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The modern city Jimsar is located at 43°59'N, 89°4'East; it is a location of the Uyghur ancient southern capital Beshbalik or Beshbalyk (Turkic ''Head (or Main) Area (or Space, Section, Location)'', although in modern Turkish "Beşbalık (or "Beshbalyk") literally means "Five Fish", the closest approximation of "Beshbalyk" would be "Baş" (Main, Top, Central, Head, etc.) and "Baylık" (Beylik in modern Turkish meaning Principality) so it would be written as "Başbeylik" in modern Turkish). It became the Uyghur main capital after a disastrous results of the ] attack on the Uyghur northern capital ] (''Khanbalyk''). |
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The modern city Jimsar is located at 43°59'N, 89°4'East; it is a location of the Uyghur ancient southern capital Beshbalik or Beshbalyk (Turkic ''Head (or Main) Area (or Space, Section, Location)'', although in modern Turkish "Beşbalık (or "Beshbalyk") literally means "Five Fish", the closest approximation of "Beshbalyk" would be "Baş" (Main, Top, Central, Head, etc.) and "Baylık" (Beylik in modern Turkish meaning Principality) so it would be written as "Başbeylik" in modern Turkish). It became the Uyghur main capital after a disastrous results of the ] attack on the Uyghur northern capital ] (''Khanbalyk''). |
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After the attack, a significant part of the Uyghur Khaganate population fled to the area of the present Jimsar County and Tarim Basin in general in 840,<ref>C. Beckwith, ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present'', Princeton University Press, 2009, pp. 148, 159</ref> where they founded the ]. The Uyghurs submitted to ] in 1207. Beshbalik consisted of five parts: an outer town, the northern gate of the outer town, the extended town of the west, the inner town and a small settlement within the inner town. At first, the city was the political center of the Uyghur Idiquit (monarch) and his ] queen, Altalun, daughter of Genghis Khan under the ] in the first half of the 13th century.<ref></ref> ] were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called ] which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former ] and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih).<ref name="Rossabi1983">{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&pg=PA255&dq=alan+guard+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivmrKkwuHKAhWHuhoKHfEPCLYQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=alan%20guard%20mongols&f=false|year=1983|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04562-0|pages=255–}}</ref> Due to military struggles between the ] and the ] during the reign of ], the city was abandoned and lost its prosperity in the late 13th century. The ] records the name as both Wu-ch'eng 五城 (5 cities) and Bie-shi-ba-li 别失八里.<ref>{{cite book|title=Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia| first=E.|last=Bretschneider|volume=|year=1876|edition=|publisher=Trübner & Company|isbn=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R98-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 |pages=5–6 |accessdate=1 December 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}{{cite book|title=Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10 |chapter=ARTICLE IV. Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia| first=E.|last=Bretschneider|others=Contributor Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch |volume=|year=1876|edition=|publisher=The Branch|isbn=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4hJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA80 |pages=79–80|accessdate=1 December 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}{{cite book|title=Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10|chapter=ARTICLE IV. Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia| first=E.|last=Bretschneider|author2=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai|others=Contributor Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch |volume=|year=1876|edition=|publisher=Kelly & Walsh.|isbn=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOA5NxDIbfYC&pg=PA80 |pages=79–80|accessdate=1 December 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}</ref> |
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After the attack, a significant part of the Uyghur Khaganate population fled to the area of the present Jimsar County and Tarim Basin in general in 840,<ref>C. Beckwith, ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present'', Princeton University Press, 2009, pp. 148, 159</ref> where they founded the ]. The Uyghurs submitted to ] in 1207. Beshbalik consisted of five parts: an outer town, the northern gate of the outer town, the extended town of the west, the inner town and a small settlement within the inner town. At first, the city was the political center of the Uyghur Idiquit (monarch) and his ] queen, Altalun, daughter of Genghis Khan under the ] in the first half of the 13th century.<ref></ref> ] were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called ] which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former ] and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih).<ref name="Rossabi1983">{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&pg=PA255&dq=alan+guard+mongols#v=onepage|year=1983|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04562-0|pages=255–}}</ref> Due to military struggles between the ] and the ] during the reign of ], the city was abandoned and lost its prosperity in the late 13th century. The ] records the name as both Wu-ch'eng 五城 (5 cities) and Bie-shi-ba-li 别失八里.<ref>{{cite book|title=Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia| first=E.|last=Bretschneider|volume=|year=1876|edition=|publisher=Trübner & Company|isbn=|url=https://books.google.com/?id=R98-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 |pages=5–6 |accessdate=1 December 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}{{cite book|title=Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10 |chapter=ARTICLE IV. Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia| first=E.|last=Bretschneider|others=Contributor Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch |volume=|year=1876|edition=|publisher=The Branch|isbn=|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4hJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA80 |pages=79–80|accessdate=1 December 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}{{cite book|title=Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10|chapter=ARTICLE IV. Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia| first=E.|last=Bretschneider|author2=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai|others=Contributor Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch |volume=|year=1876|edition=|publisher=Kelly & Walsh.|isbn=|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOA5NxDIbfYC&pg=PA80 |pages=79–80|accessdate=1 December 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}</ref> |
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Jimsar city was established in the south of the ruins of Beshbalik.<ref>Paul Allan Mirecki, Jason BeDuhn, ''Emerging from Darkness: Studies in the Recovery of Manichaean Sources,'' p. 106</ref> |
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Jimsar city was established in the south of the ruins of Beshbalik.<ref>Paul Allan Mirecki, Jason BeDuhn, ''Emerging from Darkness: Studies in the Recovery of Manichaean Sources,'' p. 106</ref> |
The name Beshbalik first appears in history in the description of the events of 713 in the Turkic Kul Tegin inscription. It was one of the largest of five towns in the Uyghur Khaganate in Mongolia. The Tibetans briefly held the city in 790. Established in 1902 as a county, it was known as Fuyuan (孚远) until 1952, when its name was changed to Jimsar.
The modern city Jimsar is located at 43°59'N, 89°4'East; it is a location of the Uyghur ancient southern capital Beshbalik or Beshbalyk (Turkic Head (or Main) Area (or Space, Section, Location), although in modern Turkish "Beşbalık (or "Beshbalyk") literally means "Five Fish", the closest approximation of "Beshbalyk" would be "Baş" (Main, Top, Central, Head, etc.) and "Baylık" (Beylik in modern Turkish meaning Principality) so it would be written as "Başbeylik" in modern Turkish). It became the Uyghur main capital after a disastrous results of the Yenisei Kirghiz attack on the Uyghur northern capital Karabalgasun (Khanbalyk).
After the attack, a significant part of the Uyghur Khaganate population fled to the area of the present Jimsar County and Tarim Basin in general in 840, where they founded the Kingdom of Qocho. The Uyghurs submitted to Genghis Khan in 1207. Beshbalik consisted of five parts: an outer town, the northern gate of the outer town, the extended town of the west, the inner town and a small settlement within the inner town. At first, the city was the political center of the Uyghur Idiquit (monarch) and his Mongol queen, Altalun, daughter of Genghis Khan under the Mongol Empire in the first half of the 13th century. Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called "Right Alan Guard" which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former Kingdom of Qocho and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih). Due to military struggles between the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan Dynasty during the reign of Kublai Khan, the city was abandoned and lost its prosperity in the late 13th century. The History of Yuan records the name as both Wu-ch'eng 五城 (5 cities) and Bie-shi-ba-li 别失八里.
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Location of Jimsar County (pink) in Changji Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang (light grey)