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'''Brodnica''' {{IPAc-pl|AUD|pl-Brodnica.ogg|brɔdˈɲit͡sa}} ({{lang-de|Strasburg in Westpreußen or Strasburg an der Drewenz}}) is a town in north-central Poland with 28,574 inhabitants {{as of|2014|lc=on}}. Previously part of ] province, from 1975 to 1998, Brodnica is situated in the ] since 1999. It is the seat of ]. The nearby ], a ], gets its name from Brodnica. '''Brodnica''' {{IPAc-pl|AUD|pl-Brodnica.ogg|brɔdˈɲit͡sa}} ({{lang-de|Strasburg in Westpreußen or Strasburg an der Drewenz}}) is a town in north-central Poland with 28,574 inhabitants {{as of|2014|lc=on}}. Previously part of ] province, from 1975 to 1998, Brodnica is situated in the ] since 1999. It is the seat of ]. The nearby ], a ], gets its name from Brodnica.


Brodnica is the capital of the district whose present quarter Michałowo, a settlement mentioned as early as in 1138 and then in 1240 as ], hides relics from Neolithic era. As it is confirmed in old documents Michałowo was the capital of the Masovian Castellany. The town was chosen owing to its good position on the ] (on the trade route leading from ] to ]) and a customs house between Dobrzyń and ] (mentioned in 1252). Brodnica is the capital of the district whose present quarter Michałowo, a settlement mentioned as early as in 1138 and then in 1240 as ], hides relics from Neolithic era. As it is confirmed in old documents Michałowo was the capital of the Masovian Castellany. The town was chosen owing to its good position on the ] (on the trade route leading from ] to ]) and a customs house between Dobrzyń and ] (mentioned in 1252).


==History== ==History==
] Saint Catherine church seen from the Market Square]]
The first reference to the town of Brodnica dates from 1263. In 1285–1370 the construction of the Gothic Church of St. Catherine took place. Brodnica received ] in 1298. Although the Teutonic rule ended here with the Treaty of ] 1466 (as on the entire ]), Brodnica remained in the hands of ] until 1479. A favourable location on the intersection of important routes used for transportation of different goods (wood, fish, furs, animal skin, grain, wool) accelerated the development of the town, making it an important trading centre, the status still reflected in the number of well-preserved granaries along the ]. In the Teutonic state Brodnica was the seat of the Commander: in the ] it was the capital of the ], and the former Commander's lands were then royal property. Between 1486 and 1604 the town belonged to the ], then between 1604 and 1625 to ] who was the royal sister of ], King of Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden. In later years it was the property Queen ], Chancellor ], Queen ], and Marshal ]. The first reference to the town of Brodnica dates from 1263. In 1285–1370 the construction of the Gothic Church of St. Catherine took place. Brodnica received ] in 1298. In 1440, the town was one of the founding members of the ], which opposed Teutonic rule,<ref>Karol Górski, ''Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych'', Instytut Zachodni, Poznań, 1949, p. 11 (in Polish)</ref> and upon the request of which King ] reincorporated the territory to the ] in 1454. In May 1454 the town pledged allegiance to the Polish King in ].<ref>Górski, p. 76</ref> After the end of the ], the Teutonic Knights renounced claims to the town, and recognized it as part of Poland. It became a ] of the ],<ref name=pb>{{cite web|url=https://www.portal.brodnica.pl/strona-33-historia.html|title=Historia|website=Urząd Miejski w Brodnicy|accessdate=19 April 2020|language=Polish}}</ref> administratively located in the ]. A favourable location on the intersection of important routes used for transportation of different goods (wood, fish, furs, animal skin, grain, wool) accelerated the development of the town, making it an important trading centre, the status still reflected in the number of well-preserved granaries along the ]. In the Teutonic state Brodnica was the seat of the Commander: in the ] it was the capital of the ], and the former Commander's lands were then royal property. Between 1486 and 1604 the town belonged to the ], then between 1604 and 1625 to ] who was the royal sister of ], King of Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden. In later years it was the property Queen ], Chancellor ], Queen ], and Marshal ].
]]]


Brodnica was incorporated into the ] in 1772, during the ], but in 1807, during the ], Brodnica became part of the ]. Between 1815–1920 Brodnica was again under a Prussian administration as part of the Prussian-led ] in 1871. Brodnica was annexed by the ] in 1772, during the ], but in 1807, during the ], Brodnica became part of the ]. Between 1815–1920 Brodnica was again under a Prussian administration as part of the Prussian-led ] in 1871. After 1785, the Prussians dismantled the ], preserving only the tower, which is currently the highest ] in Poland east of the Vistula, and serves as a museum and a watchtower.


The 19th century saw 20 thousand Polish soldiers interned after the failure of the ] (1830–1831) and many townspeople and noblemen involved in the ] (1863). It is in Brodnica region too that Masovian insurgents sought refuge from Russian persecution after the failure of the ]. The 19th century saw 20 thousand Polish soldiers interned after the failure of the ] (1830–1831) and many townspeople and noblemen involved in the ] (1863). It is in Brodnica region too that Masovian insurgents sought refuge from Russian persecution after the failure of the ]. ], which is the oldest continuously operating Polish bank, was established in 1862.<ref name=pb/> In 1873 a Polish ] organization was founded in the local ], which activity ended in 1901 due to Germany's ] policies.<ref name=pb/>


Between 1886 and 1910 Brodnica received railway connections with ], ], ], ] and ], which made it an important railway junction and triggered the industrial progress. In the 19th century the ] (and Brodnica in particular) was a refuge of Polish patriots who contributed greatly to social, cultural and economic life of the region, like ]. Between 1886 and 1910 Brodnica received railway connections with ], ], ], ] and ], which made it an important railway junction and triggered the industrial progress. In the 19th century the ] (and Brodnica in particular) was a refuge of Polish patriots who contributed greatly to social, cultural and economic life of the region, like ].


]
In 1920, after the end of World War I and the ] was established, the town of Brodnica became part of ].
In January 1920, after the end of ] and the ], Brodnica was reintegrated with ], which regained independence.<ref name=pb/> On August 18, 1920 the town was the site of a Polish victory over the invading Soviets in the {{Interlanguage link multi|Battle of Brodnica|pl|Bitwa pod Brodnicą}} during the ]. In the 1920s the town was visited by highest Polish dignitaries: Prime Minister ], Marshal ] and President ].<ref name=pb/>


During the ] (]), in 1939, Germans carried out mass arrests of local ], who were later murdered in the area or deported to ].<ref name=pb/><ref>Maria Wardzyńska, ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion'', ], Warszawa, 2009, 173 (in Polish)</ref> Some of these Poles were murdered in ] between October 15 and November 15, 1939 and in ] in October 1939.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 174-175</ref> The interwar principal of the local high school, Klemens Malicki, was among the Polish principals and teachers murdered in the ] as part of the '']''.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 180</ref> In 1944, the Germans also established a subcamp of the ], intended for female prisoners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tenhumbergreinhard.de/1933-1945-lager-1/1933-1945-lager-s/strassburg-brodnica.html|title=Strassburg (Brodnica)|accessdate=19 April 2020|language=German}}</ref> The German occupation ended in January 1945.
During World War II approximately 1,000 Jews and Gypsies inhabitants were murdered by the ] and the ], and, after the war ended, most of German inhabitants were expelled or killed by the Polish and ] during the ].


==Climate== ==Climate==
Line 190: Line 191:
{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="font-size: 90%;" {| class="wikitable" align="right" style="font-size: 90%;"
|- |-
| colspan="2" | <center>] <br> Town Hall </center> | colspan=3 | <center>'''Number of inhabitants by year'''</center>
|-
| colspan=2 | <center>'''Number of inhabitants by year'''</center>
|- |-
! Year ! Year
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===Twin towns – Sister cities=== ===Twin towns – Sister cities===
] ]


Brodnica is ] with: Brodnica is ] with:
Line 257: Line 256:


== Famous people who were born or lived in Brodnica and Brodnica County == == Famous people who were born or lived in Brodnica and Brodnica County ==
]]] ]]]
* ] – ] of the ] * ] – ] of the ]
* ] – Polish botanist and academic * ] – Polish botanist and academic
Line 276: Line 275:


== Gallery == == Gallery ==
<gallery class="center"> <gallery class="center" widths=140>
File:Brodnica - Miasto i zamek 1738-1745.jpg|Brodnica (1738-1745)
File:Brodnica 01.JPG|Old Town File:Brodnica 01.JPG|Old Town
File:Brodnica, Duży Rynek (2).JPG|Market Square (''Duży Rynek'') filled with colourful historic townhouses
⚫ File:Brodnica 02.JPG|Old Town
File:Brodnica kosciol Matki Boskiej Krolowej Polski (01).jpg|Our Lady Queen of Poland church and historic townhouses
⚫ File:Wieża Mazurska w Brodnicy.jpg|Mazurska Tower
File:Brodnica, mury obronne 4.JPG|Medieval town walls
⚫ File:Brodnica, Wieża Mazurska 1.jpg|Mazurska Tower
File:Brama Chelmińska w Brodnicy.jpg|Chełmińska Gate File:Brama Chelmińska w Brodnicy.jpg|Chełmińska Gate
File:Brodnica zamek 01.JPG|] File:Wieża zamkowa w Brodnicy.jpg|] tower
File:Brodnica pałac Anny Wazówny.JPG|Palace of ] File:Brodnica, cmentarz wojskowy 7.jpg|Memorial at the site of German executions of Poles in 1939
File:Spichlerz brodnica.JPG|Granary File:Spichlerz brodnica.JPG|Granary
File:Brodnica, spichrz, ul. Wodna 3.jpg|Granary File:Brodnica, spichrz, ul. Wodna 3.jpg|Granary
File:Brodnica kościół pw św Katarzyny.jpg|Gothic Church of St. Catherine File:Brodnica kościół pw św Katarzyny.jpg|Gothic Church of St. Catherine
File:Brodnica kościół pw św Katarzyny - wnetrze.jpg|Gothic Church of St. Catherine File:Brodnica kościół pw św Katarzyny - wnetrze.jpg|Interior of the Church of St. Catherine
File:Brodnica, kościół św. Katarzyny, sklepienie nawy głównej.jpg|Gothic Church of St. Catherine
File:Kościół Niepokalanego Poczęcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny w Brodnicy.jpg|] Monastery File:Kościół Niepokalanego Poczęcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny w Brodnicy.jpg|] Monastery
⚫ File:Magistrat Brodnica.JPG|Town Hall
File:Brodnica, pomnik Anny Wazówny.JPG|Monument of ]
File:Brodnica lądowisko.jpg|Medical helicopter landing pad File:Brodnica lądowisko.jpg|Medical helicopter landing pad
File:Dworzec w Brodnicy 1.JPG|Railway station in Brodnica
File:Dworzec w Brodnicy 5.JPG|Railway station in Brodnica
File:Brodnica.jpg|] river File:Brodnica.jpg|] river
File:Niskie Brodno panorama.jpg|''Niskie Brodno'' lake File:Niskie Brodno panorama.jpg|''Niskie Brodno'' lake
</gallery> </gallery>

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
⚫ {{Commons category|Brodnica}}


==Notes== ==Notes==
Line 308: Line 300:


==References== ==References==
⚫ {{Commons category|Brodnica}}
* *
* *

Revision as of 11:49, 19 April 2020

For the village of the same name, see Brodnica, Greater Poland Voivodeship.

Place in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
Brodnica
Market SquareMarket Square
Flag of BrodnicaFlagCoat of arms of BrodnicaCoat of arms
Brodnica is located in Kuyavian-Pomeranian VoivodeshipBrodnicaBrodnicaShow map of Kuyavian-Pomeranian VoivodeshipBrodnica is located in PolandBrodnicaBrodnicaShow map of Poland
Coordinates: 53°15′35″N 19°23′44″E / 53.25972°N 19.39556°E / 53.25972; 19.39556
Country Poland
Voivodeship Kuyavian-Pomeranian
CountyBrodnica County
GminaBrodnica (urban gmina)
Established13th century
Town rights1298
Government
 • MayorJarosław Radacz
Area
 • Total22.87 km (8.83 sq mi)
Population
 • Total28,574
 • Density1,200/km (3,200/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code87–300 to 87–302
Area code+48 56
Car platesCBR
ClimateDfb
Websitehttp://www.brodnica.pl

Brodnica (Template:Lang-de) is a town in north-central Poland with 28,574 inhabitants as of 2014. Previously part of Toruń Voivodeship province, from 1975 to 1998, Brodnica is situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999. It is the seat of Brodnica County. The nearby Brodnica Landscape Park, a protected area, gets its name from Brodnica.

Brodnica is the capital of the district whose present quarter Michałowo, a settlement mentioned as early as in 1138 and then in 1240 as castrum Michałowo, hides relics from Neolithic era. As it is confirmed in old documents Michałowo was the capital of the Masovian Castellany. The town was chosen owing to its good position on the Drwęca (on the trade route leading from Masovia to Prussia) and a customs house between Dobrzyń and Chełmno Land (mentioned in 1252).

History

Gothic Saint Catherine church seen from the Market Square

The first reference to the town of Brodnica dates from 1263. In 1285–1370 the construction of the Gothic Church of St. Catherine took place. Brodnica received town privileges in 1298. In 1440, the town was one of the founding members of the Prussian Confederation, which opposed Teutonic rule, and upon the request of which King Casimir IV Jagiellon reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454. In May 1454 the town pledged allegiance to the Polish King in Toruń. After the end of the Thirteen Years' War, the Teutonic Knights renounced claims to the town, and recognized it as part of Poland. It became a royal town of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Chełmno Voivodeship. A favourable location on the intersection of important routes used for transportation of different goods (wood, fish, furs, animal skin, grain, wool) accelerated the development of the town, making it an important trading centre, the status still reflected in the number of well-preserved granaries along the Drwęca. In the Teutonic state Brodnica was the seat of the Commander: in the Polish Republic it was the capital of the district starosty, and the former Commander's lands were then royal property. Between 1486 and 1604 the town belonged to the Działyński family, then between 1604 and 1625 to Anna Vasa of Sweden who was the royal sister of Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden. In later years it was the property Queen Cecily Renata, Chancellor Jerzy Ossoliński, Queen Maria Casimira, and Marshal Franciszek Bieliński.

Brodnica was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1772, during the First Partition of Poland, but in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, Brodnica became part of the Duchy of Warsaw. Between 1815–1920 Brodnica was again under a Prussian administration as part of the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871. After 1785, the Prussians dismantled the Brodnica Castle, preserving only the tower, which is currently the highest Gothic tower in Poland east of the Vistula, and serves as a museum and a watchtower.

The 19th century saw 20 thousand Polish soldiers interned after the failure of the November Uprising (1830–1831) and many townspeople and noblemen involved in the January Uprising (1863). It is in Brodnica region too that Masovian insurgents sought refuge from Russian persecution after the failure of the January Uprising. Bank Spółdzielczy w Brodnicy, which is the oldest continuously operating Polish bank, was established in 1862. In 1873 a Polish philomath organization was founded in the local gymnasium, which activity ended in 1901 due to Germany's anti-Polish policies.

Between 1886 and 1910 Brodnica received railway connections with Działdowo, Grudziądz, Iława, Sierpc and Jabłonowo Pomorskie, which made it an important railway junction and triggered the industrial progress. In the 19th century the Chełmno Land (and Brodnica in particular) was a refuge of Polish patriots who contributed greatly to social, cultural and economic life of the region, like Ignacy Łyskowski.

Chapel dedicated the fallen Polish defenders of Brodnica of 1920

In January 1920, after the end of World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, Brodnica was reintegrated with Poland, which regained independence. On August 18, 1920 the town was the site of a Polish victory over the invading Soviets in the Battle of Brodnica [pl] during the Polish–Soviet War. In the 1920s the town was visited by highest Polish dignitaries: Prime Minister Wincenty Witos, Marshal Józef Piłsudski and President Stanisław Wojciechowski.

During the occupation of Poland (World War II), in 1939, Germans carried out mass arrests of local Poles, who were later murdered in the area or deported to Nazi concentration camps. Some of these Poles were murdered in Skrwilno between October 15 and November 15, 1939 and in Brzezinki in October 1939. The interwar principal of the local high school, Klemens Malicki, was among the Polish principals and teachers murdered in the Oranienburg concentration camp as part of the Intelligenzaktion Pommern. In 1944, the Germans also established a subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp, intended for female prisoners. The German occupation ended in January 1945.

Climate

Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb". (Marine West Coast Climate).

Climate data for Brodnica
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		16.6
(61.9) 		24.1
(75.4) 		30.0
(86.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		36.2
(97.2) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.7
(99.9) 		34.1
(93.4) 		27.3
(81.1) 		20.2
(68.4) 		16.8
(62.2) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		2.9
(37.2) 		8.3
(46.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		19.4
(66.9) 		22.1
(71.8) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		13.9
(57.0) 		6.7
(44.1) 		3.2
(37.8) 		13.4
(56.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		4.0
(39.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		14.9
(58.8) 		18.2
(64.8) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.8
(67.6) 		15.3
(59.5) 		9.9
(49.8) 		4.4
(39.9) 		0.2
(32.4) 		9.6
(49.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.6
(23.7) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		6.0
(42.8) 		10.3
(50.5) 		14.3
(57.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		11.3
(52.3) 		5.9
(42.6) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		5.7
(42.3)
Record low °C (°F) −28.5
(−19.3) 		−27.6
(−17.7) 		−21.3
(−6.3) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		1.1
(34.0) 		4.7
(40.5) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−15.2
(4.6) 		−22.4
(−8.3) 		−28.5
(−19.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 25
(1.0) 		23
(0.9) 		30
(1.2) 		38
(1.5) 		45
(1.8) 		62
(2.4) 		70
(2.8) 		58
(2.3) 		35
(1.4) 		39
(1.5) 		37
(1.5) 		30
(1.2) 		492
(19.4)
Average precipitation days 14 12 11 9 11 12 13 13 9 12 14 12 142
Average relative humidity (%) 81 82 75 68 63 68 70 72 74 77 80 82 74
Mean monthly sunshine hours 56 67 118 179 230 237 236 229 171 122 55 40 1,740
Source: Polish Central Statistical Office (closest city on record

Location

Number of inhabitants by year
Year Number
1772 1,283 in 228 households (Feuerstellen)
1783 1,853 with the garrison (315 persons belonging to two squadrons
of a hussar regiment founded in 1773), mostly Lutherans, 27 Jews
1807 2,113
1816 1,994
1826 2,669
1831 2,585 mostly Germans
1875 5,454
1880 5,801
1890 6,122 incl. 2,587 Protestants, 3,048 Catholics and 480 Jews (2,000 Poles)
1905 7,217 incl. 2,702 Protestants and 318 Jews
1931 8,521 approx. 800 Germans
2006 32,588
2010 27,731
2014 28,574

Brodnica is located in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship on an important route transit over the small river Drewenz, about 48 kilometres (30 miles) south-east of Grudziądz, 90 kilometres (56 miles) south-west of Olsztyn and 98 kilometres (61 miles) south of Elbląg.

Points of interest

Worth noting is the War cemetery in Brodnica established by the Germans during the World War I. 15 November saw a burial of 25 German soldiers killed in the Russian offensive. In 1920 31 Polish soldiers killed during the battle of Brodnica with the Bolsheviks on 18 August were laid to rest here. In 1943 German soldiers who died in the local hospital together with those who lost their lives on 21 January 1945 during the Soviet offensive were put in the ground. A curiosity is that the Red Army soldiers who died on the same day were buried here as well. It is also a burial place for UB people notorious for waging war with Polish anti-communist partisans after 1945.

Sport in Brodnica

The sports teams in the city include the football club Sparta Brodnica, the handball MKS Brodnica club, the Karate Shotokan Brodnica club, the Aikido Brodnicka Akademia Aikido club, the boxing Klub Bokserski Gladiator Brodnica, and the MMA Fight Team MMA Brodnica.

Music in Brodnica

Musicians

Sebastian Kuchczynski – (born 9 August 1986 in Brodnica) is a drummer, composer and arranger. He Graduated from Berklee Collage of Music in Boston, Master's degree, 2017. He is an influential jazz, hip hop, funk and pop drummer. He is a member of bands such as "Radiostatik", "Schmidt Electric", "Ola Trzaska" etc. He also plays with George Garzone, Zbigniew Namysłowski and Maciej Sikała.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – Sister cities

Crests based on partnership towns

Brodnica is twinned with:

Famous people who were born or lived in Brodnica and Brodnica County

Palace of Anna Vasa

Gallery

  • Old Town Old Town
  • Market Square (Duży Rynek) filled with colourful historic townhouses Market Square (Duży Rynek) filled with colourful historic townhouses
  • Our Lady Queen of Poland church and historic townhouses Our Lady Queen of Poland church and historic townhouses
  • Medieval town walls Medieval town walls
  • Mazurska Tower Mazurska Tower
  • Chełmińska Gate Chełmińska Gate
  • Brodnica Castle tower Brodnica Castle tower
  • Memorial at the site of German executions of Poles in 1939 Memorial at the site of German executions of Poles in 1939
  • Granary Granary
  • Granary Granary
  • Gothic Church of St. Catherine Gothic Church of St. Catherine
  • Interior of the Church of St. Catherine Interior of the Church of St. Catherine
  • Franciscan Monastery Franciscan Monastery
  • Town Hall Town Hall
  • Monument of Anna Vasa Monument of Anna Vasa
  • Medical helicopter landing pad Medical helicopter landing pad
  • Drwęca river Drwęca river
  • Niskie Brodno lake Niskie Brodno lake

Notes

  1. Karol Górski, Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych, Instytut Zachodni, Poznań, 1949, p. 11 (in Polish)
  2. Górski, p. 76
  3. ^ "Historia". Urząd Miejski w Brodnicy (in Polish). Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  4. Maria Wardzyńska, Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion, IPN, Warszawa, 2009, 173 (in Polish)
  5. Wardzyńska, p. 174-175
  6. Wardzyńska, p. 180
  7. "Strassburg (Brodnica)" (in German). Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  8. Climate Summary for Poznan, Poland (nearest city on record)
  9. ^ Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Ost und Westpreußen, Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X, pp. 215–216.
  10. Johann Friedrich Goldbeck: Volständige Topographie des Königreichs Preussen. Part II: Topographie von West-Preussen, Marienwerder 1789, pp. 42–44.
  11. August Eduard Preuß: Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde. Königsberg 1835, p. 437, no. 46.
  12. ^ Michael Rademacher: Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Provinz Westpreußen, Kreis Strasburg (2006).
  13. Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, 6th edition, Vol. 19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, pp. 95–96.
  14. Der Große Brockhaus, 15th edition, Vol. 18, Leipzig 1934, p. 234.
  15. Sparta official website. Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  16. MKS Brodnica official website.
  17. Karate Shotokan Brodnica official website.
  18. promotional video
  19. Boxing club official website
  20. Fight Team MMA Brodnica official website

References


Gminas of Brodnica County
Seat: Brodnica (urban gmina)
Urban-rural gminas Coat of arms of Brodnica County
Rural gminas
Gmina Brodnica
Villages
Seat (not part of the gmina)
Categories: