Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 18:50, 21 January 2020

In Pakistan, the military is considered powerful and is part of what is known as The Establishment. They control the state through a backdoor and part of deep state.

Modus operandi: Reinforcing deep-state dominance

Control over politics: Selected PMs, coups and military dictators

The Establishment in Pakistan, which has ruled Pakistan through direct military dictatorship as well as through control over the powerless civilian governments, is responsible for its strategic policy of state sponsorship of terrorism by Pakistan. FATF, USA, EU, India and many other intergovernmental organisations and nations have described Pakistan as the state sponsor of terrorism, and several former and serving Prime Ministers as well as the top army general have admitted to this fact.

Control over economy: Military owned Pakistan's largest business conglomerations

The Establishment's runs Pakistan's largest business conglomeration with more than 50 business entities worth over US$20 billion; owned through Army Welfare Trust, Bahria Foundation, Fauji Foundation and Shaheen Foundation; runs Pakistan's largest business empire ranging from petrol pumps to huge industrial plants, banks, bakeries, schools and universities, hosiery factories, milk dairies, stud farms, and cement plants, as well as 8 jewels in their crown Defence Housing Authority townships on prime lands across Pakistan in which awards military personnel farm lands and housing plots.

Control over government policy: Political Islam driven

The Establishment has control over the foreign, and domestic policy of Islamisation of Pakistan.

According to the historian Professor Mubarak Ali, textbook "reform" in Pakistan began with the introduction of Pakistan Studies and Islamic studies by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1971 into the national curriculum as a compulsory subject and the military dictator Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, under a general drive towards Islamization, started the process of historical revisionism in earnest and exploited this initiative. 'The Pakistani establishment taught their children right from the beginning that this state was built on the basis of religion – that's why they don't have tolerance for other religions and want to wipe-out all of them.'

Implementation of policies

Core principles/values of the Establishment are the policy of treating India as an arch-rival and existential threat, the Kashmir obsession, Islamisation of Pakistan, Punjab as the heartland/core of Pakistan, strategic use of non-state militants and other Islamic states as Pakistan’s natural allies.

Policy of homogenization of Pakistan

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2019)

During the rule of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq a "program of Islamization" of the country including the textbooks was started to ingrain school kids with Islamised fundamentals. According to the Sustainable Development Policy Institute, since the 1970s Pakistan's school textbooks have systematically inculcated hatred towards India and Hindus through historical revisionism.. These school books played a key role in spreading hatred against non-Muslims, particularly against Hindus and distorted the history. Professor Marwat blamed General Zia for “sowing seeds of discord in society on religious and ethnic lines by stuffing school curricula with material that promoted hatred now manifested in the shape of extremism, intolerance, militancy, sectarianism, dogmatism and fanaticism ... after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 countless lessons and chapters were introduced that spread hatred among the students and portrayed India as the biggest enemy of the Muslims. That stuff should be done away with." According to Tufts University professor Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, Indophobia in Pakistan increased with the ascendancy of the militant Islamist Jamaat-e-Islami under Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi. Indophobia, together with Anti-Hinduism and racist ideologies, such as the martial race theory, were the driving factors behind the re-writing of school textbooks in Pakistan (in both "secular" schools and Islamic madrassahs) in order to promote a biased and revisionist historiography of the Indian subcontinent that promulgated Indophobic and anti-Hindu prejudices. These narratives are combined with Islamist propaganda in the extensive revising of Pakistan's history. By propagating concepts such as jihad, the inferiority of non-Muslims, India’s perceived ingrained enmity with Pakistan, etc., the textbook board publications used by all government schools promote an obscurantist mindset.

Suppression of nationalist movements

Forced disappearances and targeted extra-judicial killings

The Establishment is responsible for the thousands of kidnapping and disappearances, a fact acknowledged by the Pakistani authorities. and described as epidemic by Human Rights Watch (HRW), forced appearances, extrajudicial killings and targeted killings of its own citizens especially against the civilian nationalists of non-Punjabi nationalities such as Baloch, Sindhi, Pashtun, through direct involvement of military and ISI as well as also often using Islamist militants to undertake these activities. In July 2011, the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan issued a report on illegal disappearances in Balochistan which identified ISI and Frontier Corps as the perpetrators. The Establishment in Pakistan is responsible for the ongoing forced disappearance in Pakistan, a form of kidnapping, torturing and extra-judicial killing its own citizens without any judicial due process. After the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, forced disappearance in Pakistan began during the rule of military dictator General Pervez Musharraf (1999 to 2008). After Musharraf resigned in August 2008, he was charged with various human rights violations. During Musharraf's tenure, many people were forcibly taken away by government agencies.

Policy of Islamisation of Pakistan

Shariazation of Pakistan as "primary" policy of Pakistan,the "primary" policy, was initiated and implemented by the government of military dictator General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the ruler of Pakistan from 1977 until his death in 1988, who is "the person most responsible for turning Pakistan into a global center for political Islam".

Despite the partition of India, and resulting creation of Pakistan based on the concept of separate islamic nation for domination of muslims, this composite multiculturalism is integral to the present society of India. India is officially a secular nation, a concept legalised in the constitution of India. Contrastingly, constitution of Pakistan has Islam as its state religion, teaching of quran and islamiyat is compulsary, only muslims can become Prime Minister or President of Pakistan and non-muslims are not given equal rights, Ahmadiyya muslims having equal constitutional rights in India are legally persecuted in Pakistan and constitutionally banned from calling themselves Muslims.

Constitutional and institutionalised persecution of minorities

The Establishment also engages in the institutionalised persecution of minorities in Pakistan, specially Ahmadiyya, Shias and Hazara after the Islamization of Pakistan by the military dictator General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq who took over the power through military coup. Pakistan is known for widespread discrimination against religious minorities, with attacks against Christians, Hindus, Ahmadiyya, Shia, Sufi and Sikh communities being widespread. These attacks are usually blamed on religious extremists but certain laws in the Pakistan Criminal Code and government inaction have only caused these attacks to surge higher. Sunni militant groups operate with impunity across Pakistan, as law enforcement officials (The Establishment) either turn a blind eye or appear helpless to prevent widespread attacks against religious minorities. The rise of The Establishment in Pakistan-backed Taliban in Pakistan has been an influential and increasing factor in the persecution of and discrimination against religious minorities in Pakistan, such as Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, and other minorities.

Policy of obsession with Kashmir: Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts

Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts is a military doctrine followed by Pakistani Establishment against India. It consists of waging covert war against India using insurgents at multiple locations.

According to scholar Aparna Pande, this view was put forward in various studies by the Pakistani military, particularly in its Staff College, Quetta. Peter Chalk and Christine Fair cite the former director of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) explicating the strategy. This doctrine was first attempted to flame the Punjab insurgency and then Kashmir insurgency using India's western border with Pakistan.

In a 1965 speech to the UN Security Council, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto declared a thousand-year war against India. Pakistani Army Chief General Zia-ul-Haq gave form to Bhutto's "thousand years war" with the 'bleeding India through a thousand cuts' doctrine using covert and low-intensity warfare with militancy and infiltration.

Policy of state-sponsorship of terrorism

Ajmal Kasab, a Pakistani member of Pakistan-based globally banned terrorist organization by the United States, Lashkar-e-Taiba, which operates several terrorist training camps in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, launched 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks killing 72 people.

Allegations: By multilateral organisations and other nations

The U.S. Country Reports on Terrorism describes Pakistan as a "Terrorist safe haven" where terrorists are able to organise, plan, raise funds, communicate, recruit, train, transit, and operate in relative security because of inadequate governance capacity, political will, or both. Pakistan's tribal region along its border with Afghanistan has been described as a safe haven for terrorists by western media and the United States Defense Secretary. In 2019, US issued series of official statements asking Pakistan to immediately end support and safe haven to all terrorist groups. A report by Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution states that Pakistan was "the world's most active sponsor of terrorist groups... aiding these groups that pose a direct threat to the United States. Pakistan's active participation has caused thousands of deaths in the region; all these years Pakistan has been supportive to several terrorist groups despite several stern warnings from the international community." Pakistani government's top leaders and Pakistan Army's top leaders are often seen in public sharing stage with the UN and US designated terrorists.

Evidence: Confessions of The Establishment's

In July 2019, reigning Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan on his official visit to the United States admitted the presence of 30000-40000 armed terrorists in the country and that the previous governments were hiding this truth particularly from the US in the past. In 2018, former Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif admitted that the Pakistani government played a role in the 2008 Mumbai attack. Former Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf, a military dictator who took over the power by military coup, conceded that his forces trained militant groups to fight India in Indian-administered Kashmir. He confessed that the government ″turned a blind eye″ because it wanted to force India to enter into negotiations, as well as raise the issue internationally. He also said Pakistani spies in the Inter-Services Intelligence directorate (ISI) cultivated the Taliban after 2001 because Karzai's government was dominated by non-Pashtuns, who are the country's largest ethnic group, and by officials who were thought to favour India.

In popular media

The criticism in media include Ayesha Siddiqa's Military Inc. about Pakistani military's economic activities and consequences; several books by Husain Haqqani including "Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military" and "Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding"';. Ayesha Jalal's "Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia", "The state of martial rule: the origins of Pakistan's political economy of defence" and " The struggle for Pakistan: a Muslim homeland and global politics"; Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri's "The Intellectual and Ideological Basis of the Establishment of Pakistan"; Christophe Jaffrelot's "Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience"; Government of Pakistan's "The Establishment Manual".

A Mighty Heart movie details journalist Daniel Pearl's kidnap and murder. Among numerous bollywood movies are J. P. Dutta's Border and LOC Kargil.

References

1. ^ "A safe haven for terrorists". Economist. 12 April 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
2. ^ "Chapter 5: Terrorist Safe Havens (Update to 7120 Report)". United States Department of State. 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
3. ^ "30,000-40,000 terrorists still present in Pak: Imran Khan". Rediff. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
4. ^ "Leon Panetta: U.S. "reaching the limits of our patience" with Pakistan terror safe havens". Cbsnews.com. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
5. ^ "SPIEGEL Interview with Pervez Musharraf: 'Pakistan is Always Seen as the Rogue' – SPIEGEL ONLINE". Spiegel Online. Spiegel.de. 4 October 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
6. Inside Pakistan’s biggest business conglomerate: the Pakistani military, qz.com, Lt. General Kamal, 21 DavarNovember 2017.
7. Cite error: The named reference Dawn Newspapers, Javed was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
8. Cite error: The named reference epak6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
9. Cite error: The named reference epak7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
10. ^ Ḥaqqānī, Husain (2005). Pakistan: between mosque and military. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-87003-214-1. Retrieved 23 May 2010. Zia ul-Haq is often identified as the person most responsible for turning Pakistan into a global center for political Islam. Undoubtedly, Zia went farthest in defining Pakistan as an Islamic state, and he nurtured the jihadist ideology ...
11. ^ Haqqani, Hussain (2005). Pakistan:Between Mosque and Military; §From Islamic Republic to Islamic State. United States: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (July 2005). p. 148. ISBN 978-0-87003-214-1.
12. ^ Jones, Owen Bennett (2002). Pakistan : eye of the storm. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 16–7. ISBN 978-0300101478. ... Zia made Islam the centrepiece of his administration.
13. The threat of Pakistan's revisionist texts, The Guardian, 18 May 2009
14. Cohen 2004, p. 71-72. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCohen2004 (help)
15. Baloch, Qadar Bakhsh (2006). "[Book Review] The Idea of Pakistan". The Dialogue: 136–137. ISSN 1819-6470.
16. Haqqani, Hussain (10 March 2010). Pakistan:between mosque and the military. ISBN 9780870032851. Retrieved 9 April 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
17. Jamil, Baela Raza. "Curriculum Reforms in Pakistan – A Glass Half Full or Half Empty?" (PDF). Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
18. The subtle Subversion: A report on Curricula and Textbooks in Pakistan Compiled by A. H. Nayyar and Ahmed Salim
19. Butt, Qaiser (15 January 2011). "Mortal Threat:Reforming education to check extremism". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
20. Yusufzai, Ashfaq (27 July 2010). "Curricula to be cleansed of hatred". Dawn. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
21. Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: The Jama`at-i Islami of Pakistan (University of California Press, 1994) p121-122
22. Curriculum of hatred, Dawn (newspaper), 20 May 2009
23. "The Fight To Find The Disappeared In Restive Balochistan". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 10 December 2018. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018.
24. "Pakistan: Upsurge in Killings in Balochistan". Human Rights Watch. 13 July 2011.
25. Walsh, Declan (28 July 2011). "Pakistan's military accused of escalating draconian campaign in Balochistan". The Guardian.
26. "Congressman Sherman Condemns Assault on Families of Disappeared Persons during Hunger-Strike in Sindh, Pakistan". 21 May 2018.
27. Baehr, Peter R. (2 July 1994). Human Rights in Developing Countries - Yearbook 1994. Springer. pp. 291–305. ISBN 9789065448453. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
28. "UN experts on missing persons to visit Pakistan from Sept 10". Dawn. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
29. "PAKISTAN: The intelligence agencies target nationalists groups to cover up the activities of Taliban in Sindh province and their inefficiency". Asian Human Rights Commission. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
30. "Sindh University authorities use law enforcement agencies for disappearances of students". Asian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
31. Gannon, Kathy (28 April 2018). "Pashtun rights group accuses Pakistan army of abuses". Associated Press. A Pakistani human rights group that has accused the military of widespread abuses as it battles Islamist militants in Pakistan's rugged border region with neighboring Afghanistan has emerged as a force among the country's Pashtun minority, drawing tens of thousands to rallies to protest what it contends is a campaign of intimidation that includes extrajudicial killings and thousands of disappearances and detentions.
32. Gannon, Kathy (28 April 2018). "Pashtun rights group accuses Pakistan army of abuses". Star Tribune. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
33. Khan, Omer Farooq (5 June 2018). "10 Pashtun protesters killed in Pakistan, activists blame military - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
34. Akbar, Malik Siraj (19 July 2018). with various %5b%5bhuman rights%5d%5d violations. "In Balochistan, Dying Hopes for Peace". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 September 2019. Increasing attacks by the Islamic State in Balochistan are connected to Pakistan's failed strategy of encouraging and using Islamist militants to crush Baloch rebels and separatists. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
35. Mazzetti, Mark; Schmitt, Eric; Savage, Charlie (23 July 2011). "Pakistan Spies on Its Diaspora, Spreading Fear". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 September 2019. Several Pakistani journalists and scholars in the United States interviewed over the past week said that they were approached regularly by Pakistani officials, some of whom openly identified themselves as ISI officials. The journalists and scholars said the officials caution them against speaking out on politically delicate subjects like the indigenous insurgency in Baluchistan or accusations of human rights abuses by Pakistani soldiers. The verbal pressure is often accompanied by veiled warnings about the welfare of family members in Pakistan, they said.
36. Rashid, Ahmed (22 February 2014). "Balochistan: The untold story of Pakistan's other war". BBC News. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
37. Tarabella, Marc (23 June 2015). "EU cannot ignore dire human rights situation in Balochistan". The Parliament Magazine. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
38. Dwivedi, Manan (2009). South Asia Security. Delhi: Gyan Publishing House. pp. 103–4. ISBN 978-81-7835-759-1. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
39. Rashid, Ahmed (22 February 2014). "Balochistan: The untold story of Pakistan's other war". BBC News. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
40. Akbar, Malik Siraj (17 May 2015). "Betrayal in Balochistan". The World Post. Retrieved 25 June 2015. In Pakistan, everyone says they have incontrovertible evidence about India's involvement in destabilizing Balochistan. They only won't share the evidence with you because they insist that when evidence is already too evident then why should one make the evident, evident?
41. "We Can Torture, Kill, or Keep You for Years". Human Rights Watch. 28 July 2011.
42. ^ Shayne R. Burnham (28 September 2008). "Musharraf Faces Charges of Human Rights Violations". Impunity Watch.
43. "Pakistan". Freedom House. 2007.
44. Irene Khan (30 August 2008). "Where are the disappeared?". Dawn.
45. Liaquat Ali Khan (1940), Pakistan: The Heart of Asia, Thacker & Co. Ltd.
46. Mallah, Samina (2007). "Two-Nation Theory Exists". Pakistan Times. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007.
47. ^ Understanding Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb: How diverse is the "Indian multiculturalism", Daily News and Analysis, 15 June 2014.
48. "First Six Articles". Archived from the original on 21 May 2013.
49. "Background Note: Pakistan-Profile". State.Gov. 6 October 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
50. Constitution of Pakistan: Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 – Article: 31 Islamic way of life, Article 31 No. 2, 1973, Retrieved 22 August 2018.
51. Pakistan National Assembly rejects Bill to allow non-Muslims to become country’s President, Prime Minister, Times Now News, 2 October 2019.
52. Hoque, Ridwanul (21 March 2004). "On right to freedom of religion and the plight of Ahmadiyas". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
53. "Shihabuddin Imbichi Koya Thangal vs K.P. Ahammed Koya on 8 December 1970". Indian Kanoon. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011. The various texts quoted in the ruling dispel doubts about Ahamadis on the crucial twin tests "that there is no God but Allah ...............and Mohammad is the servant and Messenger of God."
54. Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation retrieved 4 September 2013
55. "Timeline: Persecution of religious minorities". 4 November 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
56. ^ World Report 2014 (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 2011. pp. 366–372.
57. Imtiaz, Saba; Walsh, Declan (15 July 2014). "Extremists Make Inroads in Pakistan's Diverse South - NYTimes.com". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
58. Gates, Scott, Kaushik Roy (2016). Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency. Routledge. pp. Chapter 4. ISBN 978-1-317-00540-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
59. Sitaraman, Srini (2012), "South Asia: Conflict, Hegemony, and Power Balancing", in Kristen P. Williams; Steven E. Lobell; Neal G. Jesse (eds.), Beyond Great Powers and Hegemons: Why Secondary States Support, Follow, or Challenge, Stanford University Press, p. 181, ISBN 978-0-8047-8110-7: 'manipulating ethnosectarian conflict and domestic challenges to power across the borders to weaken Indian security through a tactic described by several analysts as "bleed India through a thousand cuts"'
60. Ganguly, Deadly Impasse 2016, p. 27 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGanguly,_Deadly_Impasse2016 (help): 'The Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) led attack on Bombay (Mumbai) in November 2008 was emblematic of this new strategy designed to bleed India with a "war of a thousand cuts".'
61. Sirrs, Owen L. (2016). Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations. Routledge. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-317-19609-9. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
62. Pande, Explaining Pakistan’s Foreign Policy 2011, p. 200, footnote 103 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPande,_Explaining_Pakistan’s_Foreign_Policy2011 (help): Pande cites, as an example, Col. Javed Hassan, India: A Study in Profile, Quetta: Services Book Club. A Study conducted for the Faculty of Research and Doctrinal Studies, Command and Staff College (1990)
63. Chalk, Peter; Fair, C. Christine (December 2002), "Lashkar-e-Tayyiba leads the Kashmiri insurgency" (PDF), Jane's Intelligence Review, 14 (10): 'In the words of Hamid Gul, the former director general of the ISI: "We have gained a lot because of our offensive in Kashmir. This is a psychological and political offensive that is designed to make India bleed through a thousand cuts."'
64. ^ Dogra, Wg Cdr C Deepak (2015). Pakistan: Caught in the Whirlwind. Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 978-1-940988-22-1. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
65. ^ Maninder Dabas (3 October 2016). "Here Are Major Long Term War Doctrines Adopted By India And Pakistan Over The Years". Indiatimes. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
66. Haqqani, Pakistan Between the Mosque and Military 2010, p. 67. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaqqani,_Pakistan_Between_the_Mosque_and_Military2010 (help)
67. "Speech delivered at the UN Security Council on September 22, 1965 on Kashmir Issue". Bhutto.org. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
68. Sharma, Reetika (2011), India and the Dynamics of World Politics: A book on Indian Foreign Policy, Related events and International Organizations, Pearson Education India, p. 135, ISBN 978-81-317-3291-5
69. , that the government of Pakistan initially denied that Kasab was a Pakistani citizen, but, in January 2009, it confirmed his citizenship. "Ajmal's Nationality Confirmed". Dawn (Pakistani Newspaper). 8 January 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
70. "CRIMINAL APPEAL NOS.1899–1900 OF 2011" (PDF). Supreme Court of India. 29 August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
71. Jayshree Bajoria (14 January 2010). "Profile: Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure) (a.k.a. Lashkar e-Tayyiba, Lashkar e-Toiba; Lashkar-i-Taiba)". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
72. "Banned Terrorist Organisations". National Investigation Agency. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
73. USA redesignates Pakistan-based terror groups Archived 6 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine The Tribune
74. • Terrorism Act 2000 (11, Schedule 2). 2000. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
    • "Council Decision of 22 December 2003". Eur-lex.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
    • "Listed terrorist organisations". Australian National Security. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
    • "Sanctions List Materials | United Nations Security Council". Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
    • Arshad, Muhammad (7 November 2011). "JUD not included in revised list". Pakistan Observer. Islamabad. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
    • "No Coverage of JUD, other proscribed outfits". Pakistan Observer. Islamabad. 3 November 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
75. Kurth Cronin, Audrey; Huda Aden; Adam Frost; Benjamin Jones (6 February 2004). "Foreign Terrorist Organizations" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
76. "Planned 9/11 at Taj: Caught Terrorist". Zee News. 29 November 2008. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008.
77. "Please give me saline". Bangalore Mirror. 29 November 2008. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009.
78. "26/11 trial: Kasab's sentencing tomorrow". Zee News. 5 May 2010.
79. "Country Reports on Terrorism 2016". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
80. Dean Nelson in New Delhi (7 December 2010). "Nicolas Sarkozy launches attack on Pakistan over terrorist safe havens". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
81. "US asks Pakistan to immediately end 'support' and 'safe haven' to all terrorist groups". The Economic Times. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
82. Daniel L. Byman. "The Changing Nature of State Sponsorship of Terrorism" (PDF). Brookings.edu. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
83. "Pak govt leaders caught sharing stage with US-designated". Retrieved 14 October 2019.
84. Farmer, Ben (24 September 2019). "Pakistan trained al-Qaeda, says Imran Khan". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 September 2019. Pakistan's security apparatus has in the past angrily rejected politicians linking it to militancy. Nawaz Sharif, the former prime minister, faced treason charges last year after an interview where he suggested the Pakistani state played a role in the 2008 Mumbai attack that killed 166 people.
85. Boone, Jon (13 February 2015). "Musharraf: Pakistan and India's backing for 'proxies' in Afghanistan must stop". The Guardian.
86. "Book on military's business empire launched". Dawn. Jan 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
87. Ayres, Alyssa (28 July 2005). "The Ambivalent Ally". The Wall Street Journal.
88. "Book Discussion on Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military". C-SPAN. 26 July 2005.
89. Komireddi, Kapil (24 December 2013). "Best Books About the Rest of the World". The Daily Beast.
90. Chishty-Mujahid, Nadya (1 February 2015). "COVER STORY: The Struggle for Pakistan by Ayesha Jalal". Dawn (newspaper). Retrieved 9 August 2019.
91. "Ayesha Jalal — MacArthur Foundation". MacArthur Foundation website. 1 July 1998. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
92. The Intellectual and Ideological Basis of the Establishment of Pakistan, Minhaj Books.
93. Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience, foreignaffairs.com.
94. The Establishment Manual, Government of Pakistan.
95. Joe Strupp (21 June 2007). "'WSJ' Editors Call 'A Mighty Heart' Fair and Accurate". Editor & Publisher. It was an accurate portrayal of the Journal and I think the Journal's people, like John Bussey, who were deeply involved came off well as they should have," said former managing editor Paul Steiger, who recalled he saw the movie recently in a private showing for Journal staffers. "I think Angelina Jolie captured Mariane very, very well." Managing Editor Marcus Brauchli, who took over for Steiger and was national editor at the time of Pearl's death, also believed the film was fair. "I don't feel that the Journal was portrayed badly in the film," he said. "I think we were treated reasonably. Angelina Jolie did a good job of channeling Mariane.
96. "70 Saal Independance_Day" (PDF). Retrieved 15 December 2019.
97. Kabir, Ananya Jahanara (18 January 2004). "The Hindu : LOC-Kagil: How 'real'?". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
98. "Patriotic films to watch this Independence Day". India Today.
99. "Review on LOC Kargil by MouthShut User". mouthshut.com.

• Military of Pakistan
• Civil–military relations
• Criticism