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* Telecommunications (capacity): The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way ] networks was 281 petabytes of information in 1986, 471 petabytes in 1993, 2,200 petabytes in 2000, and 65,000 petabytes in 2007 (this is the informational equivalent to every person exchanging 6 newspapers per day).<ref name="HilbertLopez2011">, Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), ], 332(6025), 60-65; see also and .</ref> * Telecommunications (capacity): The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way ] networks was 281 petabytes of information in 1986, 471 petabytes in 1993, 2,200 petabytes in 2000, and 65,000 petabytes in 2007 (this is the informational equivalent to every person exchanging 6 newspapers per day).<ref name="HilbertLopez2011">, Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), ], 332(6025), 60-65; see also and .</ref>
* Telecommunications (usage): In 2008, ] transferred about 30 petabytes of data through its networks each day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.att.com/gen/press-room?pid=4800&cdvn=news&newsarticleid=30623 |title=AT&T- News Room |publisher=Att.com |date=23 October 2008 |accessdate=16 August 2009}}</ref> That number grew to 197 petabytes daily by March 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/06/25/att-internet-nsa-spy-hubs/ |quote=As of March 2018, some 197 petabytes of data – the equivalent of more than 49 trillion pages of text, or 60 billion average-sized mp3 files – traveled across its networks every business day. |title=The NSA's Hidden Spy Hubs in Eight U.S. Cities |website=] |first=Ryan |last=Gallagher |first2=Henrik |last2=Moltke |date=June 25, 2018}}</ref> * Telecommunications (usage): In 2008, ] transferred about 30 petabytes of data through its networks each day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.att.com/gen/press-room?pid=4800&cdvn=news&newsarticleid=30623 |title=AT&T- News Room |publisher=Att.com |date=23 October 2008 |accessdate=16 August 2009}}</ref> That number grew to 197 petabytes daily by March 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/06/25/att-internet-nsa-spy-hubs/ |quote=As of March 2018, some 197 petabytes of data – the equivalent of more than 49 trillion pages of text, or 60 billion average-sized mp3 files – traveled across its networks every business day. |title=The NSA's Hidden Spy Hubs in Eight U.S. Cities |website=] |first=Ryan |last=Gallagher |first2=Henrik |last2=Moltke |date=June 25, 2018}}</ref>
* Supercomputers: In January 2012, Cray began construction of the ], which has "up to 500 petabytes of tape storage".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/enabling/bluewaters|title=About Blue Waters}}</ref>
* Data storage system: In August 2011, IBM was reported to have built the largest storage array ever, with a capacity of 120 petabytes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/38440/|title=IBM Builds Biggest Data Drive Ever|last=Simonite|first=Tom|date=25 August 2011|work=Technology Review|accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref> * Data storage system: In August 2011, IBM was reported to have built the largest storage array ever, with a capacity of 120 petabytes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/38440/|title=IBM Builds Biggest Data Drive Ever|last=Simonite|first=Tom|date=25 August 2011|work=Technology Review|accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref>
* Email: In May 2013, ] announces that as part of their migration of Hotmail accounts to the new Outlook.com email service, they migrated over 150 petabytes of user data in six weeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.office.com/b/microsoft-outlook/archive/2013/05/02/outlook-com-400-million-active-accounts-hotmail-upgrade-complete-and-more-features-on-the-way.aspx|title=Outlook.com: 400 million active accounts, Hotmail upgrade complete and more features on the way}}</ref> * Email: In May 2013, ] announces that as part of their migration of Hotmail accounts to the new Outlook.com email service, they migrated over 150 petabytes of user data in six weeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.office.com/b/microsoft-outlook/archive/2013/05/02/outlook-com-400-million-active-accounts-hotmail-upgrade-complete-and-more-features-on-the-way.aspx|title=Outlook.com: 400 million active accounts, Hotmail upgrade complete and more features on the way}}</ref>
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* File sharing (]): 2013 - BitTorrent Sync has transferred over 30 petabytes of data since its pre-alpha release in January 2013.<ref name="nofilmschool.com">{{cite web|url=http://nofilmschool.com/2013/11/bittorrent-sync-1-million-users-version-1-2-free-file-syncing/|title=Version 1.2 of BitTorrent Sync Now Available as Free File Syncing Tool Reaches 1 Million Users|date=6 November 2013|accessdate=19 February 2018}}</ref> * File sharing (]): 2013 - BitTorrent Sync has transferred over 30 petabytes of data since its pre-alpha release in January 2013.<ref name="nofilmschool.com">{{cite web|url=http://nofilmschool.com/2013/11/bittorrent-sync-1-million-users-version-1-2-free-file-syncing/|title=Version 1.2 of BitTorrent Sync Now Available as Free File Syncing Tool Reaches 1 Million Users|date=6 November 2013|accessdate=19 February 2018}}</ref>
* National Library: The ] digital archive of public domain resources hosted by the United States ] contained 15 million digital objects in 2016, comprising over 7 petabytes of digital data.<ref name="loc">{{Cite web|url=https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/the-library-of-last-resort/|title=The Library of Last Resort|last=Chayka|first=Kyle|date=2016-07-14|website=|publisher=n+1 Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> * National Library: The ] digital archive of public domain resources hosted by the United States ] contained 15 million digital objects in 2016, comprising over 7 petabytes of digital data.<ref name="loc">{{Cite web|url=https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/the-library-of-last-resort/|title=The Library of Last Resort|last=Chayka|first=Kyle|date=2016-07-14|website=|publisher=n+1 Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref>
* Film: The 2009 film ] is reported to have taken over 1 petabyte of local storage at ] for the rendering of the 3D CGI effects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/2010/01/01/avatar-takes-1-petabyte-storage-space-equivalent-32-year-long-mp3/ |title=Believe it or not: Avatar takes 1 petabyte of storage space |publisher=Thenextweb.com |date=1 January 2010 |first=Zee|last=Kane|accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.information-management.com/newsletters/avatar_data_processing-10016774-1.html |title=Processing AVATAR |publisher=Information-management.com |date=21 December 2009 |first=Jim|last=Ericson|accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref>
* Video streaming: {{As of|2013|05}}, ] had 3.14 petabytes of video "master copies", which it compresses and converts into 100 different formats for streaming.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vance|first=Ashlee|title=Netflix, Reed Hastings Survive Missteps to Join Silicon Valley's Elite|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-05-09/netflix-reed-hastings-survive-missteps-to-join-silicon-valleys-elite#p4|accessdate=22 May 2014|newspaper=Businessweek|date=9 May 2013}}</ref> * Video streaming: {{As of|2013|05}}, ] had 3.14 petabytes of video "master copies", which it compresses and converts into 100 different formats for streaming.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vance|first=Ashlee|title=Netflix, Reed Hastings Survive Missteps to Join Silicon Valley's Elite|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-05-09/netflix-reed-hastings-survive-missteps-to-join-silicon-valleys-elite#p4|accessdate=22 May 2014|newspaper=Businessweek|date=9 May 2013}}</ref>
* Photos: {{As of|2013|01}}, ] users had uploaded over 240 billion photos,<ref>{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Rich|title=Facebook Builds Exabyte Data Centers for Cold Storage|url=http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/18/facebook-builds-new-data-centers-for-cold-storage/ |publisher=Datacenterknowledge.com|accessdate=21 May 2014}}</ref> with 350 million new photos every day. For each uploaded photo, Facebook generates and stores four images of different sizes, which translated to a total of 960 billion images and an estimated 357 petabytes of storage.<ref>{{cite web|last=Leung|first=Leo|title=How much data does x store?|url=http://techexpectations.org/2014/05/17/hovsdaDSqwrmwqwfEqw-much-data-does-x-store/|publisher=Techexpectations.org|accessdate=21 May 2014}}{{deadlink|date=November 2018}}</ref> * Photos: {{As of|2013|01}}, ] users had uploaded over 240 billion photos,<ref>{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Rich|title=Facebook Builds Exabyte Data Centers for Cold Storage|url=http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/18/facebook-builds-new-data-centers-for-cold-storage/ |publisher=Datacenterknowledge.com|accessdate=21 May 2014}}</ref> with 350 million new photos every day. For each uploaded photo, Facebook generates and stores four images of different sizes, which translated to a total of 960 billion images and an estimated 357 petabytes of storage.<ref>{{cite web|last=Leung|first=Leo|title=How much data does x store?|url=http://techexpectations.org/2014/05/17/hovsdaDSqwrmwqwfEqw-much-data-does-x-store/|publisher=Techexpectations.org|accessdate=21 May 2014}}{{deadlink|date=November 2018}}</ref>

Revision as of 05:12, 18 January 2020

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2019)
Multiple of the unit byte

Multiple-byte units
Decimal
Value Metric
1000 kB kilobyte
1000 MB megabyte
1000 GB gigabyte
1000 TB terabyte
1000 PB petabyte
1000 EB exabyte
1000 ZB zettabyte
1000 YB yottabyte
1000 RB ronnabyte
1000 QB quettabyte
Binary
Value IEC Memory
1024 KiB kibibyte KB kilobyte
1024 MiB mebibyte MB megabyte
1024 GiB gibibyte GB gigabyte
1024 TiB tebibyte TB terabyte
1024 PiB pebibyte —
1024 EiB exbibyte —
1024 ZiB zebibyte —
1024 YiB yobibyte —
—
—
Orders of magnitude of data

A petabyte is 10 bytes of digital information. The unit symbol for the petabyte is PB.

The name is composed of the SI prefix peta- (P) composed with the non-SI unit of a byte.

1 PB = 1000000000000000B = 10bytes = 1000terabytes
1000 PB = 1 exabyte (EB)

A related unit, the pebibyte (PiB), using a binary prefix, is equal to 1024 bytes, which is more than 12% greater (2 bytes = 1125899906842624bytes).

Usage examples

Examples of the use of the petabyte to describe data sizes in different fields are:

  • Telecommunications (capacity): The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way telecommunication networks was 281 petabytes of information in 1986, 471 petabytes in 1993, 2,200 petabytes in 2000, and 65,000 petabytes in 2007 (this is the informational equivalent to every person exchanging 6 newspapers per day).
  • Telecommunications (usage): In 2008, AT&T transferred about 30 petabytes of data through its networks each day. That number grew to 197 petabytes daily by March 2018.
  • Data storage system: In August 2011, IBM was reported to have built the largest storage array ever, with a capacity of 120 petabytes.
  • Email: In May 2013, Microsoft announces that as part of their migration of Hotmail accounts to the new Outlook.com email service, they migrated over 150 petabytes of user data in six weeks.
  • File sharing (centralized): At its 2012 closure of file storage services, Megaupload held ~28 petabytes of user uploaded data.
  • File sharing (peer-to-peer): 2013 - BitTorrent Sync has transferred over 30 petabytes of data since its pre-alpha release in January 2013.
  • National Library: The American Memory digital archive of public domain resources hosted by the United States Library of Congress contained 15 million digital objects in 2016, comprising over 7 petabytes of digital data.
  • Video streaming: As of May 2013, Netflix had 3.14 petabytes of video "master copies", which it compresses and converts into 100 different formats for streaming.
  • Photos: As of January 2013, Facebook users had uploaded over 240 billion photos, with 350 million new photos every day. For each uploaded photo, Facebook generates and stores four images of different sizes, which translated to a total of 960 billion images and an estimated 357 petabytes of storage.
  • Music: One petabyte of average MP3-encoded songs (for mobile, roughly one megabyte per minute), would require 2000 years to play.
  • Steam, a digital distribution service, delivers over 16 petabytes of content to American users weekly.
  • Physics: The experiments in the Large Hadron Collider produce about 15 petabytes of data per year, which are distributed over the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid. In July 2012 it was revealed that CERN amassed about 200 petabytes of data from the more than 800 trillion collisions looking for the Higgs boson. The Large Hadron Collider is also able to produce 1 petabyte of data per second, but most of it is filtered out.
  • Neurology: It is estimated that the human brain's ability to store memories is equivalent to about 2.5 petabytes of binary data.

References

  1. "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information", Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), Science, 332(6025), 60-65; see also "free access to the study" and "video animation".
  2. "AT&T- News Room". Att.com. 23 October 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
  3. Gallagher, Ryan; Moltke, Henrik (25 June 2018). "The NSA's Hidden Spy Hubs in Eight U.S. Cities". The Intercept. As of March 2018, some 197 petabytes of data – the equivalent of more than 49 trillion pages of text, or 60 billion average-sized mp3 files – traveled across its networks every business day.
  4. Simonite, Tom (25 August 2011). "IBM Builds Biggest Data Drive Ever". Technology Review. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  5. "Outlook.com: 400 million active accounts, Hotmail upgrade complete and more features on the way".
  6. "Być może odzyskasz swoje pliki z Megaupload - Tech - WP.PL". Tech. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  7. "Version 1.2 of BitTorrent Sync Now Available as Free File Syncing Tool Reaches 1 Million Users". 6 November 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  8. Chayka, Kyle (14 July 2016). "The Library of Last Resort". n+1 Magazine. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  9. Vance, Ashlee (9 May 2013). "Netflix, Reed Hastings Survive Missteps to Join Silicon Valley's Elite". Businessweek. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  10. Miller, Rich. "Facebook Builds Exabyte Data Centers for Cold Storage". Datacenterknowledge.com. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  11. Leung, Leo. "How much data does x store?". Techexpectations.org. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  12. "What does a petabyte look like?". Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  13. "Steam ISP stats lay Australia's dire internet connectivity bare". PC Gamer.
  14. "3 October 2008 - CERN: Let the number-crunching begin: the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid celebrates first data". Interactions.org. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
  15. "Big Data Software Problem Behind CERN's Higgs Boson Hunt".
  16. "CERN Data Centre passes the 200-petabyte milestone". CERN. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  17. Reber, Paul (2 April 2013). "What Is the Memory Capacity of the Human Brain?". Scientific American. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  18. Wickman, Forrest (24 April 2012). "Your Brain's Technical Specs". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Units of information
Platform-independent units
Platform-dependent units
Metric bit units
Metric byte units
Category: