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| {{Puffery|date=October 2019}} | |||
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| ] | |||
| The American singer ] (1958 – 2009), nicknamed the “]",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/28/weekinreview/28segal.html|title=After Michael Jackson, Fame May Never Be the Same|last=Segal|first=David|date=2009-06-27|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | |||
| is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century and one of the most successful and influential entertainers of his era.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nypl.org/blog/2009/07/07/michael-jackson-icon|title=Michael Jackson: Icon|website=The New York Public Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2018/11/26/michael-jackson-on-the-wall-as-art-object-of-a-blockbuster-paris-exhibition/|title=New Blockbuster Paris Exhibition Celebrates Michael Jackson|first=Cecilia|last=Rodriguez|website=Forbes}}</ref> | |||
| Jackson became a child star as a member of the ], a band formed with his older brothers.<ref>Warwick, p. 249.</ref> In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in ] and the first ] entertainer to have a strong ] fan base on Music Television (]).<ref name="Nothing More Than ... Feelings">{{cite news|first=Jonathan|last=Yardley|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-962615.html|title=Nothing More Than ... Feelings|newspaper=]|date=August 30, 1993|accessdate=March 10, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102054128/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-962615.html|archive-date=November 2, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Off the wall but still invincible">{{cite news|first=Elizabeth|last=Day|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/mar/08/michael-jackson-profile-pop-culture|title=Off the wall but still invincible|newspaper=]|date=March 8, 2009|accessdate=March 10, 2009 | location=London}}</ref> His ]s, including those for "]", "]", and "]" from his 1982 album '']'', are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool.<ref>https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.833673</ref> The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel ] to fame.<ref>Brackett, David. "Jackson, Michael." ''Grove Music Online.'' Accessed 1 Oct. 2019.</ref> Jackson’s achievements helped to ] popular music and introduced an era of ] and integration that future generations of artists followed.<ref>Roberts, "Kingdom", p. 36.</ref> | |||
| Jackson's influenced a wide range of subjects, from celebrity studies to visual culture to gender and sexuality studies, and many more including ones not directly related to his profession.<ref>Roberts, "Popular Culture", p. 1.</ref><ref>{{cite news|first= Jill |last= Rosen |title= 7 Ways Michael Jackson Changed The World |date= June 28, 2009 |newspaper= ] |accessdate= April 24, 2016 |url= http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2009-06-28/news/0906260178_1_michael-jackson-jackson-changed-jackson-five}}</ref> The ] named Jackson on their list of "80 Moments that Shaped the World."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/80-moments-report.pdf|title=80 Moments that Shaped the World|last=|first=|date=2014|website=British Council|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> In 2010, two university librarians found that Jackson's influence extended to ], with references to Jackson in reports concerning music, ], ] and an array of other topics.<ref name="Chandler">{{cite web|first= Cory |last= Chandler |date= May 20, 2010 |title= Librarians Prove Michael Jackson Was a Rock Star in Academic Literature |url= http://today.ttu.edu/2010/05/librarians-prove-michael-jackson-was-a-rock-star-in-academic-literature |publisher= ] |accessdate= May 31, 2015}}</ref><ref>Hidalgo & Weiner 2010, pp. 14–28.</ref><ref>Hidalgo & Weiner 2010, p. 25.</ref> | |||
| ==Performing arts== | |||
| ===Music=== | |||
| {{See also|List of artists influenced by Michael Jackson|List of Michael Jackson records and achievements}} | |||
| ] founder ] instilled in Jackson an ambition to make crossover, chart-topping, universal music during Jackson’s time at the label. Jackson's musical influences varied widely, from the ] of his father's band to ].<ref>Vogel, (Kindle locations) 244-294.</ref> With the combination of artistic diversity and mass appeal, Jackson’s achievements as a musician have defined a category of contemporary popular music that is characterized by fusions of different eras, styles, media and genres, but is also rooted in ] and ].<ref>Vogel, (Kindle location) 373.</ref> | |||
| The album ''Off the Wall'' was generally categorized as a ] album, yet music critic ] described it as one that “invented modern pop as we know it.” The album has been called a turning point and a distillation of the disco era.<ref>Vogel, (Kindle location) 748.</ref> Jackson's 1982 album '']'' changed the direction of popular music.<ref>Vogel, (Kindle location) 1438.</ref> Jay Cocks, writing for ''Time'' in 1984, said the album was “a thorough restoration of confidence, a rejuvenation its effect on listeners, especially younger ones, was nearer to a revelation.” It reintroduced black music to mainstream American radio; until then the so-called “restrictive special-format programming”, a genre-driven radio content philosophy which segregated music by race introduced in the mid-1970s, limited airplay of black music. Jackson, whose success was compared to that of ] and ], appeared on the cover of ''Time''; the cover portrait was by ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/5033766/thriller-michael-jackson-anniversary/|title=Why Michael Jackson's Biggest Success Was a Surprise|website=Time|language=en|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> In 2008, the ] added ''Thriller'' to the ] for its "stratospheric national and international success."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-08-079/2007-national-recording-registry-announced/2008-05-14/|title="Thriller" in the Library of Congress: 2007 National Recording Registry Announced|last=|first=|date=May 14, 2008|website=Library of Congress|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> | |||
| Jackson’s music has been extensively covered by other artists of various styles , including ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/the-10-best-covers-of-michael-jacksons-songs-20592/|title=The 10 Best Covers of Michael Jackson’s Songs|date=2014-06-27|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref> Artists who often mention Jackson in their music include ], ], ], ], and ]. | |||
| ===Dance and choreography=== | |||
| {{See also|Michael Jackson impersonator}} | |||
| ] paying tribute to the late singer at ]'s '']'' in ].]] | |||
| Jackson popularized street dances such as ], ], the ] and his signature move the ].<ref name="dancer gifts">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/michael-jackson-dancer-moved-measure-gifts-jackson-dance-genius-article-1.373191|title=Michael Jackson the dancer moved us beyond measure; among other gifts, Jackson was dance genius, too|last=Smith|first=Olivia|website=nydailynews.com|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref> Professor of performance studies at ] Tavia Nyongo said that "No dancer has done as much to popularize the art form since ].” | |||
| Ronni Favors, the rehearsal director at the ], said, “Even if it wasn't a movement that created he made it look brand new.”<ref name="dancer gifts" /> Academic ] described Jackson’s dancing as ] and wrote that " a technician, he is a great illusionist, a genuine mime".<ref name="dancing feet">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/06/arts/stage-the-dancing-feet-of-michael-jackson.html|title=Stage: The Dancing Feet Of Michael Jackson|last=Kisselgoff|first=Anna|date=1988-03-06|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-01|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Janet Wong, associate artistic director of the ], compared Jackson’s work to ]: "Race is read into it, gender, politics. Intentionally or unintentionally, Michael Jackson did the same thing in his work."<ref name="dancer gifts" /> | |||
| Jackson is credited for helping to spread dance to a global audience. ], executive producer and judge on the TV dance competition '']'', said that "countless" applicants had begun dancing because of Jackson.<ref name="dancer gifts"/> Favors said Jackson was "a trailblazer for his generation", setting the expectation that future pop stars, such as ] and ], integrate dance in their performances.<ref name="dancer gifts" /> | |||
| ==Music videos== | |||
| Jackson's music is nearly inextricable from the music videos that accompany them<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=CbswDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&dq=Jackson's+music+is+nearly+inextricable+from+the+music+videos+that+accompany+them&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjq9JLtgsPlAhXM73MBHeSyA5gQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=Jackson's+music+is+nearly+inextricable+from+the+music+videos+that+accompany+them&f=false|title=K-Pop: Popular Music, Cultural Amnesia, and Economic Innovation in South Korea|first=John|last=Lie|date=October 30, 2015|publisher=Univ of California Press|via=Google Books}}</ref>.. Jackson was part of the Motown tradition of strong audio-visual performances. ] saw it important that the Jackson 5, like other Motown artists, were commercially attractive and entertaining on television.<ref>Harper, p. 105.</ref> | |||
| Jackson become a visual phenomenon in 1983, with the release of the videos for ''Thriller''. | |||
| At this time most music videos featured poor production, small budgets and little storytelling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9fR8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=Before+Michael+Jackson%E2%80%99s+thriller,+the+music+video+was+primarily+a+promotional+tool,+featuring+poor+production,+small+budgets+and+little+storytelling.&source=bl&ots=4XI5VvqPKo&sig=ACfU3U0aiFOo5QaIcvvwIPy0i2dD87itbQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjW7v6dhsPlAhVg73MBHR-1A4EQ6AEwAHoECA0QAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Man in the Music|first=Joseph|last=Vogel|date=August 27, 2019|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|via=Google Books}}</ref> Jackson's videos began a transformation, replacing cheap montage promos with elaborate short films. They had strong narratives, spectacular visuals, and Jackson’s distictive choreography and dance moves.<ref name="auto">Vogel, (Kindle location) 391.</ref> Jackson among the first artists to get well-known movie directors to work with him; these include ], ], ] and ].<ref name="reuters new standard">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-jackson-mtv-idUSTRE56254W20090703|title=Michael Jackson's videos set a new standard|date=2009-07-03|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-09-30|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| The '']'', which features Jackson dancing with ]s, cost more than $1 million to produce. It sealed MTV's position as a major cultural force,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/21/michael-jackson-thriller-changed-music-videos|title=How Michael Jackson's Thriller changed music videos for ever|first=Phil|last=Hebblethwaite|date=November 21, 2013|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> helped disassemble racial barriers for black artists, revolutionized music video production, popularized the making-of documentaries, and drove rentals and sales of VHS tapes.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/21/michael-jackson-thriller-changed-music-videos|title=How Michael Jackson's Thriller changed music videos for ever|last=Hebblethwaite|first=Phil|date=November 21, 2013|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=October 29, 2018}}</ref> It has been described as the most influential music video in history,<ref name="auto"/> and is the only music video in the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/thriller-lands-national-film-registry-92683|title='Thriller' Lands in National Film Registry|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> Former MTV executive Nina Blackwood said, " we saw videos get more sophisticated—more story lines, way more intricate choreography. You look at those early videos and they were shockingly bad."<ref name="reuters new standard"/> Music video director ] credited ''Thriller'' as the turning point when music videos became a "proper industry".<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-jackson-thriller-idUSTRE56300320090706|title=How Michael Jackson's "Thriller" changed music business|date=July 6, 2009|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> | |||
| ''Thriller'' has become closely associated with ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailycollegian.com/2017/10/michael-jacksons-thriller-remains-a-halloween-hit/|title=Michael Jackson’s ‘Thriller’ remains a Halloween hit|last=Clifford|first=Edward|website=Massachusetts Daily Collegian|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref><ref name="vox thriller">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/10/31/18046940/michael-jackson-thriller-facts-trivia-making-of-john-landis|title=Michael Jackson’s "Thriller" is the eternal Halloween bop — and so much more|last=Romano|first=Aja|date=2018-10-31|website=Vox|language=en|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref> The dance is performed in major cities around the world; the largest zombie dance included 12,937 dancers, in Mexico City.<ref name="Griffin">{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2010/07/michael-jackson-thriller-201007|title=The "Thriller" Diaries|last1=Griffin|first1=Nancy|date=January 24, 2010|website=]|access-date=9 October 2019}}</ref> A ] had attracted 14 million views as of 2010.<ref name="Griffin" /> | |||
| ==Fashion== | |||
| Jackson had a distinctive sense of style and often asked tailors to design him clothes which defied convention.<ref name="vogue 60th">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/michael-jackson-60th-birthday|title=60 Years Of Michael Jackson, The Fashion Icon|website=British Vogue|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> In his autobiography '']'' Jackson said, “If fashion says it’s forbidden, I’m going to do it.”<ref>Jackson, (Kindle location) 1782.</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Elements of his style include <ref name="vogue 60th"/> sequined gloves, a ], red leather jackets, ], black ], and white socks.<ref>Vogel, (Kindle location) 1988.</ref> Jackson was also interested in ] and military history, which resulted in his love of ] and regalia.<ref name="vogue 60th"/> His jackets often had a single colored armband on one sleeve. Others simply described it as eccentric and theatrical.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1614819/michael-jacksons-style-legacy-from-military-jackets-to-one-glove/|title=Michael Jackson's Style Legacy, From Military Jackets To One Glove|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|website=MTV News|language=en|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> '']'' called Jackson "a fashion pioneer who gave new meaning to moonwalking, immortalised solitary, sparkly gloves, initiated the ] trend in the Eighties and was brave enough to couple dress with Madonna on the red carpet."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/michael-jacksons-style-26062009|title=Michael Jackson - A Tribute|website=British Vogue|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> | |||
| In 2012 ], who named Jackson as an inspiration, bought over 1,000 lots of Jackson’s items for over $5 million. The items included Jackson’s clothes, such as a crystal glove and the black biker jacket from the music video '']''.<ref>{{Cite wemi | |||
| |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lynndouglass/2012/12/05/lady-gaga-buys-55-items-from-michael-jackson-auction-says-shell-archive-all/|title=Lady Gaga Buys 55 Items From Michael Jackson Auction, Says She'll Archive All|last=Douglass|first=Lynn|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> She had considered opening a museum to display the collection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/lady-gaga-to-open-michael-jackson-museum-with-125m-of-memorabilia-she-owns-9048921.html|title=Lady Gaga to open Michael Jackson museum with £1.25m of memorabilia|date=2014-01-09|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> In 2016, Gaga wore a jacket that looked identical to one Jackson wore when he visited the ] in 1990 for ]’s final campaign rally during the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7572357/lady-gaga-michael-jackson-jacket-hillary-clinton-rally|title=Lady Gaga Wore Michael Jackson's Jacket to Hillary Clinton's Final Rally|website=Billboard|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref> | |||
| ==Visual arts== | |||
| Jackson has been depicted by a large number of contemporary artists, including ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/michael-jackson-on-the-wall/exhibition/|title=Michael Jackson: On the Wall - Exhibition|website=www.npg.org.uk|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> | |||
| ==Race politics== | |||
| Jackson was a major figure in the ] of American popular culture and ].{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} ''Off the Wall'' succeeded at a time when ] was perceived as inferior to ] by critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21548-off-the-wall/|title=Michael Jackson: Off the Wall|website=Pitchfork}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/from-billie-jean-to-beat-it-michael-jacksons-top-5-hits-of-all-time/the-enigma/slideshow/65590190.cms|title=From 'Billie Jean' to 'Beat It': Michael Jackson's Top 5 Hits Of All Time - The Enigma|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> One of the greatest achievements of the album was to integrate a diverse collection of talents from different races, cultures and countries, and to coalesce them seamlessly into the record.<ref>Vogel, (Kindle location) 1003.</ref> | |||
| ''Billie Jean'' was one of the first music videos by a black artist to be shown on ], which hitherto had been a channel directed to a white, rock-oriented audience. MTV initially refused to play the video because of its commitment to rock music. When ] executive ] threatened to remove all of their products off MTV and expose its discriminatory policies, the network gave in.<ref>Vogel, (Kindle location) 2018.</ref> Following videos from the album were also part of this transformation of racial politics in music television. | |||
| The success of ''Thriller'' not only broke down racial barriers in music but also in other areas of the entertainment industry. For African Americans, it was an enormous source of affirmation and achievement. Critic ] said “Black people cherished ''Thriller''’s breakthrough as if it were their own battering ram ].”<ref>Vogel, (Kindle location) 568.</ref> Jackson remains highly respected among black Americans. The two figures shared the same ambitions for integration and racial harmony while refusing to allow their race hold them back. ] said, “Way before ] or Barack Obama, Michael made black people go pop-culture global.”<ref name="RS Superhero">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/michael-jackson-black-superhero-71199/|title=Michael Jackson: Black Superhero|last=Touré|last2=Touré|date=2014-06-26|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> | |||
| Jackson was devoted to fighting prejudice and injustice. The video for '']'' (1991), showed Jackson dancing with dancers of various ethnic groups and traditions, and the lyrics plead for racial tolerance and understanding.<ref>Childs, p. 44.</ref> | |||
| In 1995 "]" was released as one of the singles from '']''. In the mid-2010s, the track was resurrected as an anthem for the ] movement.<ref>Vogel, (Kindle location) 5472.</ref> The song, originally recorded as part of the ''Dangerous'' sessions, was inspired by the ]. The lyrics became more personal after Jackson felt dehumanized by the Santa Barbara County police's behaviour during the ].<ref>Vogel, (Kindle location) 5511.</ref> | |||
| From the outset the song was controversial because of its supposedly ] lyrics. ] of ''The New York Times'' cited the lines “''Jew me, sue me / Everybody do me / Kick me, ] me / Don’t you black or white me''” as “pointedly critical of Jews.”<ref>Vogel, (Kindle location) 5479.</ref> Rabbi Abraham Cooper of the ] described the lyrics as “deeply disturbing” and potentially harmful to young people.<ref>Vogel, (Kindle location) 5489.</ref> Jackson issued statements saying that his lyrics were about “the pain of prejudice and hate” and that the song was “a way to draw attention to social and political problems.” He described himself as “the voice of the accused and the attacked.”<ref>Vogel, (Kindle locations) 5482-5484.</ref> The lyrics were eventually deleted. Some, particularly black Americans, saw the controversy as manufactured and a clear display of double-standards.<ref>Vogel, (Kindle locations) 5502-5503.</ref> | |||
| ==Tabloid media== | |||
| {{Quote|quote=The Michael Jackson cacophony is fascinating in that it is not about Jackson at all. I hope he has the good sense to know it and the good fortune to snatch his life out of the jaws of a carnivorous success. He will not swiftly be forgiven for having turned so many tables, for he damn sure grabbed the ], and the man who broke the bank at ] has nothing on Michael. All that noise is about America, as the dishonest custodian of black life and wealth; the blacks, especially males, in America; and the burning, buried American guilt; and sex and sexual roles and sexual panic; money, success and despair—to all of which may now be added the bitter need to find a head on which to place the crown of Miss America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cusd80.com/cms/lib/AZ01001175/Centricity/Domain/1073/Full%20Text%20Here-be-Dragons-James-Baldwin.pdf|title=Here Be Dragons|last=Baldwin|first=James|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>Baldwin, James. "Freaks and the American Ideal of Manhood". ''Collected Essays''. 828. 1998.</ref>|author=]|source="Freaks and the American Ideal of Manhood" (1985) | |||
| }} | |||
| Jackson was notable for his eccentricity, often perceived as confounding, contradictory and occasionally ridiculous. At the height of his fame, during the ‘80s, Jackson began to embrace and perpetuate the public perception of his strangeness. Jackson (and his publicity team) and the media worked in tandem to cultivate this image.<ref>Vogel, (Kindle location) 2679.</ref> Early tabloid stories of his being obsessed with the ]'s bones and sleeping in an “oxygen chamber” were possibly ]s. Around this time, the British tabloid '']'' began calling Jackson “Wacko Jacko,” a name which he came to despise. Other tabloids and media outlets soon followed. The tabloid nickname stayed with Jackson for the rest of his career. Stories of his achievements gradually turned negative. As Vogel put it: “Critics maligned him for buying the Beatles catalog, mocked his changing appearance, called him a sissy, questioned whether he actually wrote his songs, reduced his art to commercial ephemera.”<ref>Vogel, (Kindle location) 2729.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/09/how-michael-jackson-made-bad/262162/|title=How Michael Jackson Made 'Bad'|first=Joseph|last=Vogel|date=September 10, 2012|website=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/31/AR2007083101466.html|title=The Michael Vicks of Yore|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> | |||
| Scholars have described this widely acknowledged and often polarizing perception of Jackson as a ] spectacle, causing the “real Michael Jackson” to remain elusive. Brian Rossiter noted, “The media, aware of the marketable potential of Jackson’s ambiguities, consistently used them to manufacture the notion of an authentic or private self behind his public persona. Audiences were always given liberty to select which Michael Jackson they deemed to be the real or authentic one .”<ref>Rossiter, p. 205.</ref> | |||
| Susan Fast, on the other hand, gives a more sympathetic view of Jackson: “While some of difference was demonstrated through what was viewed in the mass media as ‘eccentric’ behavior it was really his more substantive(sic), underlying differences that were most troubling—racial, gendered, able-bodied/disabled, child/teenager/adult, adult man who loved children, father/mother.” She argues that Jackson’s persona was “so unsettling to the hegemonic order that it had to be contained through ridicule, misinterpretation, ], and finally criminal ].”<ref>Fast, p. 261.</ref> It is generally regarded as unusual for a man to want to be a single parent, to adore children like a mother; the thought of a man obsessed with cosmetics and appearance agitated the public to disbelieve the idea of him being an object of ] desire. Fast argues that Jackson suffered from these perceptions, which stemmed from anxieties of ], despite the fact that he created highly heterosexual art like “Black or White” and “]”;<ref>Fast, p. 264.</ref> and that this idea extended to ], in which some of the public did not believe an innocuous relationship between Jackson and children, despite the evidence of wrongdoing being slim (and at times ludicrous) and the evidence of ] being strong.<ref>Fast, p. 265.</ref> | |||
| ===In Africa=== | |||
| Throughout his career, Jackson had visited various countries across Africa, including ], ], ], ], ] and ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/michael-jackson-in-africa/|title=Michael Jackson In Africa|date=2013-08-29|website=OkayAfrica|language=en|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref> Fans of ] found his song “]” uplifting in spite of their ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jul/2/king-of-pop-uplifts-liberia/|title=Memory of Michael Jackson uplifts Liberia|last=http://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref> | |||
| According to his memoir, former President of Ghana ] felt a kinship with Jackson for their similar backgrounds: “I had more in common with Michael Jackson than any of those boys who purposely spoke in awkwardly high voices or stood in front of the mirror every morning and diligently picked their Afros.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africasacountry.com/2012/09/michael-jackson-in-tamale-memoirs-of-ghanas-sudden-new-president|title=Michael Jackson in Tamale: The memoir of Ghana’s new President|website=africasacountry.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref> In 2016, Mahama alluded to Jackson’s charity song “]” in a speech at the ] to encourage ], acceptance of refugees, and to denounce ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-assembly-ghana-idUSKCN11R2X6|title=Ghana leader tells U.N. to dance to tune of Michael Jackson|date=2016-09-21|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-10-03|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| In 1992, Jackson was reportedly crowned king of the ] in the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/528931/when-michael-jackson-was-crowned-king-a-small-african-nation|title=When King of Pop Michael Jackson Was Officially Crowned King of a Small African Nation|date=2018-06-25|website=mentalfloss.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5965126/Royal-Ivory-Coast-funeral-for-tribe-prince-Michael-Jackson.html|title=Royal Ivory Coast funeral for tribe 'prince' Michael Jackson|first=Mike Pflanz, West African|last=Correspondent|date=August 3, 2009|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/ghana/video-of-michael-jackson-being-crowned-king-of-a-former-ghanaian-tribe-surfaces-online/ar-AAGJHR6?li=BBKuZ6v&ocid=spartandhp&pfr=1|title=Video of Michael Jackson being crowned king of a former Ghanaian tribe surfaces online|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> | |||
| ==Global impact== | |||
| Ben Beaumont-Thomas, music editor for '']'', said Jackson "ushered in a global culture" and was a "subject of global adulation in areas previously untouched by Western pop culture."<ref name="theguardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jun/25/five-ways-michael-jackson-influence-lives-on?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C3576005891|work=theguardian.com|title=Michael Jackson: Five years after his death, how his influence lives on | Music | The Guardian|accessdate=July 11, 2017}}</ref> Popular music scholar Tamara Roberts said, “Using the grandiose title ‘King of Pop’ to describe Michael Jackson’s impact on the past forty years of popular culture is quite possibly an understatement.”<ref>Roberts, p. 19.</ref> | |||
| ===In Brazil=== | |||
| In 1996 Jackson visited ], a favela in ], to film one of the videos for "]". Initially Rio's local government were concerned that Jackson would show the world an unflattering picture of poverty, which might affect tourism, and accused Jackson of exploiting the poor. Others supported Jackson's wish to highlight the problems of the region, arguing that the government was embarrassed by its own failings. A judge banned all filming but this ruling was overturned by an injunction. | |||
| Speaking of the music video in ''The New Brazilian Cinema'', Lúcia Nagib observed: "When Michael Jackson decided to shoot his new music video in a ] of Rio de Janeiro he used the favela people as extras in a visual super-spectacle . The interesting aspect of Michael Jackson's strategy is the efficiency with which it gives visibility to poverty and social problems in countries like Brazil without resorting to traditional political discourse. The problematic aspect is that it does not entail a real intervention in that poverty."<ref>{{cite book|last= Nagib |first= Lúcia |title= The New Brazilian Cinema |year= 2003 |publisher= I.B.Tauris |page= 123 |isbn= 1-86064-928-9}}</ref> In 2009, ] described the area as "now a model for social development" and claimed that Jackson's influence was partially responsible for this improvement.<ref name="Billboard">{{cite magazine|url= http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/268216/michael-jackson-remains-a-global-phenomenon |title= Michael Jackson Remains A Global Phenomenon |magazine= Billboard |date= July 2, 2009 |accessdate= June 10, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{Misplaced Pages books|Michael Jackson}} | |||
| *] | |||
| {{Commons category|Monuments and memorials to Michael Jackson}} | |||
| {{clear}} | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{notelist}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| ===Footnotes=== | |||
| {{Reflist|2}} | |||
| ===Bibliography=== | |||
| {{refbegin|30em}} | |||
| * Brackett, David. “Black or White? Michael Jackson and the Idea of Crossover.” ''Popular Music & Society'' 35, no. 2 (May 2012): 169–85. doi:10.1080/03007766.2011.616301. | |||
| * Broertjes, Andrew. “‘He’s Sending His People Messages out of His Pain’: Michael Jackson and the Black Community.” ''Popular Music & Society'' 36, no. 5 (December 2013): 677–98. doi:10.1080/03007766.2012.745336. | |||
| * Childs, Peter. "Pop Video: Michael Jackson’s ‘Thriller’ and ‘Race’: Approach: ‘Race’ Studies." In Texts: Contemporary Cultural Texts and Critical Approaches. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006. | |||
| * Fast, Susan. “Difference That Exceeded Understanding: Remembering Michael Jackson (1958-2009).” ''Popular Music & Society'' 33, no. 2 (May 2010): 259–66. doi:10.1080/03007761003640574. | |||
| * Flory, Andrew. ''I Hear a Symphony: Motown and Crossover R&B''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2017. {{ISBN|978-0472036868}} | |||
| * Harper, Phillip Brian. "Synesthesia, "Crossover," and Blacks in Popular Music." Social Text, no. 23 (1989). doi:10.2307/466423. | |||
| * Hidalgo, Susan, and Robert G. Weiner. "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin': MJ in the Scholarly Literature: A Selected Bibliographic Guide". ''The Journal of Pan African Studies'', 3, no. 7. (March 2010): 14-28. | |||
| * Longhurst, Brian. ''Popular Music and Society''. Polity Press, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0745631639}} | |||
| * Oliete, Elena. "Michael, Are You OK? You've Been Hit by a Smooth Criminal: Racism, Controversy, and Parody in the Videos 'Smooth Criminal' and 'You Rock My World'." Studies in Popular Culture 29, no. 1 (2006). | |||
| * Roberts, Tamara. “Michael Jackson’s Kingdom: Music, Race, and the Sound of the Mainstream.” ''Journal of Popular Music Studies (Wiley-Blackwell)'' 23, no. 1 (March 2011): 19–39. | |||
| * Roberts, Tamara, and Brandi Wilkins Catanese. “Michael Jackson in/as U.S. Popular Culture.” ''Journal of Popular Music Studies (Wiley-Blackwell)'' 23, no. 1 (March 2011): 1–2. doi:10.1111/j.1533-1598.2010.01260.x. | |||
| * Rossiter, Brian. “‘They Don’t Care About Us’: Michael Jackson’s Black Nationalism.” ''Popular Music & Society'' 35, no. 2 (May 2012): 203–22. doi:10.1080/03007766.2011.618050. | |||
| * Vogel, Joseph. ''Man in the Music: The Creative Life and Work of Michael Jackson''. Vintage, 2019. {{ISBN|9780525566588}} | |||
| * Warwick, Jacqueline. “‘You Can’t Win, Child, but You Can’t Get Out of the Game’: Michael Jackson’s Transition from Child Star to Superstar.” ''Popular Music & Society'' 35, no. 2 (May 2012): 241–59. doi:10.1080/03007766.2011.618052. | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Michael Jackson}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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