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Revision as of 13:23, 1 April 2020 editWikaviani (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers14,543 edits Reverted 1 edit by Cengizsogutlu: Rv, i suggest you stop edit warring. Also, please read WP:ONUS since the one who needs to achieve WP:CONSENSUS for your edits is you, not me. Take your concerns to the talk page and explain how the addition of the addition of a dozen of pictures of Ayran is an improvement of this article. Thanks. (TW)Tag: Undo← Previous edit Revision as of 13:57, 1 April 2020 edit undoCengizsogutlu (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users2,124 edits what do you think about this edit? this is what I mentioned on the talk page.Tags: nowiki added Visual editNext edit →
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⚫ }}'''Doogh''' ({{Lang-fa|دوغ|Doogh}}) ({{lang-sq|Dhallë}}; {{lang-az|ayran}} ; ]: {{lang|ar|شنينة}} ''šinīna'' or عيران ''ayran''; {{lang-syr|ܕܘܓ̄ܐ}} ''dove''; {{lang-tr|ayran}}; {{lang-arm|թան }} ''t'an''; {{lang-ps|شلومبې}}; ]: ماستاو) is a cold savory ]-based beverage that is mixed with salt.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKAu9IYnK2wC&pg=PA124 | title=Fermented Milks | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=A. Y. Tamime (ed.) | year=2008 | pages=124 | isbn=9781405172387}}</ref><ref name="functionaldairy">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMCDLlcRaQkC&pg=PA10 | title=Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products | publisher=CRC Press | author=Yildiz Fatih | year=2010 | page=10| isbn=9781420082081}}</ref> It is popular in ],<ref>Sarina Jacobson,Danya Weiner. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008. {{ISBN|1402747594}} p 6</ref> ],<ref name="gastro">{{cite journal | last =Halici | first = Nevin | authorlink = | title = Turkish Delights | journal = Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies | volume =1 | issue = 1| pages = 92–93| publisher = University of California Press | location = | date = 27 April 2013 | language = | url = | jstor = | issn = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | accessdate = }}</ref> ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2014/05/22/ayran-turkeys-favorite-summer-drink|title=Ayran, Turkey's favorite summer drink|website=DailySabah|access-date=2019-07-09}}</ref> ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ],<ref name=functionaldairy /> ], ],<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ8vWih-rqwC&pg=PA58 | title=Bulgaria (Other Places Travel Guide) | publisher=Other Places Publishing | author=Leslie Strnadel, Patrick Erdley | year=2012 | pages=58| isbn=9780982261996}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6aXloa1QsEC&pg=PA92 | title=The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan | publisher=University of Washington Press | author=Nazif Shahrani, M. | year=2013 | location=9780295803784 | pages=92–93}}</ref> ], ], ],<ref>{{cite book | title=Fermented Milks | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=A. Y. Tamime (ed.) | year=2008 | pages=96| isbn=9781405172387}}</ref> and ]. Yogurt drinks are popular beyond the Middle East region.<ref>Heyhoe, Kate. ''The ABC's of Larousse Gastronomique'' : {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020123013733/http://www.globalgourmet.com/food/kgk/2002/0102/kgk011102.html |date=2002-01-23 }}</ref>
}}
], ]]]

⚫ '''Doogh''' ({{Lang-fa|دوغ|Doogh}}) ({{lang-sq|Dhallë}}; {{lang-az|ayran}} ; ]: {{lang|ar|شنينة}} ''šinīna'' or عيران ''ayran''; {{lang-syr|ܕܘܓ̄ܐ}} ''dove''; {{lang-tr|ayran}}; {{lang-arm|թան }} ''t'an''; {{lang-ps|شلومبې}}; ]: ماستاو) is a cold savory ]-based beverage that is mixed with salt.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKAu9IYnK2wC&pg=PA124 | title=Fermented Milks | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=A. Y. Tamime (ed.) | year=2008 | pages=124 | isbn=9781405172387}}</ref><ref name="functionaldairy">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMCDLlcRaQkC&pg=PA10 | title=Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products | publisher=CRC Press | author=Yildiz Fatih | year=2010 | page=10| isbn=9781420082081}}</ref> It is popular in ],<ref>Sarina Jacobson,Danya Weiner. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008. {{ISBN|1402747594}} p 6</ref> ],<ref name="gastro">{{cite journal | last =Halici | first = Nevin | authorlink = | title = Turkish Delights | journal = Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies | volume =1 | issue = 1| pages = 92–93| publisher = University of California Press | location = | date = 27 April 2013 | language = | url = | jstor = | issn = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | accessdate = }}</ref> ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2014/05/22/ayran-turkeys-favorite-summer-drink|title=Ayran, Turkey's favorite summer drink|website=DailySabah|access-date=2019-07-09}}</ref> ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ],<ref name=functionaldairy /> ], ],<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ8vWih-rqwC&pg=PA58 | title=Bulgaria (Other Places Travel Guide) | publisher=Other Places Publishing | author=Leslie Strnadel, Patrick Erdley | year=2012 | pages=58| isbn=9780982261996}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6aXloa1QsEC&pg=PA92 | title=The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan | publisher=University of Washington Press | author=Nazif Shahrani, M. | year=2013 | location=9780295803784 | pages=92–93}}</ref> ], ], ],<ref>{{cite book | title=Fermented Milks | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=A. Y. Tamime (ed.) | year=2008 | pages=96| isbn=9781405172387}}</ref> and ]. Yogurt drinks are popular beyond the Middle East region.<ref>Heyhoe, Kate. ''The ABC's of Larousse Gastronomique'' : {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020123013733/http://www.globalgourmet.com/food/kgk/2002/0102/kgk011102.html |date=2002-01-23 }}</ref>


==Preparation== ==Preparation==
Doogh is served chilled and often as an accompaniment to grilled meat or rice,<ref name=culturesite>{{cite web | url=http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,35365/turkish-buttermilk.html | title=Turkish Buttermilk | publisher=Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Turkey | work=www.kultur.gov.tr | accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> especially during summer.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://balkon3.com/en/ayran-turkish-national-beverage/ | title=Ayran – Turkish national beverage | work=balkon3.com | accessdate=5 October 2013 | author=Gina Husamettin}}</ref> It is made by mixing yoghurt with chilled or iced water<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Davis | first1 = P. H. | year = 1956 | title = Lake Van and Turkish Kurdistan: A Botanical Journey | url = | journal = The Geographical Journal | volume = 122 | issue = 2| pages = 156–165 | doi = 10.2307/1790844 }}</ref> and is sometimes ] and seasoned with mint.<ref name=un>{{Cite conference | author = Islamic Republic of Iran| title = Project Document for a Regional Standard for Doogh (CX/NEA 09/5/8)| publisher = United Nations. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme of the FAO/WHO coordinating committee for the Near East| date = 26–29 January 2009| location = Tunis, Tunisia| url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Meetings/CCNEA/ccnea5/ne05_08e.pdf| accessdate = 26 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKAu9IYnK2wC&pg=PA124 | title=Fermented Milks | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=A. Y. Tamime (ed.) | year=2008 | pages=124 | isbn=9781405172387}}</ref><ref name=functionaldiary>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMCDLlcRaQkC&lpg=PA10&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products | publisher=CRC Press | author=Yildiz Fatih | year=2010 | pages=10| isbn=9781420082081}}</ref> Doogh has been variously described as "diluted yogurt"<ref name="gastro"/> and "a most refreshing drink made by mixing yogurt with iced water".<ref>Lake Van and Turkish Kurdistan: A Botanical Journey Doogh is served chilled and often as an accompaniment to grilled meat or rice,<ref name="culturesite">{{cite web | url=http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,35365/turkish-buttermilk.html | title=Turkish Buttermilk | publisher=Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Turkey | work=www.kultur.gov.tr | accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> especially during summer.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://balkon3.com/en/ayran-turkish-national-beverage/ | title=Ayran – Turkish national beverage | work=balkon3.com | accessdate=5 October 2013 | author=Gina Husamettin}}</ref> It is made by mixing yoghurt with chilled or iced water<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Davis | first1 = P. H. | year = 1956 | title = Lake Van and Turkish Kurdistan: A Botanical Journey | url = | journal = The Geographical Journal | volume = 122 | issue = 2| pages = 156–165 | doi = 10.2307/1790844 }}</ref> and is sometimes ] and seasoned with mint.<ref name="un">{{Cite conference | author = Islamic Republic of Iran| title = Project Document for a Regional Standard for Doogh (CX/NEA 09/5/8)| publisher = United Nations. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme of the FAO/WHO coordinating committee for the Near East| date = 26–29 January 2009| location = Tunis, Tunisia| url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Meetings/CCNEA/ccnea5/ne05_08e.pdf| accessdate = 26 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKAu9IYnK2wC&pg=PA124 | title=Fermented Milks | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=A. Y. Tamime (ed.) | year=2008 | pages=124 | isbn=9781405172387}}</ref><ref name="functionaldiary">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMCDLlcRaQkC&lpg=PA10&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products | publisher=CRC Press | author=Yildiz Fatih | year=2010 | pages=10| isbn=9781420082081}}</ref> Doogh has been variously described as "diluted yogurt"<ref name="gastro"/> and "a most refreshing drink made by mixing yogurt with iced water".<ref>Lake Van and Turkish Kurdistan: A Botanical Journey
P. H. Davis P. H. Davis
The Geographical Journal, Vol. 122, No. 2 (Jun., 1956), pp. 156–165 The Geographical Journal, Vol. 122, No. 2 (Jun., 1956), pp. 156–165
Line 36: Line 33:
According to Nevin Halıcı, ayran is a traditional Turkic drink and was consumed by nomadic Turks prior to 1000 CE.<ref name=gastro/> According to Celalettin Koçak and Yahya Kemal Avşar (Professor of Food Engineering at ]), ayran was first developed thousands of years ago by the ], who would dilute bitter yogurt with water in an attempt to improve its flavor.<ref>Kocak, C., Avsar, Y.K., 2009. Ayran: Microbiology and Technology. In: Yildiz, F. (Ed.), Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Functional Dairy Products. CRC Press, Boca Raton, U.S., pp. 123–141</ref> According to Nevin Halıcı, ayran is a traditional Turkic drink and was consumed by nomadic Turks prior to 1000 CE.<ref name=gastro/> According to Celalettin Koçak and Yahya Kemal Avşar (Professor of Food Engineering at ]), ayran was first developed thousands of years ago by the ], who would dilute bitter yogurt with water in an attempt to improve its flavor.<ref>Kocak, C., Avsar, Y.K., 2009. Ayran: Microbiology and Technology. In: Yildiz, F. (Ed.), Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Functional Dairy Products. CRC Press, Boca Raton, U.S., pp. 123–141</ref>


A ] 1000 CE Turkish dictionary, '']'', defines ayran as a "drink made out of milk."<ref name=etim>{{cite web | url= http://etimolojiturkce.com/kelime/ayran| title=Ayran | publisher=Telif Hakları | work=Etimoloji Türkçe | language= Turkish | accessdate=31 August 2014}}</ref> A ] 1000 CE Turkish dictionary, '']'', defines ayran as a "drink made out of milk."<ref name="etim">{{cite web | url= http://etimolojiturkce.com/kelime/ayran| title=Ayran | publisher=Telif Hakları | work=Etimoloji Türkçe | language= Turkish | accessdate=31 August 2014}}</ref>


==Turkish national drink status== ==Turkish national drink status==
], a conservative Turkish politician who has held the posts of ] and ], has promoted ayran as a ].<ref name=erdogan>{{cite journal|title=PM says Turkey’s national drink is doogh, not beer |journal=] |date=27 April 2013 |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_pm-says-turkeys-national-drink-is-ayran-not-beer_313824.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031432/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_pm-says-turkeys-national-drink-is-ayran-not-beer_313824.html |archivedate=2015-11-17 }}</ref> Speaking at a 2013 ] Global Alcohol Policy Conference held in ], Erdoğan contrasted ayran with ], which he claimed was a recent introduction to Turkey. ], a conservative Turkish politician who has held the posts of ] and ], has promoted ayran as a ].<ref name="erdogan">{{cite journal|title=PM says Turkey’s national drink is doogh, not beer |journal=] |date=27 April 2013 |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_pm-says-turkeys-national-drink-is-ayran-not-beer_313824.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031432/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_pm-says-turkeys-national-drink-is-ayran-not-beer_313824.html |archivedate=2015-11-17 }}</ref> Speaking at a 2013 ] Global Alcohol Policy Conference held in ], Erdoğan contrasted ayran with ], which he claimed was a recent introduction to Turkey.
]
⚫ Nevertheless, sales of ayran in Turkey may lag behind other ]s.<ref name="sales">{{cite journal|title=Turks turn away from ‘national drink’ despite Erdoğan |journal=] |date=22 June 2015 |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_turks-turn-away-from-national-drink-despite-erdogan_390784.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024646/http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_turks-turn-away-from-national-drink-despite-erdogan_390784.html |archivedate=2015-11-17 }}</ref> According to a 2015 joint statement from the Soft Drink Producers Association, the Sparkling Water Producers Association, and the Milk Producers and Exporters Union of Turkey, ayran consumption during ] has declined every year for the years 2010 to 2015.<ref name="sales" />


⚫ In 2015, Turkey's ], controlled by Erdoğan's party, imposed a 220,000 ] fine (approximately $70,000) on state-owned Çaykur manufacturers stating that ayran was "insulted without reason" in one of their advertisement for ], in which the ] ] rapped that ayran makes him sleepy, and halted advertisements of Çaykur's competing ice-tea product.<ref name="fine">{{cite journal | last = Çelikkan | first = Erdinç | authorlink =
⚫ Nevertheless, sales of ayran in Turkey may lag behind other ]s.<ref name=sales>{{cite journal|title=Turks turn away from ‘national drink’ despite Erdoğan |journal=] |date=22 June 2015 |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_turks-turn-away-from-national-drink-despite-erdogan_390784.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024646/http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_turks-turn-away-from-national-drink-despite-erdogan_390784.html |archivedate=2015-11-17 }}</ref> According to a 2015 joint statement from the Soft Drink Producers Association, the Sparkling Water Producers Association, and the Milk Producers and Exporters Union of Turkey, ayran consumption during ] has declined every year for the years 2010 to 2015.<ref name=sales/>

⚫ In 2015, Turkey's ], controlled by Erdoğan's party, imposed a 220,000 ] fine (approximately $70,000) on state-owned Çaykur manufacturers stating that ayran was "insulted without reason" in one of their advertisement for ], in which the ] ] rapped that ayran makes him sleepy, and halted advertisements of Çaykur's competing ice-tea product.<ref name=fine>{{cite journal | last = Çelikkan | first = Erdinç | authorlink =
| title = State-owned tea firm fined 220,000 liras for ‘insulting ayran’ in ads| journal = ] | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = | location = | date = 9 November 2015 | title = State-owned tea firm fined 220,000 liras for ‘insulting ayran’ in ads| journal = ] | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = | location = | date = 9 November 2015
| language = | url = http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/state-owned-tea-firm-fined-220000-liras-for-insulting-ayran-in-ads.aspx?pageID=238&nID=90905&NewsCatID=341| issn = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | accessdate = }}</ref> | language = | url = http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/state-owned-tea-firm-fined-220000-liras-for-insulting-ayran-in-ads.aspx?pageID=238&nID=90905&NewsCatID=341| issn = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | accessdate = }}</ref>

<br /><gallery>
File:Some ayran in copper cups.jpg|Some Foamy ayran in copper cups served in traditional way
File:AYRAN TAŞI.JPG|] and ]<nowiki>'s ''ayran taşı''</nowiki> ] stone for ayran outsite siege of ]. Churning stone allow troops to drink ayran in hot summer days with wooden ].
File:Yayık ayran.jpg|<nowiki>''Yayık ayran''</nowiki> drinking with wooden ].
File:Ayran-Dew-çeqilmast.jpg|Ready packaged Ayran usually sold in fast food restaurants
</gallery>


==Variations== ==Variations==
] can be added, as can ]. Dried ] or ] can also be mixed in, as well as lime juice. One variation includes diced cucumbers to provide a crunchy texture to the beverage. Some varieties of ''doogh'' are carbonated. ] can be added, as can ]. Dried ] or ] can also be mixed in, as well as lime juice. One variation includes diced cucumbers to provide a crunchy texture to the beverage. Some varieties of ''doogh'' are carbonated.], ]]]


==See also== ==See also==

{{portal|Drink}}
*], yogurt-based drink from Bangladesh *], yogurt-based drink from Bangladesh
*], Japanese yogurt-based soft drink *], Japanese yogurt-based soft drink
Line 62: Line 66:
*], yogurt-based drink from the Indian Subcontinent *], yogurt-based drink from the Indian Subcontinent
*], fermented-milk beverage *], fermented-milk beverage
*], Turkish soured and churned yogurt-based drink *], Turkish soured and churned yogurt-based drink{{portal|Drink}}


==References== ==References==

Revision as of 13:57, 1 April 2020

Middle eastern dairy product For the village in Iran, see Doogh, Iran.
Doogh
Alternative namesAyran, Tan, Dove or Yogurt Milk
TypeDairy product
CourseBeverage
Place of originIran
Region or stateCentral Asia, Middle East
Serving temperatureCold
Main ingredientsYogurt, water, salt

Doogh (Template:Lang-fa) (Template:Lang-sq; Template:Lang-az ; Arabic: شنينة šinīna or عيران ayran; Template:Lang-syr dove; Template:Lang-tr; Template:Lang-arm t'an; Template:Lang-ps; Kurdish: ماستاو) is a cold savory yogurt-based beverage that is mixed with salt. It is popular in Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Bulgaria, Jordan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Israel, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, the Balkans, Afghanistan, Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, and Germany. Yogurt drinks are popular beyond the Middle East region.

Preparation

Doogh is served chilled and often as an accompaniment to grilled meat or rice, especially during summer. It is made by mixing yoghurt with chilled or iced water and is sometimes carbonated and seasoned with mint. Doogh has been variously described as "diluted yogurt" and "a most refreshing drink made by mixing yogurt with iced water".

History

Doogh is an Iranian fermented drink that has long been a popular drink and was consumed in ancient Persia (modern-day Iran). Described by an 1886 source as a cold drink of curdled milk and water seasoned with mint, its name derives from the Persian word for milking, dooshidan.

Other similar drinks include "ayran" in Turkey, "than" in Amenia or "lassi" in Southern Asia and are popular in Asian countries, however, they can differ from Doogh. According to Nevin Halıcı, ayran is a traditional Turkic drink and was consumed by nomadic Turks prior to 1000 CE. According to Celalettin Koçak and Yahya Kemal Avşar (Professor of Food Engineering at Mustafa Kemal University), ayran was first developed thousands of years ago by the Göktürks, who would dilute bitter yogurt with water in an attempt to improve its flavor.

A c. 1000 CE Turkish dictionary, Dīwān ul-Lughat al-Turk, defines ayran as a "drink made out of milk."

Turkish national drink status

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, a conservative Turkish politician who has held the posts of President and Prime Minister, has promoted ayran as a national drink. Speaking at a 2013 WHO Global Alcohol Policy Conference held in Istanbul, Erdoğan contrasted ayran with alcohol, which he claimed was a recent introduction to Turkey.

Ayran, a traditional salty yogurt drink in Turkey, McDonald's, Istanbul.

Nevertheless, sales of ayran in Turkey may lag behind other non-alcoholic beverages. According to a 2015 joint statement from the Soft Drink Producers Association, the Sparkling Water Producers Association, and the Milk Producers and Exporters Union of Turkey, ayran consumption during Ramadan has declined every year for the years 2010 to 2015.

In 2015, Turkey's Customs and Trade Ministry, controlled by Erdoğan's party, imposed a 220,000 TL fine (approximately $70,000) on state-owned Çaykur manufacturers stating that ayran was "insulted without reason" in one of their advertisement for iced tea, in which the rapper Ceza rapped that ayran makes him sleepy, and halted advertisements of Çaykur's competing ice-tea product.


Variations

Salt can be added, as can black pepper. Dried mint or pennyroyal can also be mixed in, as well as lime juice. One variation includes diced cucumbers to provide a crunchy texture to the beverage. Some varieties of doogh are carbonated.

Bottle of carbonated tan sold in Yerevan, Armenia

See also

  • Borhani, yogurt-based drink from Bangladesh
  • Calpis, Japanese yogurt-based soft drink
  • Chal, fermented camel's-milk
  • Chaas, yogurt-based drink made with yogurt, salt and water, and occasional mint and coriander leaves
  • Chalap, beverage consisting of fermented milk, salt, and carbonated water
  • Filmjölk, a yogurt drink from Sweden
  • Kefir, fermented milk drink made with yeast grains
  • Kumis, fermented mare's milk drink
  • Lassi, yogurt-based drink from the Indian Subcontinent
  • Qatiq, fermented-milk beverage
  • Yayık ayranı, Turkish soured and churned yogurt-based drink
    • Drink portal

    References

    1. A. Y. Tamime (ed.) (2008). Fermented Milks. John Wiley & Sons. p. 124. ISBN 9781405172387. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
    2. ^ Yildiz Fatih (2010). Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products. CRC Press. p. 10. ISBN 9781420082081.
    3. Sarina Jacobson,Danya Weiner. Yogurt: More Than 70 Delicious & Healthy Recipes" Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008. ISBN 1402747594 p 6
    4. ^ Halici, Nevin (27 April 2013). "Turkish Delights". Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies. 1 (1). University of California Press: 92–93.
    5. "Ayran, Turkey's favorite summer drink". DailySabah. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
    6. Leslie Strnadel, Patrick Erdley (2012). Bulgaria (Other Places Travel Guide). Other Places Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 9780982261996.
    7. Nazif Shahrani, M. (2013). The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan. 9780295803784: University of Washington Press. pp. 92–93.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
    8. A. Y. Tamime (ed.) (2008). Fermented Milks. John Wiley & Sons. p. 96. ISBN 9781405172387. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
    9. Heyhoe, Kate. The ABC's of Larousse Gastronomique : ayran Archived 2002-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
    10. "Turkish Buttermilk". www.kultur.gov.tr. Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Turkey. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
    11. Gina Husamettin. "Ayran – Turkish national beverage". balkon3.com. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
    12. Davis, P. H. (1956). "Lake Van and Turkish Kurdistan: A Botanical Journey". The Geographical Journal. 122 (2): 156–165. doi:10.2307/1790844.
    13. ^ Islamic Republic of Iran (26–29 January 2009). Project Document for a Regional Standard for Doogh (CX/NEA 09/5/8) (PDF). Tunis, Tunisia: United Nations. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme of the FAO/WHO coordinating committee for the Near East. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
    14. A. Y. Tamime (ed.) (2008). Fermented Milks. John Wiley & Sons. p. 124. ISBN 9781405172387. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
    15. Yildiz Fatih (2010). Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products. CRC Press. p. 10. ISBN 9781420082081.
    16. Lake Van and Turkish Kurdistan: A Botanical Journey P. H. Davis The Geographical Journal, Vol. 122, No. 2 (Jun., 1956), pp. 156–165 Published by: The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Article doi:10.2307/1790844
    17. Nishinari, Katsuyoshi (2019-12-31). Textural Characteristics of World Foods. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-43079-7. Doogh is an Iranian type of traditional fermented dairy-based drinks that is usually produced by mixing set or stirred yogurt and water at the same rate, as well as some aqueous extracts of local herbs, and spices such as thyme.
    18. Katz, Sandor Ellix (2016). Wild Fermentation: The Flavor, Nutrition, and Craft of Live-Culture Foods, 2nd Edition. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-60358-628-3.
    19. Simmons, Shirin (2007). Treasury of Persian Cuisine. Stamford House Publishing. ISBN 1-904985-56-4.
    20. Grosart, Alexander (17 July 1886). "Soor-doock" and "doogh". The Academy and literature. Vol. 30. Blackburn. p. 59.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    21. Nishinari, Katsuyoshi (2019-12-31). Textural Characteristics of World Foods. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-43079-7. Doogh consumption is common in Asian countries (e.g. ayran in Turkey, than in Armenia, lassi in southern Asia). However, they may differ from doogh in dilution ratio, rheological characteristics, fat content, and sensory properties.
    22. Kocak, C., Avsar, Y.K., 2009. Ayran: Microbiology and Technology. In: Yildiz, F. (Ed.), Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Functional Dairy Products. CRC Press, Boca Raton, U.S., pp. 123–141
    23. "Ayran". Etimoloji Türkçe (in Turkish). Telif Hakları. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
    24. "PM says Turkey's national drink is doogh, not beer". Zaman. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17.
    25. ^ "Turks turn away from 'national drink' despite Erdoğan". Zaman. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17.
    26. Çelikkan, Erdinç (9 November 2015). "State-owned tea firm fined 220,000 liras for 'insulting ayran' in ads". Hürriyet.
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