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=== First Bulgarian Empire === === First Bulgarian Empire ===
In 886 the governor of ], then in ], welcomed the disciples of ]. Bulgaria was ruled then by ], who converted to ] in 864. After the ] the religious ceremonies were conducted in ] by a ] clergy. Fearing growing Byzantine influence Boris viewed the adoption of the ] as a way to preserve the political independence of Bulgaria. With a such views Boris made arrangements for the establishment of two literary academies where theology was to be taught in the Slavonic language. The first of the schools was founded in the capital, ], and the second in ], in the region of ]. The development of Old Church Slavonic literacy had the effect of preventing the assimilation into the neighboring cultures and promoted the formation of a distinct ] identity.<ref>Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, {{ISBN|1-85065-534-0}}, pp. 19-20.</ref><ref>A short history of modern Bulgaria, R. J. Crampton, CUP Archive, 1987, {{ISBN|0521273234}}, p. 5.</ref> Naum moved initially to the capital Pliska together with ], Angelarius and possibly ] (according to other sources, Gorazd was already dead by that time). In Bulgaria he spent the next 25 years from his life. Naum was one of the founders of the ] where he worked between 886 and 893. The most reliable first-hand account of the activities at the time in Pliska is "An Account of Letters" ('']''), a treatise on Slavic literacy written in Old Church Slavonic, thought to be composed shortly after 893. The piece calls for the creation of a common Slavic alphabet. In 893, shortly after his rise to power, the new Bulgarian ruler ], summoned an ecclesiastical ] Preslav, where Clement was ordained bishop of ] and ]. To replace Clement in Ohrid, Simeon sent Naum, who until then had been active in Preslav. Afterwards Naum continued Clement's work at Ohrid, another important ]. In this years the ] was created in the Preslav literary school,<ref>Curta, Florin, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Cambridge University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0521815398}}, pp. 221–222.</ref> and was adopted in Bulgaria, possibly following Naum's initiative.<ref>The A to Z of the Orthodox Church, Michael Prokurat, Alexander Golitzin, Michael D. Peterson, Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, {{ISBN|0810876027}} </ref> In 905 Naum founded a monastery on the shores of ], which later received his name. He died there in 910 and Clement initiated the process of his canonization.<ref>Historical Dictionary of Byzantium, John H. Rosser, Scarecrow Press, 2012, {{ISBN|0810875675}}, </ref> In this way Naum became the first “native” saint of Bulgaria.<ref>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0521815398}}, p. 214.</ref> In 886 the governor of ], then in ], welcomed the disciples of ]. Bulgaria was ruled then by ], who converted to ] in 864. After the ] the religious ceremonies were conducted in ] by a ] clergy. Fearing growing Byzantine influence Boris viewed the adoption of the ] as a way to preserve the political independence of Bulgaria. With a such views Boris made arrangements for the establishment of two literary academies where theology was to be taught in the Slavonic language. The first of the schools was founded in the capital, ], and the second in ], in the region of ]. The development of Old Church Slavonic literacy had the effect of preventing the assimilation into the neighboring cultures and promoted the formation of a distinct state affiliation, opposed to the ]'s rule, towards the Bulgarian medieval country.<ref>Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, {{ISBN|1-85065-534-0}}, pp. 19-20.</ref><ref>A short history of modern Bulgaria, R. J. Crampton, CUP Archive, 1987, {{ISBN|0521273234}}, p. 5.</ref> Naum moved initially to the capital Pliska together with ], Angelarius and possibly ] (according to other sources, Gorazd was already dead by that time). In Bulgaria he spent the next 25 years from his life. Naum was one of the founders of the ] where he worked between 886 and 893. The most reliable first-hand account of the activities at the time in Pliska is "An Account of Letters" ('']''), a treatise on Slavic literacy written in Old Church Slavonic, thought to be composed shortly after 893. The piece calls for the creation of a common Slavic alphabet. In 893, shortly after his rise to power, the new Bulgarian ruler ], summoned an ecclesiastical ] Preslav, where Clement was ordained bishop of ] and ]. To replace Clement in Ohrid, Simeon sent Naum, who until then had been active in Preslav. Afterwards Naum continued Clement's work at Ohrid, another important ]. In this years the ] was created in the Preslav literary school,<ref>Curta, Florin, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Cambridge University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0521815398}}, pp. 221–222.</ref> and was adopted in Bulgaria, possibly following Naum's initiative.<ref>The A to Z of the Orthodox Church, Michael Prokurat, Alexander Golitzin, Michael D. Peterson, Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, {{ISBN|0810876027}} </ref> In 905 Naum founded a monastery on the shores of ], which later received his name. He died there in 910 and Clement initiated the process of his canonization.<ref>Historical Dictionary of Byzantium, John H. Rosser, Scarecrow Press, 2012, {{ISBN|0810875675}}, </ref> In this way Naum became the first “native” saint of Bulgaria.<ref>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0521815398}}, p. 214.</ref>


===Legacy=== ===Legacy===

Revision as of 22:07, 20 March 2020

For the computer chess engine, see Naum (chess).
Saint Naum
Icon of Saint Naum
Wonderworker, Apostle of the Slavs
Bornca. 830
First Bulgarian Empire
DiedDecember 23, 910
Ohrid, First Bulgarian Empire, (present-day North Macedonia)
Venerated inEastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic Churches, Latin Church
Major shrineMonastery of Saint Naum in Ohrid (Sveti Naum)
Feast5 January and 3 July (Julian calendar), 20 May and 23 December (Revised Julian calendar, Gregorian calendar)
PatronagePeople with mental disorders and/or other illnesses
Southeastern Europe in the 9th century.
Monastery of Saint Naum, resting place of Saint Naum, located in North Macedonia

Saint Naum (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Свети Наум, Sveti Naum), also known as Naum of Ohrid or Naum of Preslav (c. 830 – December 23, 910) was a medieval Bulgarian writer, enlightener, one of the seven Apostles of the First Bulgarian Empire and missionary among the Slavs. He was among the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius and is associated with the creation of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic script. Naum was among the founders of the Pliska Literary School. Afterwards Naum worked at the Ohrid Literary School. He was among the first saints declared by the Bulgarian Orthodox Church after its foundation in the 9th century.

Biography

Information about his early life is scarce. According to the Second Life of Saint Naum he grew up in Moesia, which was the Byzantine designation for Bulgaria. According to the hagiography of Clement of Ohrid by Theophylact of Ohrid and some other sources, Naum took part in the historic mission to Great Moravia together with Saints Cyril and Methodius, Clement, Angelarius, Gorazd and other Slavic missionaries in 863.

Great Moravia and Lower Panonia

For the next 22 years, he worked with Cyril and Methodius and other missionaries in translating the Bible into Old Church Slavonic and promoted it in Great Moravia and Principality of Lower Pannonia. In 867 or 868 he became a priest in Rome, ordained along with two other disciples of Cyril and Methodius, Saint Gorazd and Saint Clement of Ohrid, by bishops Formosus and Gauderic. For the purpose of the mission to Moravia, the missionaries devised the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet to match the specific features of the Slavic language. Its descendant script, Cyrillic, is still used by many languages today. The missionaries also wrote the first Slavic Civil Code, which was used in Great Moravia. However, the missionary work ran into opposition from German clerics who opposed their efforts to create a Slavic liturgy. By 885, the two main patrons for the missionaries, Rastislav of Moravia of Great Moravia and Prince Koceľ of Lower Pannonia, as well as Cyril and Methodius had died, and the pressure from the German Church became increasingly more hostile. After a brief period of imprisonment due to the ongoing conflict with the German clerics, Naum, together with some of the missionaries headed to Bulgaria.

First Bulgarian Empire

In 886 the governor of Belgrade, then in Bulgaria, welcomed the disciples of Cyril and Methodius. Bulgaria was ruled then by Tsar Boris, who converted to Christianity in 864. After the christianization the religious ceremonies were conducted in Greek by a Byzantine clergy. Fearing growing Byzantine influence Boris viewed the adoption of the Old Church Slavonic as a way to preserve the political independence of Bulgaria. With a such views Boris made arrangements for the establishment of two literary academies where theology was to be taught in the Slavonic language. The first of the schools was founded in the capital, Pliska, and the second in Ohrid, in the region of Kutmichevitsa. The development of Old Church Slavonic literacy had the effect of preventing the assimilation into the neighboring cultures and promoted the formation of a distinct state affiliation, opposed to the Roman Empire's rule, towards the Bulgarian medieval country. Naum moved initially to the capital Pliska together with Clement, Angelarius and possibly Gorazd (according to other sources, Gorazd was already dead by that time). In Bulgaria he spent the next 25 years from his life. Naum was one of the founders of the Pliska Literary School where he worked between 886 and 893. The most reliable first-hand account of the activities at the time in Pliska is "An Account of Letters" (O pismenech), a treatise on Slavic literacy written in Old Church Slavonic, thought to be composed shortly after 893. The piece calls for the creation of a common Slavic alphabet. In 893, shortly after his rise to power, the new Bulgarian ruler Simeon the Great, summoned an ecclesiastical council in the new capital Preslav, where Clement was ordained bishop of Drembica and Velika. To replace Clement in Ohrid, Simeon sent Naum, who until then had been active in Preslav. Afterwards Naum continued Clement's work at Ohrid, another important centre of Slavic learning. In this years the Cyrillic script was created in the Preslav literary school, and was adopted in Bulgaria, possibly following Naum's initiative. In 905 Naum founded a monastery on the shores of Lake Ohrid, which later received his name. He died there in 910 and Clement initiated the process of his canonization. In this way Naum became the first “native” saint of Bulgaria.

Legacy

St. Naum Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Saint Naum.

External links

References

  1. The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century, John Van Antwerp Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1991, ISBN 0-472-08149-7, p. 128.
  2. Obolensky, Dimitri (1994). Byzantium and the Slavs. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 0-88141-008-X.
  3. Monks and Laymen in Byzantium, 843-1118, Rosemary Morris, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-31950-1, p. 25.
  4. Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0-8108-5565-8, p. 159.
  5. The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics, Cornell Paperbacks: Slavic studies, history, political science, Ivo Banac, Cornell University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8014-9493-1, p. 309.
  6. Kiril Petkov, The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture, Volume 5, BRILL, 2008, ISBN 9004168311, p. 161.
  7. Kantor, Marvin (1983). Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Princes. The University of Michigan Press. p. 65.
  8. Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1-85065-534-0, pp. 19-20.
  9. A short history of modern Bulgaria, R. J. Crampton, CUP Archive, 1987, ISBN 0521273234, p. 5.
  10. Curta, Florin, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0521815398, pp. 221–222.
  11. The A to Z of the Orthodox Church, Michael Prokurat, Alexander Golitzin, Michael D. Peterson, Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, ISBN 0810876027 p. 91.
  12. Historical Dictionary of Byzantium, John H. Rosser, Scarecrow Press, 2012, ISBN 0810875675, p. 342.
  13. Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0521815398, p. 214.
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