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==Destinations== ==Destinations==
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{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/news/ebiz/0,1272,44888,00.html |title=The Web, Where ‘Pimps’ Roam Free |accessdate=2006-12-20 |last=Scheeres |first=Julia |date=2001-07-07 |work=Wired News |publisher=CondéNet Inc}}</ref> Since the collapse of the ], ], ], ], ], ] and the ] have also become popular destinations for sex tourists. In many of those destinations, sex tourism is still only a small percentage of overall ], with most prostitutes serving local men; however, in ], because of economic issues, sex workers usually serve only foreign tourists, as very few nationals can afford them.<ref name="NWECuba">{{cite web |url=http://www.awigp.com/default.asp?numcat=sextour2 |title=Cuba: The Thailand of the Caribbean |accessdate=2006-12-20 |last= Zúñiga |first=Jesús |work=The New West Indian }}</ref>


An individual city or region can have a particular reputation as a sex tourist destination. Many of these coincide with major ]s, and include ] in the Netherlands, ], ] and ] in Thailand and ] in the Philippines. An individual city or region can have a particular reputation as a sex tourist destination. Many of these coincide with major ]s, and include ] in the Netherlands, ], ] and ] in Thailand and ] in the Philippines.

Revision as of 17:50, 20 December 2006

Sex tourism is traveling for sexual intercourse with prostitutes or to engage in other sexual activity. The World Tourism Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations defines sex tourism as "trips organized from within the tourism sector, or from outside this sector but using its structures and networks, with the primary purpose of effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents at the destination".

A number of individuals have expressed concerns with sex tourism including concerns about child sex tourism and the impact that sex tourism has on a country.

Destinations

National destinations for sex tourists include: Germany, The Netherlands, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Cuba, Thailand and Cambodia. Since the collapse of the Iron Curtain, Russia, Hungary, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Poland and the Czech Republic have also become popular destinations for sex tourists. In many of those destinations, sex tourism is still only a small percentage of overall prostitution, with most prostitutes serving local men; however, in Cuba, because of economic issues, sex workers usually serve only foreign tourists, as very few nationals can afford them.

An individual city or region can have a particular reputation as a sex tourist destination. Many of these coincide with major red-light districts, and include Amsterdam in the Netherlands, Bangkok, Phuket and Pattaya in Thailand and Angeles City in the Philippines.

In the United States, prostitution is largely illegal, with the exception of rural areas of the state of Nevada; these have become a sex tourist destination for some Americans. To a lesser extent, several other large cities in the U.S. are also domestic sex tourist destinations despite legal sanctions on prostitution.

Female Sex Tourism Destinations

Main article: Female sex tourism

The primary destinations for female sex tourism are Southern Europe (mainly Italy, former Yugoslavia, Turkey, Greece and Spain), the Caribbean (led by Jamaica, Barbados and the Dominican Republic), the Gambia and Kenya in Africa, Bali in Indonesia, and Pattaya or Phuket in Thailand. Lesser destinations include Nepal, Morocco, Fiji, Ecuador and Costa Rica. Female sex or romance tourism differs from male sex tourism, in that women do not usually sign up for tours or go to specific bars. Women sometimes give clothes, meals, cash and gifts to their holiday boyfriends, but not all (especially in Southern Europe) expect compensation.

Criminality and controversy

The United Nations opposes sex tourism citing health, social and cultural consequences for both tourist home countries and destination countries, especially in situations exploiting gender, age, social and economic inequalities in sex tourism destinations.

Tourism involving sex with minors

Main article: Prostitution of children

While most sex tourists only engage in this activity with other adults, some actively look for child prostitutes, while others are not very selective either way, regarding age. The WTO makes a distinction between "sex tourism" and "child sex tourism." A tourist who has sex with a child prostitute possibly commits a crime against international law, in addition to the host country, and the country that the tourist is a citizen of. The term "child" is often used as defined by international law and refers to any person below the age of consent. Many countries have signed the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 and implemented domestic law making having sex with child prostitutes a criminal offence for their nationals or inhabitants including when practised abroad regardless of whether it is forbidden by the laws of the other country. Singapore has been criticized for having no such law, in spite of being adjacent to the sex tourism destination of Batam in Indonesia, which has many underage sex workers, many of whom have been forced into prostitution.

Several countries have recently enacted laws with extraterritorial reach, punishing citizens who engage in sex with minors in other countries. These laws are rarely enforced since the crime usually goes undiscovered. In 2004 Canada started to prosecute individuals under the sex tourism law. The first individual charged in Canada under this law was Donald Bakker.

According to the Cambodia minister for Woman's Affairs, it is not tourists who are the prime culprits of pedophillia in her country, but the locals.

Legal issues in the United States

Federal law (see PROTECT Act of 2003) prohibits United States citizens or permanent residents to engage in international travel with the purpose or effect of having commercial sex with a person under the age of 18, or any sex with a person under the age of 16; facilitating such travel is also illegal. Arrests by Immigration and Customs Enforcement are becoming common, however prosecutions under this law are still very rare.

As of 2005, there has been one effort to prosecute a sex tour operator: Big Apple Oriental Tours of New York was prosecuted for "promotion of prostitution" by the New York State Attorney General after lobbying by feminist human rights groups, however the case has been thrown out twice. HR 972, the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005 reauthorizes the 2000 law, but it also gives U.S. law enforcement better tools to study human trafficking within the United States and to prosecute those who purchase sex acts. The measure authorizes $50 million for grants to state and local law enforcement to investigate and prosecute persons who engage in the purchase of commercial sex acts.

Servaty scandal

In 2005 it was reported that Philippe Servaty, a newspaper columnist for Le Soir, traveled to Morocco where he persuaded women to engage in sexual activity by promising to marry and bring them to Belgium. He then posted photos online to boast of his conquests, but when his explicit materials were circulated back to Morocco many of the women were arrested, had their lives ruined, committed suicide or disappeared.

Academic study

University of Leicester sociologists studied this subject as part of a research project for the Economic and Social Research Council and End Child Prostitution and Trafficking campaign. The study included interviews with over 250 sex tourists. Among their findings:

  • Preconceptions about race and gender influenced their opinions.
  • Economically underdeveloped tourist-receiving countries are promoted as being culturally different so that (in the Western tourist's understanding) prostitution and traditional male domination of women have less stigma than similar practices might have in their home countries.

Depictions in fiction and popular culture

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ U.N. World Tourism Organization http://www.world-tourism.org/protect_children/statements/wto_a.htm Statement on the Prevention of Organized Sex Tourism
  2. Scheeres, Julia (2001-07-07). "The Web, Where 'Pimps' Roam Free". Wired News. CondéNet Inc. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
  3. Zúñiga, Jesús. "Cuba: The Thailand of the Caribbean". The New West Indian. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
  4. U.N. Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI) Gender Mainstreaming Mandates
  5. U.N. Congress On The Prevention Of Crime And The Treatment Of Offenders Press Release New Global Treaty to Combat Sex Slavery of Women and Girls
  6. Sex tourism
  7. 'Asia's sex trade is 'slavery' - BBC
  9. Sex tourist fact sheet
  10. Full copy of HR 972
  11. Avenging Muslims Seek to Kill Belgian Journalist, The Brussels Journal, 13 July 2005
  12. Sex Tourism in the Caribbean by Jacqueline Sanchez Taylor, University of Leicester. Chapter for Tourism, Travel and Sex, eds. Stephen Clift and Simon Carter, 1999
  13. The New West Indian Sex tourists: survey

Bibliography

Clift, Stephen (2000). Tourism and Sex: Culture, Commerce and Coercion (Tourism, Leisure, and Recreation Series). Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 1855675498. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Davis, Nanette J. (1993). Prostitution: An International Handbook on Trends, Problems, and Policies. Greenwood Press. ISBN 031325754X.

Kempadoo, Kamala (1998). Global Sex Workers: Rights, Resistance, and Redefinition. Routledge. ISBN 0415918294. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Oppermann, Martin (1998). Sex Tourism and Prostitution: Aspects of Leisure, Recreation, and Work (Tourism Dynamics). Cognizant Communication Corp. ISBN 1882345150.

Seabrook, Jeremy (2000). No Hiding Place: Child Sex Tourism and the Role of Extra-Territorial Legislation. Zed Books. ISBN 1856499138.

Walker, Dave (1998). Hello My Big Big Honey. Dragon Dance Publications, Thailand. ISBN 9748876195. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Sex tourist travel guides

Ryan, Chris (2005). Sex Tourism. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 0415195101. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Tate, Brett (2005). Hedonist: World Vacation Guide For Sex Tourism. Professional Bachelor Publishing, LLC. ISBN 0975264001.

Thomas, G. (2003). Sex and Tourism: Journeys of Romance, Love, and Lust. Haworth Hospitality Press. ISBN 0789012022. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

External links

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