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|Kurdish villagers |Kurdish villagers
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tr.m.wikipedia.org/Zini_Gedi%C4%9Fi_katliam%C4%B1|title=Zini Gediği katliamı - Vikipedi|website=tr.m.wikipedia.org|language=tr|access-date=2020-02-23}}</ref> |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tr.m.wikipedia.org/Zini_Gedi%C4%9Fi_katliam%C4%B1|title=Zini Gediği katliamı - Vikipedi|website=tr.m.wikipedia.org|language=tr|access-date=2020-02-23}}</ref>
|-
|33 Bullet Massacre
|July 1943
|]
|32
|Soldiers
|Turkish villagers
|33 Turkish villagers were extrajudicially executed by General Mustafa Muğlalı for smuggling livestock, one of them escaped.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=oran|first=süleyman arif|date=2017-12-18|title=TEKKEDE ZAMAN Üsküdar’da Rifâî Sandıkçı Dergâhı ve Vukuât-ı Tekâya, Muharrem Varol, İstanbul, Dergah Yay., 2017, 284 s.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.349943|journal=Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (SAUIFD)|doi=10.17335/sakaifd.349943|issn=2146-9806}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Yay|first=Mehmet|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-00450-2|title=Elektromobilität|date=2015-01-01|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-653-96816-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ritter|first=H.|date=1954-01-01|title=İstanbulBelediye KütüphanesiAlfabetikKatalogu. I. Osman Ergin Kitaplan. Arapça ve Farsça basma eserler. Tertipliyen M. ORHAN DURUSOY, Istanbul Belediye Kütüphanesi Müdürü. — İstanbul 1953, Millî Egitim basimevi. 16, 298 s.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1877837254x00440|journal=Oriens|volume=7|issue=1|pages=108–108|doi=10.1163/1877837254x00440|issn=0078-6527}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ömür|first=Emre|date=2016-07-27|title=Cihangir Döneminde Babürlü Sarayında Dil Meselesi|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.17067/ams.13248|journal=ASIA MINOR STUDIES|volume=4|issue=8|pages=126|doi=10.17067/ams.13248|issn=2148-9858}}</ref>
|- |-
|] |]
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|] demonstrators |] demonstrators
| |
|-
|Ümraniye Massacre
|March 1978
|] in ]
|5
|]
|Workers
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Çaba|first=Deniz|date=2019-06-10|title=Sosyal Medya Çağında Gazetecilik ve İnovasyon: Twitter’da Gazetecilik Pratikleri Üzerine Bir Analiz|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.24955/ilef.574429|journal=İlef Dergisi|doi=10.24955/ilef.574429|issn=2148-7219}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
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|Civilians |Civilians
|In the massacre, 27 people were killed, 12 were children and 7 were women. 4 village guards died in clashes with PKK members, 1 PKK member were killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tr.m.wikipedia.org/%C3%87evrimli_Katliam%C4%B1|title=Çevrimli Katliamı - Vikipedi|website=tr.m.wikipedia.org|language=tr|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> |In the massacre, 27 people were killed, 12 were children and 7 were women. 4 village guards died in clashes with PKK members, 1 PKK member were killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tr.m.wikipedia.org/%C3%87evrimli_Katliam%C4%B1|title=Çevrimli Katliamı - Vikipedi|website=tr.m.wikipedia.org|language=tr|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>
|-
|Yolaç Village Massacre<br />
|June 26, 1992
|]
|10 (4 injured)
|]
|Civilians
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/_eifo_dum_1634|title=ḤAZĪRĀN|website=Encyclopédie de l’Islam|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
|- |-
| ]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9331717.asp |accessdate=2013-06-06 |title=Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre |date=2008-07-02 |work=]}}</ref> | ]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9331717.asp |accessdate=2013-06-06 |title=Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre |date=2008-07-02 |work=]}}</ref>
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| ] ] | ] ]
| More than 400 injured<ref name="sg"/> | More than 400 injured<ref name="sg"/>
|-
|Blue Bazaar Massacre
|March 13, 1999
|]
|13 (5 injured)
|]
|Civilians
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120712202625/http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr:80/1999/03/14/102176.asp|title=HURRIYET INTERNET|date=2012-07-12|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
|-
|Zirve Publishing House Massacre
|April 18, 2007
|]
|3
|Salafists
|Christians
|Deaths include 1 German and 2 Turks<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milliyet.com.tr/|title=Ana Sayfa|website=Milliyet|language=tr|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]

Revision as of 17:32, 6 March 2020

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2016)
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2011)

The following is a list of massacres that occurred in Turkey (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):

Antiquity

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Fall of Miletus 494 BC Miletus Most Milesian men Persian Empire Greeks
Battle of Aegospotami 405 BC Aegospotami 3,000 Sparta Athenian sailors 3,000 Athenian sailors executed
Fall of Sestos 353 BC Sestos All males of Sestos Athens Greeks
Asiatic Vespers 88 BC Asia (Roman province) 80,000–150,000 Mithridates VI of Pontus Romans and Italians

Middle Ages

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Nika Revolt January 532 Constantinople 30,000 Byzantine Empire Byzantines About thirty thousand rioters were reportedly killed.
Sack of Amorium August 838 Amorium 30,000–70,000 Abbasid Caliphate Byzantines
Battle of Levounion 29 April 1091 Enez tens of thousands Byzantine Empire & Cumans Pechenegs The Pechenegs consisting of 80,000 warriors and their families invaded the Byzantine Empire. Near Enez they were ambushed by a combined Byzantine and Cuman army, fighting soon turned into wholesale slaughter. Warriors and civilians were killed and the Pecheneg people were nearly wiped out.
Siege of Antioch 3 June 1098 Antioch Muslim and Christian population Crusaders Muslim and Christian population
Siege of Edessa (1144) 24 December 1144 Edessa Unknown Zengids Population of Edessa Population massacred by Zengid Turks
Massacre of the Latins May 1182 Constantinople Uncertain – tens of thousands Byzantine mob Roman Catholics The bulk of the Latin community, estimated at over 60,000 at the time, was wiped out or forced to flee; some 4,000 survivors were sold as slaves to the Turks. The massacre further worsened relations and increased enmity between the Western and Eastern Christian churches, and a sequence of hostilities between the two followed.
Siege of Constantinople (1204) 8–13 April 1204 Constantinople many civilians killed

Crusaders Byzantines The city was sacked and looted.
Siege of Antioch (1268) 18 May 1268 Antioch 14,000 Mamluk Sultanate Christians 14,000 Christians slaughtered by the forces of Baibars.
Fall of Constantinople 1453 Constantinople 4,000 Ottomans Byzantines 4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages were massacred during these days. Moreover, the dwellings and the churches were plundered. Some 30,000 were enslaved.

Ottoman Empire

Before 1914

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Constantinople massacre 1821 Constantinople unknown Ottoman government Greeks Greek Orthodox Patriarch Gregory V and other notables were executed.
Massacres of Badr Khan 1840 Hakkari 10,000 Kurdish Emirs of Buhtan, Badr Khan and Nurullah Assyrians. Many who were not killed were sold into slavery. 1826 Janissaries massacred by government (link to Auspicious Incident)
Batak Massacre 1876 Batak, Bulgaria 1,200–7,000 Ottoman irregular troops Bulgarians Occurred at the beginning of the April Uprising.
Hamidian massacres 1894–1896 Eastern Ottoman Empire 100,000–300,000 Ottoman Empire
Hamidiye,
Turkish, Kurdish tribes 		Armenians See also Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895)
Adana massacre April 1909 Adana Vilayet 15,000–30,000 local Turkish nationalist activist, conservative reactionary to Young Turk government Armenians
Ethnic cleansing of Thracian Bulgarians Summer 1913 Edirne Vilayet 50,000–60,000 Young Turk government Bulgarians

World War I (1914–1918)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Greek genocide 1913–1922 Ottoman Empire 500,000–900,000 Young Turk government Greeks Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities
Assyrian genocide 1914–1918 Ottoman Empire 270,000–750,000 Young Turk government and Kurdish tribes Assyrians Denied by the Turkish government
Armenian Genocide 1915–1918 Ottoman Empire 850,000–1,800,000 Young Turk government and Kurdish tribes Armenians The Armenians of the eastern regions of the empire were systematically massacred. The Turkish government currently denies the genocide. Considered the first modern genocide by scholars. It is the second most studied case of genocide after the Holocaust.
Massacres in the Çoruh River valley 1916 Çoruh River valley 45,000 Cossack regiments Muslim population During WWI, Russian "General Liakhov, for instance 'accused the Muslims of treachery, and sent his Cossacks from Batum with orders to kill every native at sight, and burn every village and every mosque. And very efficiently had they performed their task, for as we passed up the Chorokh valley to Artvin not a single habitable dwelling or a single living creature did we see.'"
Massacres in Erzincan and Erzurum 1918 Erzincan and Erzerum 8000-10,000 Hinchag, Tashnak and Armenagan Muslim population

Post-World War I (1919–1923)

Main article: List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)

Republic of Turkey (1923–present)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Kozan Massacre 1920 Camili and İmamoğlu Unknown Armenians Turkish civilians Occurred during Kaç Kaç incident
Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Zilan massacre July 1930 Van Province 4,500–15,000 Turkish security forces Sunni Kurds 5,000 women, children, and elderly people were reportedly killed
1934 Thrace pogroms 21 June-4 July 1934 Thrace 1 Government forces Jews Over 15.000 Jews had to flee from region
Suppression of the Dersim rebellion Summer 1937-Spring 1938 Tunceli Province 7,594–13,806 Turkish security forces Alevi Kurds The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide
Zini Gediği Massacre 6 August 1938 Erzincan Province 95 Turkish villagers Kurdish villagers
33 Bullet Massacre July 1943 Van Province 32 Soldiers Turkish villagers 33 Turkish villagers were extrajudicially executed by General Mustafa Muğlalı for smuggling livestock, one of them escaped.
Istanbul pogrom 6–7 September 1955 Istanbul 13–30 Turkish government primarily Greeks, as well as Armenians The killings are identified as genocidal by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas. Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives.
Taksim Square massacre May 1, 1977 Taksim Square in Istanbul 34-42 Unknown Leftist demonstrators
Ümraniye Massacre March 1978 Ümraniye in Istanbul 5 TKP Workers
Beyazıt massacre March 16, 1978 Istanbul 7 university students killed, 41 injured , Grey Wolves, Turkish Police, Deep State Leftist university students Cemil Sönmez, Baki Ekiz, Hatice Özen, Abdullah Şimşek, Murat Kurt, Hamdi Akıl and Turan Ören were killed and 41 others were injured by a bomb that was followed by gunfire March 16, 1978.
Bahçelievler massacre October 9, 1978 Bahçelievler, Ankara 7 Neo-fascists Leftist students
Maraş massacre December 19–26, 1978 Kahramanmaraş Province 109 Grey Wolves Alevi Turks and Kurds
Çorum massacre May–July, 1980 Çorum Province 57 Grey Wolves Alevi Turks
Ortabağ massacre January 23, 1987 Uludere in Şırnak Province 8 dead,

15 injured

PKK Civilians
Pınarcık massacre June 20, 1987 Pınarcık in Mardin Province 30 PKK (alleged)
The Turkish army (alleged) 		Kurdish civilians
Çevrimli Massacre June 11, 1990 Güçlükonak in Şırnak Province 27 dead, 6 injured PKK Civilians In the massacre, 27 people were killed, 12 were children and 7 were women. 4 village guards died in clashes with PKK members, 1 PKK member were killed.
Yolaç Village Massacre
 June 26, 1992 Amasya Province 10 (4 injured) PKK Civilians
Sivas massacre

(aka Madımak massacre)

July 2, 1993 Sivas, Turkey 37 Salafists Alevi intellectuals
Başbağlar massacre July 5, 1993 Başbağlar, near Erzincan 33 Turkish army/PKK (disputed) Turkish civilians
Yavi massacre October 25, 1993 Yavi, Çat, Erzurum Province 38 PKK Turkish civilians
Kuşkonar massacre March 23, 1994 Kuskonar, Sirnak 38 Turkish forces Civilians of Kurdish origin The government bombed and killed residents of villages who refused to join the government forces. The government spread pictures of dead children in newspapers and blamed the PKK. Turkey was condemned for carrying out the massacre of Kurdish civilians in the ECHR.
Gazi Quarter massacre March 15, 1995 Istanbul and Ankara 23 Anonymous Alevi Turks More than 400 injured
Blue Bazaar Massacre March 13, 1999 Istanbul 13 (5 injured) PKK Civilians
Zirve Publishing House Massacre April 18, 2007 Malatya Province 3 Salafists Christians Deaths include 1 German and 2 Turks
Mardin engagement ceremony massacre May 4, 2009 Bilge, Mardin 44 Village guards Civilians of Kurdish origin Reuters said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.
Roboski airstrike December 28, 2011 Uludere, Sirnak 34 Turkish forces Civilians of Kurdish origin Warplanes killed villagers who had been involved in smuggling gasoline and cigarettes in the area, during an operation meant to target Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels. The government gave no information about the facts.
2015 Suruç bombing July 20, 2015 Urfa, Urfa 33 killed, 104 were reported injured. ISIS Civilians students
2015 Ankara bombings October 10, 2015 Ankara 109 civilians killed, 500+ were reported injured. Unknown Kurdish HDP party election rally for the parliamentary elections
March 2016 Ankara bombing March 13, 2016 Ankara 37 PKK Civilians
Dürümlü Massacre May 12, 2016 Diyarbakır Province 16 dead, 23 injured PKK Civilians
2016 Atatürk Airport attack June 28, 2016 Atatürk Airport, Istanbul 45 ISIS Civilians
2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt July 15–16, 2016 Turkey 270–350 Turkish forces Civilians and Military
December 2016 Istanbul bombings December 10, 2016 Istanbul 45 PKK Police forces & civilians
2017 Istanbul nightclub attack January 1, 2017 Istanbul 39 ISIS Civilians

Gallery

  • Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895) Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895)
  • An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
  • Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
  • Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo" Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"

References

  1. Herodotus 6.19.3;
  2. Valerius Maximus 9.2.3; Memnon 22.9.
  3. Plutarch, 24.4.
  4. This is the number given by Procopius, Wars (Internet Medieval Sourcebook.)
  5. Treadgold, Warren T. (1988). The Byzantine Revival, 780–842. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1462-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  6. ^ Grumeza, Ion (2010). The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500–1500. University Press of America. p. 35. ISBN 9780761851356.
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  8. Philippides, Marios (2007). Mehmed II the Conqueror and the fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks : some western views and testimonies. Tempe, Ariz.: ACMRS/Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. p. 197. ISBN 0866983465.
  9. ^ Fuller, J.F.C. (1987). A military history of the Western World (. ed.). New York, N.Y.: Da Capo Press. p. 522. ISBN 0306803046.
  10. Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 32 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGauntBeṯ-Şawoce2006 (help)
  11. Editors J. Rgen Nielsen, Jørgen S. Nielsen (2011). Religion, Ethnicity and Contested Nationhood in the Former Ottoman Space. Publisher: BRILL. p. 282. ISBN 9004211330. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  12. Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
  13. Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"
  14. Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny
  15. Carnegie (1914). Report of the international commission to inquire into the causes and conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
  16. Vukov, Nikolai (2015), "Resettlement Waves, Historical Memory and Identity Construction: The Case of Thracian Refugees in Bulgaria", Migration in the Southern Balkans, IMISCOE Research Series, p. 68, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13719-3_4, ISBN 978-3-319-13718-6
  17. IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive (PDF), International Association of Genocide Scholars, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-28
  18. "Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from". news.am. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
  19. Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.
  20. Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.
  21. The New York Times Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).
  22. Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, Selected bylines and letters from The New York Times Archived 2007-06-07 at the Wayback Machine, The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2006
  23. Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
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  25. Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. New York: Penguin Press. p. 177. ISBN 1-59420-100-5.
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  27. Rummel, RJ (1 April 1998), "The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective", The Journal of Social Issues, 3 (2)
  28. ^ Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John (2012). War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780199654918.
  29. ^ Mark Levene. The Crisis of Genocide. Devastation: The European Rimlands 1912–1938. — Oxford University Press, 2013. — Т. I. — С. 217. — ].
  30. ^ "Google Books". books.google.com. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  31. Kaymaz, Çağlar Kıvanç; Birinci, Salih; Camcı, Aykut (2017-02-07). "Military tourism in Erzurum city and its surrounding

    Erzurum kenti ve yakın çevresinde askeri turizm". Journal of Human Sciences. 14 (1): 250. doi:10.14687/jhs.v14i1.4121. ISSN 2458-9489.

  32. "Müslüman-Türk katliamları - Vikipedi". tr.m.wikipedia.org (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  33. YARAR, Hülya (2002). "ERMENİLER VE TÜRK-ERMENİ İLİŞKİLERİ". OTAM(Ankara: 035–057. doi:10.1501/otam_0000000482. ISSN 1019-469X.
  34. Conway, Martin (2010). "The Armenian Church Beyond the 1700th Anniversary. By Aram I. Antelias. Lebanon, Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia 2001. Pp. 71". Mission Studies. 27 (1): 137–138. doi:10.1163/157338310x498530. ISSN 0168-9789.
  35. İnam, Ahmet (2014). "Ahlâk ve İçtenlik". kilikya. 1 (1): 15–17. doi:10.5840/kilikya2014112. ISSN 2148-7898.
  36. Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, pp. 207–208. (in Turkish)
  37. "1934 Trakya Olayları - Vikipedi". tr.m.wikipedia.org (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-02-23.
  38. "Dersim massacre monument to open next month". Today's Zaman. 24 October 2012. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  39. The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937–38) Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937–38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141–170.
  40. İsmail Besikçi, Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi, Belge Yayınları, 1990.
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  42. oran, süleyman arif (2017-12-18). "TEKKEDE ZAMAN Üsküdar'da Rifâî Sandıkçı Dergâhı ve Vukuât-ı Tekâya, Muharrem Varol, İstanbul, Dergah Yay., 2017, 284 s." Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (SAUIFD). doi:10.17335/sakaifd.349943. ISSN 2146-9806.
  43. Yay, Mehmet (2015-01-01). Elektromobilität. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-653-96816-3.
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  45. Ömür, Emre (2016-07-27). "Cihangir Döneminde Babürlü Sarayında Dil Meselesi". ASIA MINOR STUDIES. 4 (8): 126. doi:10.17067/ams.13248. ISSN 2148-9858.
  46. Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. p. 29.
  47. Mills, Amy (2010). Streets of memory : landscape, tolerance, and national identity in Istanbul. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 119. ISBN 9780820335735. ...the state-led local violence that shattered neighborhoods across Istanbul in 1955 made ethnic-religious difference visible and divisive as Greeks and other minorities in the city were targeted and their property violated.
  48. Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2013-06-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  49. Özcan, Emine (2006-04-28). "1977 1 Mayıs Katliamı Aydınlatılsın". bianet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2011-08-07.
  50. Mavioglu, Ertugrul; Sanyer, Ruhi (2007-05-02). "30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (4)". Radikal (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2007-09-30.
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  53. ^ David McDowall (2004). A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition. I.B.Tauris. p. 415. ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0.
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  57. "ḤAZĪRĀN". Encyclopédie de l’Islam. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
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  61. ^ "Ergenekon zanlısı, Gazi mahallesi provokatörü çıktı -". Star Gazete (in Turkish). 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
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  63. "Ana Sayfa". Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  64. "Reuters article" Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2009
  65. "Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast". Reuters. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  66. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11925064/Ankara-bombing-Claims-emerge-that-culprit-could-be-brother-of-terrorist-involved-in-previous-atrocity.html
  67. "Dürümlü Katliamı - Vikipedi". tr.m.wikipedia.org (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-02-20.
Lists of massacres
By past country
or territory
By country
or territory
By war
By group
See also
Categories: