bridge |photos=41 |color=6 |data=2 |cap=4}}
* {{curlie|/Regional/North_America/United_States/California/Metro_Areas/San_Francisco_Bay_Area/Travel_and_Tourism/Attractions/Golden_Gate_Bridge/|Links for Golden Gate Bridge}}
* {{cite web |url=http://sflib1.sfpl.org:82/search~S0/?searchtype=X&searcharg=%22Bridges+--+Golden+Gate%22+&sortdropdown=-&SORT=D&extended=0&SUBMIT=Search&searchlimits=&searchorigarg=X%22s%3ABridges%22+--+Golden+Gate+%26SORT%3DD |title=Images of the Golden Gate Bridge |website=San Francisco Public Library's Historical Photograph database}}
* {{cite news |url=https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/191374 |date=1962 |work=KPIX-TV |author=Marshal 'J' (Narrator) |title=The Bridge Builders}} (A documentary film about the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge.)
* {{cite web |website=Batolls.info |url=http://www.batolls.info/bridges/golden_gate_bridge.html |title=Live Toll Prices for Golden Gate Bridge}}
* {{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ycDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=San Francisco To Have World's Greatest Bridge |date=March 1931 |work=Popular Science}}
* {{cite web |url=http://sftodo.com/golden-gate-bridge-facts.html |title=Golden Gate Bridge facts |website=sftodo.com}} (Educational poster.)
* {{cite web |url=http://goldengatebridgemovie.blogspot.com/ |website=Golden Gate Bridge Movie |title=End of Land Sadness&nbsp;– The history of Suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge}}

{{Crossings navbox
|structure = Crossings
|place = ]
|bridge = Golden Gate Bridge
|upstream text = West
|upstream = Pacific Ocean
|upstream signs =
|downstream text = East
|downstream = North Bay:<br />]<br />]
----
South Bay:<br />]<br />''BART''
|downstream signs =
}}
{{LongestBridge
| type = suspension
| start = 1937
| end = 1964
| previous = George Washington Bridge
| current = Golden Gate Bridge
| next = Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge
}}
{{San Francisco Attractions}}
{{San Francisco Bay watershed}}
{{Authority control}}
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Revision as of 23:15, 1 January 2020

Bridge in California, U.S.
Golden Gate Bridge
Coordinates37°49′11″N 122°28′43″W / 37.81972°N 122.47861°W / 37.81972; -122.47861
Carries6 lanes of US 101 / SR 1 (see below), pedestrians and bicycles.
CrossesGolden Gate
LocaleSan Francisco, California and Marin County, California, U.S.
Official nameGolden Gate Bridge
Maintained byGolden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District
Characteristics
DesignArt Deco, Suspension, truss arch & truss causeways
MaterialSteel
Total length8,980 ft (2,737.1 m), about 1.7 mi (2.7 km)
Width90 ft (27.4 m)
Height746 ft (227.4 m)
Longest span4,200 ft (1,280.2 m), about 0.79 miles (1.28 km)
Clearance above14 ft (4.3 m) at toll gates, Trucks cannot pass
Clearance below220 ft (67.1 m) at high tide
History
DesignerJoseph Strauss, Charles Ellis, Leon Solomon Moisseiff, Irving Morrow
Construction startJanuary 5, 1933 (1933-01-05)
Construction endApril 19, 1937 (1937-04-20)
OpenedMay 27, 1937; 87 years ago (1937-05-27)
Statistics
Daily traffic110,000
TollCars (southbound only)
$8.00 (Pay by plate), $7.00 (FasTrak), $5.00 (carpools during peak hours, FasTrak only)
California Historical Landmark
DesignatedJune 18, 1987
Reference no.974
San Francisco Designated Landmark
DesignatedMay 21, 1999
Reference no.222
Location

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The Frommer's travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as "possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed, bridge in the world." At the time of its opening in 1937, it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world, with a main span of 4,200 feet (1,280 m) and a total height of 746 feet (227 m).

History

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Ferry service

Further information: Ferries of San Francisco Bay

Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco. Streets and Highways Code, Chapter 2, Article 3, Section 301-635#Route 101|California Streets and Highways Code § 401]], Route 101 ends at "the approach to the Golden Gat

  1. "About Us". goldengate.org. Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  2. Golden Gate Bridge at Structurae
  3. Cite error: The named reference Denton was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. "Annual Vehicle Crossings and Toll Revenues, FY 1938 to FY 2011". Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
  5. "Golden Gate Bridge". Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  6. "City of San Francisco Designated Landmarks". City of San Francisco. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
  7. Levine, Dan (1993). Frommer's comprehensive travel guide, California '93. New York: Prentice Hall Travel. p. 118. ISBN 0671846744.
  8. McGrath, Nancy (1985). Frommer's 1985-86 guide to San Francisco. New York: Frommer/Pasmantier Pub. p. 10. ISBN 0671526545.
  9. "Two Bay Area Bridges". US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved March 9, 2009.