Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 01:16, 25 May 2020

COVID-19 pandemic
Map of confirmed cases per capita as of 24 May 2020   10+ confirmed cases per 1,000   3–10 confirmed cases per 1,000   1–3 confirmed cases per 1,000   0.3–1 confirmed cases per 1,000   0.1–0.3 confirmed cases per 1,000   <0–0.1 confirmed cases per 1,000   No confirmed cases or no data
Total confirmed cases map Map of total confirmed cases as of 24 May 2020   1,000,000+ confirmed cases   100,000–999,999 confirmed cases   10,000–99,999 confirmed cases   1,000–9,999 confirmed cases   100–999 confirmed cases   1–99 confirmed cases   No confirmed cases or no data
Confirmed deaths per capita map Map of confirmed deaths per capita as of 24 May 2020   100+ confirmed deaths per million   10–100 confirmed deaths per million   1–10 confirmed deaths per million   0.1–1 confirmed deaths per million   >0–0.1 confirmed deaths per million   No confirmed deaths or no data
Confirmed cases per capita interactive timeline Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. Timeline map of confirmed cases per capita (drag circle to adjust; may not work on mobile) See larger version   1,000+ confirmed cases per million   100–1,000 confirmed cases per million   10–100 confirmed cases per million   >0–10 confirmed cases per million   No confirmed cases or no data
Meeting of the Italian government task force to face the coronavirus outbreak, 23 February 2020Top to bottom: A nurse caring for a COVID-19 patient in an intensive care unit aboard a U.S. hospital ship The Italian government's outbreak task force Disinfection vehicles in Taipei, Taiwan Health checks at Linate Airport in Milan, Italy Low stock in an Australian supermarket due to panic buying
Disease	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Virus strain	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2)
Source	Probably bats, possibly via pangolins
Location	Worldwide
First outbreak	China
Index case	Wuhan, Hubei, China 30°37′11″N 114°15′28″E / 30.61972°N 114.25778°E / 30.61972; 114.25778
Date	December 2019 – present (5 years and 1 month)
Confirmed cases	676,609,955
Active cases
Recovered
Deaths	6,881,955
Territories

The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2). The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January, and a pandemic on 11 March. As of 10 March 2023, more than 676 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than countries and territories, resulting in more than 6.88 million deaths. More than people have recovered from the virus.

Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, and loss of smell. Complications may include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around five days but may range from two to fourteen days. There is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment. Primary treatment is symptomatic and supportive therapy.

Recommended preventive measures include hand washing, covering one's mouth when coughing, maintaining distance from other people, wearing a face mask in public settings, and monitoring and self-isolation for people who suspect they are infected. Authorities worldwide have responded by implementing travel restrictions, lockdowns, workplace hazard controls, and facility closures. Many places have also worked to increase testing capacity and trace contacts of infected persons.

The pandemic has caused global social and economic disruption, including the largest global recession since the Great Depression. It has led to the postponement or cancellation of sporting, religious, political, and cultural events, widespread supply shortages exacerbated by panic buying, and decreased emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases. Schools, universities, and colleges are currently closed either on a nationwide or local basis in 63 countries, affecting approximately 47 percent of the world's student population. Misinformation about the virus has spread online, and there have been incidents of xenophobia and discrimination against Chinese people and against those perceived as being Chinese or as being from areas with high infection rates.

Epidemiology

COVID-19 pandemic by location

	Location	Cases	Deaths
	World	777,074,039	7,079,129
	European Union	186,326,528	1,266,431
	United States	103,436,829	1,210,067
	China	99,381,428	122,389
	India	45,044,521	533,658
	France	39,008,711	168,123
	Germany	38,437,756	174,979
	Brazil	37,511,921	702,116
	South Korea	34,571,873	35,934
	Japan	33,803,572	74,694
	Italy	26,826,486	197,542
	United Kingdom	25,021,035	232,112
	Russia	24,771,517	403,923
	Turkey	17,004,712	101,419
	Spain	13,980,340	121,852
	Australia	11,861,161	25,236
	Vietnam	11,624,000	43,206
	Argentina	10,110,358	130,730
	Taiwan	9,970,937	17,672
	Netherlands	8,640,582	22,986
	Iran	7,627,863	146,837
	Mexico	7,622,487	334,816
	Indonesia	6,829,949	162,059
	Poland	6,767,469	120,967
	Colombia	6,394,655	142,727
	Austria	6,083,011	22,534
	Greece	5,747,684	39,813
	Portugal	5,670,415	29,075
	Ukraine	5,541,489	109,925
	Chile	5,408,705	64,497
	Malaysia	5,325,669	37,351
	Belgium	4,892,342	34,339
	Israel	4,841,558	12,707
	Czech Republic	4,823,694	43,761
	Canada	4,819,055	55,282
	Thailand	4,806,280	34,741
	Peru	4,528,708	220,994
	Switzerland	4,474,075	14,170
	Philippines	4,173,631	66,864
	South Africa	4,072,857	102,595
	Romania	3,567,404	68,949
	Denmark	3,444,841	10,012
	Singapore	3,006,155	2,024
	Hong Kong	2,876,106	13,466
	Sweden	2,769,633	28,283
	New Zealand	2,661,984	4,489
	Serbia	2,583,470	18,057
	Iraq	2,465,545	25,375
	Hungary	2,237,300	49,114
	Bangladesh	2,051,516	29,499
	Slovakia	1,885,409	21,262
	Georgia	1,864,383	17,151
	Republic of Ireland	1,751,759	9,909
	Jordan	1,746,997	14,122
	Pakistan	1,580,631	30,656
	Norway	1,530,642	5,732
	Kazakhstan	1,504,370	19,072
	Finland	1,499,712	11,466
	Lithuania	1,418,458	9,862
	Slovenia	1,360,964	9,914
	Croatia	1,352,684	18,781
	Bulgaria	1,338,911	38,771
	Morocco	1,279,115	16,305
	Puerto Rico	1,252,713	5,938
	Guatemala	1,250,394	20,203
	Lebanon	1,239,904	10,947
	Costa Rica	1,235,825	9,374
	Bolivia	1,212,156	22,387
	Tunisia	1,153,361	29,423
	Cuba	1,113,662	8,530
	Ecuador	1,078,897	36,055
	United Arab Emirates	1,067,030	2,349
	Panama	1,044,987	8,756
	Uruguay	1,042,389	7,692
	Mongolia	1,011,489	2,136
	Nepal	1,003,450	12,031
	Belarus	994,045	7,118
	Latvia	977,765	7,475
	Saudi Arabia	841,469	9,646
	Azerbaijan	836,492	10,353
	Paraguay	735,759	19,880
	Cyprus	709,396	1,497
	Palestine	703,228	5,708
	Bahrain	696,614	1,536
	Sri Lanka	672,812	16,907
	Kuwait	667,290	2,570
	Dominican Republic	661,103	4,384
	Moldova	650,822	12,283
	Myanmar	643,238	19,494
	Estonia	613,546	2,998
	Venezuela	552,695	5,856
	Egypt	516,023	24,830
	Qatar	514,524	690
	Libya	507,269	6,437
	Ethiopia	501,258	7,574
	Réunion	494,595	921
	Honduras	472,911	11,114
	Armenia	453,040	8,779
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	404,093	16,404
	Oman	399,449	4,628
	Luxembourg	396,674	1,000
	North Macedonia	352,060	9,990
	Brunei	349,972	182
	Zambia	349,892	4,078
	Kenya	344,113	5,689
	Albania	337,196	3,608
	Botswana	330,696	2,801
	Mauritius	329,686	1,074
	Kosovo	274,279	3,212
	Algeria	272,189	6,881
	Nigeria	267,190	3,155
	Zimbabwe	266,399	5,740
	Montenegro	251,280	2,654
	Afghanistan	235,214	7,998
	Mozambique	233,876	2,252
	Martinique	230,354	1,104
	Laos	219,060	671
	Iceland	210,731	186
	Guadeloupe	203,235	1,021
	El Salvador	201,967	4,230
	Trinidad and Tobago	191,496	4,390
	Maldives	186,694	316
	Uzbekistan	175,082	1,016
	Namibia	172,556	4,110
	Ghana	172,331	1,463
	Uganda	172,161	3,632
	Jamaica	157,346	3,621
	Cambodia	139,325	3,056
	Rwanda	133,266	1,468
	Cameroon	125,279	1,974
	Malta	123,582	1,167
	Barbados	108,836	593
	Angola	107,487	1,937
	Democratic Republic of the Congo	100,990	1,474
	French Guiana	98,041	413
	Senegal	89,318	1,972
	Malawi	89,168	2,686
	Kyrgyzstan	88,953	1,024
	Ivory Coast	88,457	835
	Suriname	82,505	1,406
	New Caledonia	80,203	314
	French Polynesia	79,451	650
	Eswatini	75,356	1,427
	Guyana	74,492	1,302
	Belize	71,430	688
	Fiji	69,047	885
	Madagascar	68,598	1,428
	Jersey	66,391	161
	Cabo Verde	64,474	417
	Sudan	63,993	5,046
	Mauritania	63,879	997
	Bhutan	62,697	21
	Syria	57,423	3,163
	Burundi	54,569	15
	Guam	52,287	419
	Seychelles	51,899	172
	Gabon	49,056	307
	Andorra	48,015	159
	Papua New Guinea	46,864	670
	Curaçao	45,883	305
	Aruba	44,224	292
	Tanzania	43,365	846
	Mayotte	42,027	187
	Togo	39,537	290
	Bahamas	39,127	849
	Guinea	38,582	468
	Isle of Man	38,008	116
	Lesotho	36,138	709
	Guernsey	35,326	67
	Haiti	34,751	860
	Faroe Islands	34,658	28
	Mali	33,180	743
	Federated States of Micronesia	31,765	65
	Cayman Islands	31,472	37
	Saint Lucia	30,231	410
	Benin	28,036	163
	Somalia	27,334	1,361
	Solomon Islands	25,954	199
	United States Virgin Islands	25,389	132
	San Marino	25,292	126
	Republic of the Congo	25,234	389
	Timor-Leste	23,460	138
	Burkina Faso	22,165	400
	Liechtenstein	21,612	89
	Gibraltar	20,550	113
	Grenada	19,693	238
	Bermuda	18,860	165
	South Sudan	18,855	147
	Tajikistan	17,786	125
	Monaco	17,181	67
	Equatorial Guinea	17,130	183
	Samoa	17,057	31
	Tonga	16,992	13
	Marshall Islands	16,297	17
	Nicaragua	16,197	245
	Dominica	16,047	74
	Djibouti	15,690	189
	Central African Republic	15,443	113
	Northern Mariana Islands	14,985	41
	Gambia	12,627	372
	Collectivity of Saint Martin	12,324	46
	Vanuatu	12,019	14
	Greenland	11,971	21
	Yemen	11,945	2,159
	Caribbean Netherlands	11,922	41
	Sint Maarten	11,051	92
	Eritrea	10,189	103
	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	9,674	124
	Guinea-Bissau	9,614	177
	Niger	9,528	315
	Comoros	9,109	161
	Antigua and Barbuda	9,106	146
	American Samoa	8,359	34
	Liberia	8,090	294
	Sierra Leone	7,985	126
	Chad	7,702	194
	British Virgin Islands	7,643	64
	Cook Islands	7,375	2
	Turks and Caicos Islands	6,833	40
	Sao Tome and Principe	6,771	80
	Saint Kitts and Nevis	6,607	46
	Palau	6,372	10
	Saint Barthélemy	5,507	5
	Nauru	5,393	1
	Kiribati	5,085	24
	Anguilla	3,904	12
	Wallis and Futuna	3,760	9
	Macau	3,514	121
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	3,426	2
	Tuvalu	2,943	1
	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	2,166	0
	Falkland Islands	1,923	0
	Montserrat	1,403	8
	Niue	1,092	0
	Tokelau	80	0
	Vatican City	26	0
	Pitcairn Islands	4	0
	Turkmenistan	0	0
	North Korea	0	0
In summary, this article is about the coronavirus pandemic, which is caused by the disease COVID-19, which is caused by the virus SARS‑CoV‑2. Cite error: The named reference ccc was invoked but never defined (see the help page). Countries which do not report data for a column are not included in that column's world total. Data on member states of the European Union are individually listed, but are also summed here for convenience. They are not double-counted in world totals. Does not include special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau) or Taiwan.

Background

On 31 December 2019, health authorities in China reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) a cluster of viral pneumonia cases of unknown cause in Wuhan, Hubei, and an investigation was launched in early January 2020. On 30 January, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)—7,818 cases confirmed globally, affecting 19 countries in five WHO regions.

Several of the early cases had visited Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market and so the virus is thought to have a zoonotic origin. The virus that caused the outbreak is known as SARS‑CoV‑2, a newly discovered virus closely related to bat coronaviruses, pangolin coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV. The scientific consensus is that COVID-19 has a natural origin. The probable bat-to-human infection may have been among people processing bat carcasses and guano in the production of traditional Chinese medicines.

The earliest known person with symptoms was later discovered to have fallen ill on 1 December 2019, and that person did not have visible connections with the later wet market cluster. Of the early cluster of cases reported that month, two-thirds were found to have a link with the market. On 13 March 2020, an unverified report from the South China Morning Post suggested a case traced back to 17 November 2019 (a 55-year-old from Hubei) may have been the first person infected.

The WHO recognized the spread of COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Italy, Iran, South Korea, and Japan reported surging cases. The total numbers outside China quickly passed China's.

Cases

Cases refer to the number of people who have been tested for COVID-19, and whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols. As of 24 May, countries that publicised their testing data have typically performed many tests equal to 2.6 percent of their population, while no country has tested samples equal to more than 17.3 percent of its population. Many countries, early on, had official policies to not test those with only mild symptoms. An analysis of the early phase of the outbreak up to 23 January estimated 86 percent of COVID-19 infections had not been detected, and that these undocumented infections were the source for 79 percent of documented cases. Several other studies, using a variety of methods, have estimated that numbers of infections in many countries are likely to be considerably greater than the reported cases.

On 9 April 2020, preliminary results found that 15 percent of people tested in Gangelt, the centre of a major infection cluster in Germany, tested positive for antibodies. Screening for COVID-19 in pregnant women in New York City, and blood donors in the Netherlands, has also found rates of positive antibody tests that may indicate more infections than reported. However, such antibody surveys can be unreliable due to a selection bias in who volunteers to take the tests, and due to false positives. Some results (such as the Gangelt study) have received substantial press coverage without first passing through peer review.

Analysis by age in China indicates that a relatively low proportion of cases occur in individuals under 20. It is not clear whether this is because young people are less likely to be infected, or less likely to develop serious symptoms and seek medical attention and be tested. A retrospective cohort study in China found that children were as likely to be infected as adults. Countries that test more, relative to the number of deaths, have a younger age distribution of cases, relative to the wider population.

Initial estimates of the basic reproduction number (R₀) for COVID-19 in January were between 1.4 and 2.5, but a subsequent analysis has concluded that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 percent confidence interval of 3.8 to 8.9). R₀ can vary across populations and is not to be confused with the effective reproduction number (commonly just called R), which takes into account effects such as social distancing and herd immunity. As of mid-May 2020, the effective R is close to or below 1.0 in many countries, meaning the spread of the disease in these areas is stable or decreasing.

• Total confirmed cases of COVID-19 per million people
• Epidemic curve of COVID-19 by date of report
• Semi-log graph showing the total (cumulative) number of confirmed cases from the first reported date for the ten most affected countries
• Semi-log plot of daily new cases of COVID-19 (7-day average) in the world and top five countries (mean with deaths)
• Semi-log plot of cases in some countries with high growth rates (post-China) with three-day projections based on the exponential growth rates
• 7-day rolling average of daily confirmed cases per million by country
• Linear plot of worldwide COVID-19 cases, recoveries, and deaths
• COVID-19 total cases per 100 000 population from selected countries

Deaths

Most people who contract COVID-19 recover. For those who do not, the time between the onset of symptoms and death usually ranges from 6 to 41 days, typically about 14 days. As of 10 March 2023, approximately 6.88 million deaths had been attributed to COVID-19. In China, as of 5 February, about 80 percent of deaths were recorded in those aged over 60, and 75 percent had pre-existing health conditions including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020. The first death outside of China occurred on 1 February in the Philippines, and the first death outside Asia was in France on 14 February.

Official deaths from COVID-19 generally refer to people who died after testing positive according to protocols. This may ignore deaths of people who die without testing, e.g. at home or in nursing homes. Conversely, deaths of people who had underlying conditions may lead to overcounting. Comparison of statistics for deaths for all causes versus the seasonal average indicates excess mortality in many countries. In the worst affected areas, mortality has been several times higher than average. In New York City, deaths have been four times higher than average, in Paris twice as high, and in many European countries, deaths have been on average 20 to 30 percent higher than normal. This excess mortality may include deaths due to strained healthcare systems and bans on elective surgery.

Several measures are used to quantify mortality. These numbers vary by region and over time, influenced by testing volume, healthcare system quality, treatment options, time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics, such as age, sex, and overall health. Some countries (like Belgium) include deaths from suspected cases of COVID-19, regardless of whether the person was tested, resulting in higher numbers compared to countries that include only test-confirmed cases.

The death-to-case ratio reflects the number of deaths attributed to COVID-19 divided by the number of diagnosed cases within a given time interval. Based on Johns Hopkins University statistics, the global death-to-case ratio is 1.02 percent (6,881,955 deaths for 676,609,955 cases) as of 10 March 2023. The number varies by region.

Other measures include the case fatality rate (CFR), which reflects the percentage of diagnosed people who die from a disease, and the infection fatality rate (IFR), which reflects the percentage of infected (diagnosed and undiagnosed) who die from a disease. These statistics are not timebound and follow a specific population from infection through case resolution. Our World in Data states that as of 25 March 2020 the IFR cannot be accurately calculated as neither the total number of cases nor the total deaths, is known. In February the Institute for Disease Modeling estimated the IFR as 0.94% (95% confidence interval 0.37–2.9), based on data from China. The University of Oxford's Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) estimated a global CFR of 0.8 to 9.6 percent (last revised 30 April) and IFR of 0.10 percent to 0.41 percent (last revised 2 May), acknowledging that this will vary between populations due to differences in demographics. The CDC estimates for planning purposes that the fatality rate among those who are symptomatic is 0.4% (0.2% to 1%) and that 35% of infected individuals are asymptomatic, for an overall infection fatality rate of 0.26% (as of 20 May).

• Total confirmed deaths due to COVID-19 per million people
• Semi-log plot of daily deaths due to COVID-19 (7-day average) in the world and top five countries (mean with cases)
• Case fatality rate of COVID-19 by country and confirmed cases
• Ongoing case fatality rate of COVID-19 by country
• COVID-19 deaths per 100 000 population from selected countries

Duration

The WHO said on 11 March 2020 the pandemic could be controlled. The peak and ultimate duration of the outbreak are uncertain and may differ by location. Maciej Boni of Penn State University said, "Left unchecked, infectious outbreaks typically plateau and then start to decline when the disease runs out of available hosts. But it's almost impossible to make any sensible projection right now about when that will be." The Imperial College study led by Neil Ferguson stated that physical distancing and other measures will be required "until a vaccine becomes available (potentially 18 months or more)". William Schaffner of Vanderbilt University said because the coronavirus is "so readily transmissible", it "might turn into a seasonal disease, making a comeback every year". The virulence of the comeback would depend on herd immunity and the extent of mutation.

Signs and symptoms

The usual incubation period (the time between infection and symptom onset) ranges from one to 14 days, and is most commonly five days. Some infected people have no symptoms, known as asymptomatic or presymptomatic carriers; transmission from such a carrier is considered possible. As at 6 April, estimates of the asymptomatic ratio range widely from 5% to 80%.

Symptoms of COVID-19 can be relatively non-specific; the two most common symptoms are fever (88 percent) and dry cough (68 percent). Less common symptoms include fatigue, respiratory sputum production (phlegm), loss of the sense of smell, loss of taste, shortness of breath, muscle and joint pain, sore throat, headache, chills, vomiting, coughing out blood, diarrhea, and rash.

Among those who develop symptoms, approximately one in five may become more seriously ill and have difficulty breathing. Emergency symptoms include difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, sudden confusion, difficulty waking, and bluish face or lips; immediate medical attention is advised if these symptoms are present. Further development of the disease can lead to complications including pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, septic shock, and kidney failure.

Cause

Transmission

The virus may occur in breastmilk.

Virology

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a novel virus, first isolated from three people with pneumonia connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases in Wuhan. All features of the novel SARS‑CoV‑2 virus occur in related coronaviruses in nature.

SARS‑CoV‑2 is closely related to SARS‑CoV, and is thought to have a zoonotic origin. SARS‑CoV‑2 genetically clusters with the genus Betacoronavirus, and is 96 percent identical at the whole genome level to other bat coronavirus samples and 92 percent identical to pangolin coronavirus.

Diagnosis

COVID-19 can be provisionally diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and confirmed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing of infected secretions or CT imaging of the chest.

Viral testing

The standard test for current infection with SARS-CoV-2 uses RNA testing of respiratory secretions collected using a nasopharyngeal swab, though it is possible to test other samples. This test uses real-time rRT-PCR which detects presence of viral RNA fragments.

A number of laboratories and companies have developed serological tests, which detect antibodies produced by the body in response to infection. Several have been evaluated by Public Health England and approved for use in the UK.

Imaging

Characteristic imaging features on chest radiographs and computed tomography (CT) of people who are symptomatic include asymmetric peripheral ground-glass opacities without pleural effusions. The Italian Radiological Society is compiling an international online database of imaging findings for confirmed cases. Due to overlap with other infections such as adenovirus, imaging without confirmation by rRT-PCR is of limited specificity in identifying COVID-19. A large study in China compared chest CT results to PCR and demonstrated that though imaging is less specific for the infection, it is faster and more sensitive.

Prevention

Strategies for preventing transmission of the disease include maintaining overall good personal hygiene, washing hands, avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands, and coughing or sneezing into a tissue, and putting the tissue directly into a waste container. Those who may already have the infection have been advised to wear a surgical mask in public. Physical distancing measures are also recommended to prevent transmission. Health care providers taking care of someone who may be infected are recommended to use standard precautions, contact precautions, and eye protection.

Many governments have restricted or advised against all non-essential travel to and from countries and areas affected by the outbreak. The virus has already spread within communities in large parts of the world, with many not knowing where or how they were infected.

Misconceptions are circulating about how to prevent infection; for example, rinsing the nose and gargling with mouthwash are not effective. There is no COVID-19 vaccine, though many organisations are working to develop one.

Hand washing

Hand washing is recommended to prevent the spread of the disease. The CDC recommends that people wash hands often with soap and water for at least twenty seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty; before eating; and after blowing one's nose, coughing, or sneezing. This is because outside the human body, the virus is killed by household soap, which bursts its protective bubble. CDC further recommended using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser with at least 60 percent alcohol by volume when soap and water are not readily available. The WHO advises people to avoid touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands. It is not clear if washing hands with ash if soap is not available is effective at reducing the spread of viral infections.

Surface cleaning

Surfaces may be decontaminated with a number of solutions (within one minute of exposure to the disinfectant for a stainless steel surface), including 62–71 percent ethanol, 50–100 percent isopropanol, 0.1 percent sodium hypochlorite, 0.5 percent hydrogen peroxide, and 0.2–7.5 percent povidone-iodine. Other solutions, such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate, are less effective. The CDC recommends that if a COVID-19 case is suspected or confirmed at a facility such as an office or day care, all areas such as offices, bathrooms, common areas, shared electronic equipment like tablets, touch screens, keyboards, remote controls, and ATM machines used by the ill persons, should be disinfected.

Face masks and respiratory hygiene

Recommendations for wearing masks have been a subject of debate. The WHO has recommended healthy people wear masks only if they are at high risk, such as those who are caring for a person with COVID-19. China and the United States, among other countries, have encouraged the use of face masks or cloth face coverings more generally by members of the public to limit the spread of the virus by asymptomatic individuals as a precautionary principle. Several national and local governments have made wearing masks mandatory.

Surgical masks are recommended for those who may be infected, as wearing this type of mask can limit the volume and travel distance of expiratory droplets dispersed when talking, sneezing, and coughing.

Social distancing

Social distancing (also known as physical distancing) includes infection control actions intended to slow the spread of disease by minimising close contact between individuals. Methods include quarantines; travel restrictions; and the closing of schools, workplaces, stadiums, theatres, or shopping centres. Individuals may apply social distancing methods by staying at home, limiting travel, avoiding crowded areas, using no-contact greetings, and physically distancing themselves from others. Many governments are now mandating or recommending social distancing in regions affected by the outbreak. Non-cooperation with distancing measures in some areas has contributed to the further spread of the pandemic.

The maximum gathering size recommended by U.S. government bodies and health organisations was swiftly reduced from 250 people (if there was no known COVID-19 spread in a region) to 50 people, and later to 10. On 22 March 2020, Germany banned public gatherings of more than two people. A Cochrane review found that early quarantine with other public health measures are effective in limiting the pandemic, but the best manner of adopting and relaxing policies are uncertain, as local conditions vary.

Older adults and those with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, respiratory disease, hypertension, and compromised immune systems face increased risk of serious illness and complications and have been advised by the CDC to stay home as much as possible in areas of community outbreak.

In late March 2020, the WHO and other health bodies began to replace the use of the term "social distancing" with "physical distancing", to clarify that the aim is to reduce physical contact while maintaining social connections, either virtually or at a distance. The use of the term "social distancing" had led to implications that people should engage in complete social isolation, rather than encouraging them to stay in contact through alternative means.

Some authorities have issued sexual health guidelines for use during the pandemic. These include recommendations to have sex only with someone you live with, and who does not have the virus or symptoms of the virus.

Self-isolation

Self-isolation at home has been recommended for those diagnosed with COVID-19 and those who suspect they have been infected. Health agencies have issued detailed instructions for proper self-isolation.

Many governments have mandated or recommended self-quarantine for entire populations living in affected areas. The strongest self-quarantine instructions have been issued to those in high risk groups. Those who may have been exposed to someone with COVID-19 and those who have recently travelled to a country or region with widespread transmission have been advised to self-quarantine for 14 days from the time of last possible exposure.

Management

Containment and mitigation

Strategies in the control of an outbreak are containment or suppression, and mitigation. Containment is undertaken in the early stages of the outbreak and aims to trace and isolate those infected as well as introduce other measures of infection control and vaccinations to stop the disease from spreading to the rest of the population. When it is no longer possible to contain the spread of the disease, efforts then move to the mitigation stage: measures are taken to slow the spread and mitigate its effects on the healthcare system and society. A combination of both containment and mitigation measures may be undertaken at the same time. Suppression requires more extreme measures so as to reverse the pandemic by reducing the basic reproduction number to less than 1.

Part of managing an infectious disease outbreak is trying to delay and decrease the epidemic peak, known as flattening the epidemic curve. This decreases the risk of health services being overwhelmed and provides more time for vaccines and treatments to be developed. Non-pharmaceutical interventions that may manage the outbreak include personal preventive measures such as hand hygiene, wearing face masks, and self-quarantine; community measures aimed at physical distancing such as closing schools and cancelling mass gathering events; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such surface cleaning.

More drastic actions aimed at containing the outbreak were taken in China once the severity of the outbreak became apparent, such as quarantining entire cities and imposing strict travel bans. Other countries also adopted a variety of measures aimed at limiting the spread of the virus. South Korea introduced mass screening and localised quarantines, and issued alerts on the movements of infected individuals. Singapore provided financial support for those infected who quarantined themselves and imposed large fines for those who failed to do so. Taiwan increased face mask production and penalised hoarding of medical supplies.

Simulations for Great Britain and the United States show that mitigation (slowing but not stopping epidemic spread) and suppression (reversing epidemic growth) have major challenges. Optimal mitigation policies might reduce peak healthcare demand by two-thirds and deaths by half, but still result in hundreds of thousands of deaths and overwhelmed health systems. Suppression can be preferred but needs to be maintained for as long as the virus is circulating in the human population (or until a vaccine becomes available), as transmission otherwise quickly rebounds when measures are relaxed. Long-term intervention to suppress the pandemic has considerable social and economic costs.

Contact tracing

Contact tracing is an important method for health authorities to determine the source of an infection and to prevent further transmission. The use of location data from mobile phones by governments for this purpose has prompted privacy concerns, with Amnesty International and more than a hundred other organisations issuing a statement calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.

Several mobile apps have been implemented or proposed for voluntary use, and as of 7 April 2020 more than a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions such as using Bluetooth to log a user's proximity to other cellphones. Users could then receive a message if they've been in close contact with someone who has subsequently tested positive for COVID-19.

On 10 April 2020 Google and Apple jointly announced an initiative for privacy-preserving contact tracing based on Bluetooth technology and cryptography. The system is intended to allow governments to create official privacy-preserving coronavirus tracking apps, with the eventual goal of integration of this functionality directly into the iOS and Android mobile platforms. In Europe and in the U.S., Palantir Technologies is also providing COVID-19 tracking services.

Health care

Increasing capacity and adapting healthcare for the needs of COVID-19 patients is described by the WHO as a fundamental outbreak response measure. The ECDC and the European regional office of the WHO have issued guidelines for hospitals and primary healthcare services for shifting of resources at multiple levels, including focusing laboratory services towards COVID-19 testing, cancelling elective procedures whenever possible, separating and isolating COVID-19 positive patients, and increasing intensive care capabilities by training personnel and increasing the number of available ventilators and beds.

Due to capacity limitations in the standard supply chains, some manufacturers are 3D printing healthcare material such as nasal swabs and ventilator parts. In one example, when an Italian hospital urgently required a ventilator valve, and the supplier was unable to deliver in the timescale required, a local startup received legal threats due to alleged patent infringement after reverse-engineering and printing the required hundred valves overnight. On 23 April 2020, NASA reported building, in 37 days, a ventilator which is currently undergoing further testing. NASA is seeking fast-track approval.

Treatment

Antiviral medications are under investigation for COVID-19, as well as medications targeting the immune response. None has yet been shown to be clearly effective on mortality in published randomised controlled trials. However, remdesivir may have an effect on the time it takes to recover from the virus. Emergency use authorisation for remdesivir was granted in the U.S. on 1 May, for people hospitalised with severe COVID-19. The interim authorisation was granted considering the lack of other specific treatments, and that its potential benefits appear to outweigh the potential risks. Taking over-the-counter cold medications, drinking fluids, and resting may help alleviate symptoms. Depending on the severity, oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, and breathing support may be required. The use of steroids may worsen outcomes. Several compounds which were previously approved for treatment of other viral diseases are being investigated for use in treating COVID-19.

History

There are several theories about where the very first case (the so-called patient zero) originated. The first known case may trace back to 1 December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Over the next month, the number of coronavirus cases in Hubei gradually increased. According to official Chinese sources, these were mostly linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which also sold live animals.

On 24 December, Wuhan Central Hospital sent a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) sample from an unresolved clinical case to sequencing company Vision Medicals. On 27 and 28 December, Vision Medicals informed the Wuhan Central Hospital and the Chinese CDC of the results of the test, showing a new coronavirus. A pneumonia cluster of unknown cause was observed on 26 December and treated by the doctor Zhang Jixian in Hubei Provincial Hospital, who informed the Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December. On 30 December, a test report addressed to Wuhan Central Hospital, from company CapitalBio Medlab, stated an erroneous positive result for SARS, causing a group of doctors at Wuhan Central Hospital to alert their colleagues and relevant hospital authorities of the result. That evening, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission issued a notice to various medical institutions on "the treatment of pneumonia of unknown cause". Eight of these doctors, including Li Wenliang (punished on 3 January), were later admonished by the police for spreading false rumours, and another, Ai Fen, was reprimanded by her superiors for raising the alarm.

The Wuhan Municipal Health Commission made the first public announcement of a pneumonia outbreak of unknown cause on 31 December, confirming 27 cases—enough to trigger an investigation.

During the early stages of the outbreak, the number of cases doubled approximately every seven and a half days. In early and mid-January 2020, the virus spread to other Chinese provinces, helped by the Chinese New Year migration and Wuhan being a transport hub and major rail interchange. On 20 January, China reported nearly 140 new cases in one day, including two people in Beijing and one in Shenzhen. Later official data shows 6,174 people had already developed symptoms by then, and more may have been infected. A report in The Lancet on 24 January indicated human transmission, strongly recommended personal protective equipment for health workers, and said testing for the virus was essential due to its "pandemic potential". On 30 January, the WHO declared the coronavirus a public health emergency of international concern.

On 31 January 2020, Italy had its first confirmed cases, two tourists from China. As of 13 March 2020, the WHO considered Europe the active centre of the pandemic. On 19 March 2020, Italy overtook China as the country with the most deaths. By 26 March, the United States had overtaken China and Italy with the highest number of confirmed cases in the world. Research on coronavirus genomes indicates the majority of COVID-19 cases in New York came from European travellers, rather than directly from China or any other Asian country. Retesting of prior samples found a person in France who had the virus on 27 December 2019 and a person in the United States who died from the disease on 6 February 2020.

As of 19 May 2020, more than 676 million cases have been reported worldwide; more than 6.88 million people have died and more than have recovered.

National responses

A total of countries and territories have had at least one case of COVID-19 so far. Due to the pandemic in Europe, many countries in the Schengen Area have restricted free movement and set up border controls. National reactions have included containment measures such as quarantines and curfews (known as stay-at-home orders, shelter-in-place orders, or lockdowns).

By 26 March, 1.7 billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown, which increased to 3.9 billion people by the first week of April—more than half the world's population.

By late April, around 300 million people were under lockdown in nations of Europe, including but not limited to Italy, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom, while around 200 million people were under lockdown in Latin America. Nearly 300 million people, or about 90 percent of the population, were under some form of lockdown in the United States, around 100 million people in the Philippines, about 59 million people in South Africa, and 1.3 billion people have been under lockdown in India. On 21 May 100,000 new infections occurred worldwide, the most since the start of the pandemic, while overall 5 million cases were surpassed.

Asia

As of 19 May 2020, cases have been reported in all Asian countries except for Turkmenistan and North Korea, although these countries likely also have cases. Despite being the first area of the world hit by the outbreak, the early wide-scale response of some Asian states, particularly South Korea and Taiwan, has allowed them to fare comparatively well.

China

The first confirmed case of COVID-19 has been traced back to 1 December 2019 in Wuhan; one unconfirmed report suggests the earliest case was on 17 November. Doctor Zhang Jixian observed a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown cause on 26 December, upon which her hospital informed Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December. Initial genetic testing of patient samples on 27 December 2019 indicated the presence of a SARS-like coronavirus. A public notice was released by Wuhan Municipal Health Commission on 31 December, confirming 27 cases and suggesting wearing face masks. The WHO was informed on the same day. As these notifications occurred, doctors in Wuhan were warned by police for "spreading rumours" about the outbreak. The Chinese National Health Commission initially said there was no "clear evidence" of human-to-human transmission. In a 14 January conference call, Chinese officials said privately that human-to-human transmission was a possibility, and pandemic preparations were needed. In a briefing posted during the night of 14–15 January, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission said the possibility of limited human-to-human transmission could not be ruled out.

On 20 January, the Chinese National Health Commission confirmed human-to-human transmission of the virus. That same day, Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping and State Council premier Li Keqiang issued their first public comments about the virus, telling people in infected areas to practice social distancing and avoid travel. During the Chinese New Year travel period, authorities instigated a City of Wuhan lockdown. On 10 February the Chinese government launched a radical campaign described by paramount leader and Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi as a "people's war" to contain the viral spread. In "the largest quarantine in human history", a cordon sanitaire on 23 January stopped travel in and out of Wuhan, then extended to fifteen Hubei cities affecting about 57 million people. Private vehicle use was banned in the city. Several Chinese New Year (25 January) celebrations were also cancelled. Authorities announced the construction of a temporary hospital, Huoshenshan Hospital, completed in ten days. Leishenshan Hospital, was later built to handle additional patients. China also converted other facilities in Wuhan, such as convention centres and stadiums, into temporary hospitals.

On 26 January, the government instituted further measures to contain the COVID-19 outbreak, including issuing health declarations for travelers and extending the Spring Festival holiday. Universities and schools around the country were also closed. The regions of Hong Kong and Macau instituted several measures, particularly in regard to schools and universities. Remote working measures were instituted in several Chinese regions. Travel restrictions were enacted in and outside of Hubei. Public transport was modified, and museums throughout China were temporarily closed. Control of public movement was applied in many cities, and an estimated 760 million people (more than half the population) faced some form of outdoor restriction. In January and February 2020, during the height of the epidemic in Wuhan, about 5 million people lost their jobs. Many of China's nearly 300 million rural migrant workers have been stranded at home in inland provinces or trapped in Hubei province.

After the outbreak entered its global phase in March, Chinese authorities took strict measures to prevent the virus re-entering China from other countries. For example, Beijing imposed a 14-day mandatory quarantine for all international travellers entering the city. At the same time, a strong anti-foreigner sentiment quickly took hold, and foreigners experienced harassment by the general public and forced evictions from apartments and hotels.

On 24 March, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang reported that the spread of domestically transmitted cases has been basically blocked and the outbreak has been controlled in China. The same day travel restrictions were eased in Hubei, apart from Wuhan, two months after the lockdown was imposed. The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced on 26 March that entry for visa or residence permit holders would be suspended from 28 March onwards, with no specific details on when this policy would end. Those wishing to enter China must to apply for visas in Chinese embassies or consulates. The Chinese government encouraged businesses and factories to re-open on 30 March, and provided monetary stimulus packages for firms.

The State Council declared a day of mourning to begin with a national three-minute moment of silence on 4 April, coinciding with Qingming Festival, although the central government asked families to pay their respects online in observance of physical distancing to avoid a renewed COVID-19 outbreak. On 25 April the last patients were discharged in Wuhan. On 13 May the city of Jilin was put on lockdown, sparking fear of a second wave of infection.

Iran

Iran reported its first confirmed cases of SARS‑CoV‑2 infections on 19 February in Qom, where, according to the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, two people died on that day. Early measures announced by the government included the cancellation of concerts and other cultural events, sporting events, Friday prayers, and closures of universities, higher education institutions, and schools. Iran allocated 5 trillion rials (equivalent to US$120,000,000) to combat the virus. President Hassan Rouhani said on 26 February there were no plans to quarantine areas affected by the outbreak, and only individuals would be quarantined. Plans to limit travel between cities were announced in March, although heavy traffic between cities ahead of the Persian New Year Nowruz continued. Shia shrines in Qom remained open to pilgrims until 16 March.

Iran became a centre of the spread of the virus after China during February. More than ten countries had traced their cases back to Iran by 28 February, indicating the outbreak may have been more severe than the 388 cases reported by the Iranian government by that date. The Iranian Parliament was shut down, with 23 of its 290 members reported to have had tested positive for the virus on 3 March. On 15 March, the Iranian government reported a hundred deaths in a single day, the most recorded in the country since the outbreak began. At least twelve sitting or former Iranian politicians and government officials had died from the disease by 17 March. By 23 March, Iran was experiencing fifty new cases every hour and one new death every ten minutes due to coronavirus. According to a WHO official, there may be five times more cases in Iran than what is being reported. It is also suggested that U.S. sanctions on Iran may be affecting the country's financial ability to respond to the viral outbreak. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has demanded economic sanctions to be eased for nations most affected by the pandemic, including Iran. On 20 April it was reported that Iran had reopened shopping malls and other shopping areas across the country, though there is fear of a second wave of infection due to this move. In March, and again in April, there were reports that Iran was under-reporting COVID-19 cases and deaths.

South Korea

COVID-19 was confirmed to have spread to South Korea on 20 January 2020 from China. The nation's health agency reported a significant increase in confirmed cases on 20 February, largely attributed to a gathering in Daegu of the Shincheonji Church of Jesus. Shincheonji devotees visiting Daegu from Wuhan were suspected to be the origin of the outbreak. By 22 February, among 9,336 followers of the church, 1,261 or about 13 percent reported symptoms.

South Korea declared the highest level of alert on 23 February 2020. On 28 February, more than 2,000 confirmed cases were reported, rising to 3,150 on 29 February. All South Korean military bases were quarantined after tests showed three soldiers had the virus. Airline schedules were also changed.

South Korea introduced what was considered the largest and best-organised programme in the world to screen the population for the virus, isolate any infected people, and trace and quarantine those who contacted them. Screening methods included mandatory self-reporting of symptoms by new international arrivals through mobile application, drive-through testing for the virus with the results available the next day, and increasing testing capability to allow up to 20,000 people to be tested every day. South Korea's programme is considered a success in controlling the outbreak without quarantining entire cities.

South Korean society was initially polarised on President Moon Jae-in's response to the crisis, many signing petitions either praising it or calling for impeachment. On 23 March, it was reported that South Korea had the lowest one-day case total in four weeks. On 29 March it was reported that beginning 1 April all new overseas arrivals will be quarantined for two weeks. Per media reports on 1 April, South Korea has received requests for virus testing assistance from 121 different countries. On 15 May it was reported that about two thousand businesses were told to close again when a cluster of a hundred infected individuals was discovered; contact tracing is being done on 11,000 people.

Europe

The global COVID-19 pandemic arrived in Europe with its first confirmed case in Bordeaux, France, on 24 January 2020, and subsequently spread widely across the continent. By 17 March 2020, every country in Europe had confirmed a case, and all have reported at least one death, with the exception of Vatican City.

Italy was the first European country to experience a major outbreak in early 2020, becoming the first country worldwide to introduce a national lockdown. By 13 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Europe the epicentre of the pandemic and it remained so until the WHO announced it was overtaken by South America on 22 May. By 18 March 2020, lockdowns introduced in Europe affected more than 250 million people. Despite deployment of COVID-19 vaccines, Europe became the pandemic's epicentre once again in late 2021. On 11 January 2022, Dr. Hans Kluge, the WHO Regional Director for Europe said, "more than 50 percent of the population in the region will be infected with Omicron in the next six to eight weeks".

As the outbreak became a major crisis across Europe, national and European Union responses have led to debate over restrictions of civil liberties and the extent of European Union solidarity.

Italy

The outbreak was confirmed to have spread to Italy on 31 January, when two Chinese tourists tested positive for SARS‑CoV‑2 in Rome. Cases began to rise sharply, which prompted the Italian government to suspend all flights to and from China and declare a state of emergency. An unassociated cluster of COVID-19 cases was later detected, starting with 16 confirmed cases in Lombardy on 21 February.

On 22 February, the Council of Ministers announced a new decree-law to contain the outbreak, including quarantining more than 50,000 people from eleven different municipalities in northern Italy. Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte said, "In the outbreak areas, entry and exit will not be provided. Suspension of work activities and sports events has already been ordered in those areas."

On 4 March, the Italian government ordered the full closure of all schools and universities nationwide as Italy reached a hundred deaths. All major sporting events were to be held behind closed doors until April, but on 9 March all sport was suspended completely for at least one month. On 11 March, Prime Minister Conte ordered stoppage of nearly all commercial activity except supermarkets and pharmacies.

On 6 March, the Italian College of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) published medical ethics recommendations regarding triage protocols. On 19 March, Italy overtook China as the country with the most coronavirus-related deaths in the world after reporting 3,405 fatalities from the pandemic. On 22 March, it was reported that Russia had sent nine military planes with medical equipment to Italy. As of 9 May, there were 217,185 confirmed cases, 30,201 deaths, and 99,023 recoveries in Italy, with the majority of those cases occurring in the Lombardy region. A CNN report indicated that the combination of Italy's large elderly population and inability to test all who have the virus to date may be contributing to the high fatality rate. On 19 April it was reported that the country had its lowest deaths at 433 in seven days, some businesses after six weeks of lockdown are asking for a loosening of restrictions.

Spain

The COVID-19 pandemic in Spain has resulted in 13,980,340 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 121,852 deaths.

The virus was first confirmed to have spread to Spain on 31 January 2020, when a German tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in La Gomera, Canary Islands. Post-hoc genetic analysis has shown that at least 15 strains of the virus had been imported, and community transmission began by mid-February. By 13 March, cases had been confirmed in all 50 provinces of the country.

A partially unconstitutional lockdown was imposed on 14 March 2020. On 29 March, it was announced that, beginning the following day, all non-essential workers were ordered to remain at home for the next 14 days. By late March, the Community of Madrid has recorded the most cases and deaths in the country. Medical professionals and those who live in retirement homes have experienced especially high infection rates. On 25 March, the official death toll in Spain surpassed that of mainland China. On 2 April, 950 people died of the virus in a 24-hour period—at the time, the most by any country in a single day. On 17 May, the daily death toll announced by the Spanish government fell below 100 for the first time, and 1 June was the first day without deaths by COVID-19. The state of alarm ended on 21 June. However, the number of cases increased again in July in a number of cities including Barcelona, Zaragoza and Madrid, which led to reimposition of some restrictions but no national lockdown.

Studies have suggested that the number of infections and deaths may have been underestimated due to lack of testing and reporting, and many people with only mild or no symptoms were not tested. Reports in May suggested that, based on a sample of more than 63,000 people, the number of infections may be ten times higher than the number of confirmed cases by that date, and Madrid and several provinces of Castilla–La Mancha and Castile and León were the most affected areas with a percentage of infection greater than 10%. There may also be as many as 15,815 more deaths according to the Spanish Ministry of Health monitoring system on daily excess mortality (Sistema de Monitorización de la Mortalidad Diaria – MoMo). On 6 July 2020, the results of a Government of Spain nationwide seroprevalence study showed that about two million people, or 5.2% of the population, could have been infected during the pandemic. Spain was the second country in Europe (behind Russia) to record half a million cases. On 21 October, Spain passed 1 million COVID-19 cases, with 1,005,295 infections and 34,366 deaths reported, a third of which occurred in Madrid.

As of September 2021, Spain is one of the countries with the highest percentage of its population vaccinated (76% fully vaccinated and 79% with the first dose), while also being one of the countries more in favor of vaccines against COVID-19 (nearly 94% of its population is already vaccinated or wants to be).

United Kingdom

Prior to 18 March 2020, the British government did not impose any form of social distancing or mass quarantine measures on its citizens. As a result, the government received criticism for the perceived lack of pace and intensity in its response to concerns faced by the public.

On 16 March, Prime Minister Boris Johnson made an announcement advising against all non-essential travel and social contact, suggesting people work from home where possible and avoid venues such as pubs, restaurants, and theatres. On 20 March, the government announced that all leisure establishments such as pubs and gyms were to close as soon as possible, and promised to pay up to 80 percent of workers' wages to a limit of £2,500 per month to prevent unemployment during the crisis.

On 23 March, the prime minister announced tougher social distancing measures, banning gatherings of more than two people and restricting travel and outdoor activity to that deemed strictly necessary. Unlike previous measures, these restrictions were enforceable by police through the issuing of fines and the dispersal of gatherings. Most businesses were ordered to close, with exceptions for businesses deemed "essential", including supermarkets, pharmacies, banks, hardware shops, petrol stations, and garages.

On 24 April it was reported that one of the more promising vaccine trials had begun in England; the government has pledged, in total, more than 50 million pounds towards research.

To ensure the UK health services had sufficient capacity to treat people with COVID-19, a number of temporary critical care hospitals were built. The first to be operational was the 4000-bed capacity NHS Nightingale Hospital London, constructed within the ExCeL convention centre over nine days. On 4 May, it was announced that the Nightingale Hospital in London would be placed on standby and remaining patients transferred to other facilities. This followed reports that NHS Nightingale in London "treated 51 patients" within the first three weeks of opening. On 5 May, official figures revealed that Britain had the worst COVID-19 death toll in Europe, prompting calls for an inquiry into the handling of the pandemic. The death toll in the United Kingdom was nearly 29,427 for those tested positive for the virus. Later, it was calculated at 32,313, after taking the official death count for Scotland and Northern Ireland into account. On 16 April it was reported that the UK would have first access to the Oxford vaccine; should the trial be successful, some 30 million doses in the UK would be available.

France

Although it was originally thought the pandemic reached France on 24 January 2020, when the first COVID-19 case in Europe was confirmed in Bordeaux, it was later discovered that a person near Paris had tested positive for the virus on 27 December 2019 after retesting old samples. A key event in the spread of the disease in the country was the annual assembly of the Christian Open Door Church between 17 and 24 February in Mulhouse, which was attended by about 2,500 people, at least half of whom are believed to have contracted the virus.

On 13 March, Prime Minister Édouard Philippe ordered the closure of all non-essential public places, and on 16 March, French President Emmanuel Macron announced mandatory home confinement, a policy which was extended at least until 11 May. As of 23 April, France has reported more than 120,804 confirmed cases, 21,856 deaths, and 42,088 recoveries, ranking fourth in number of confirmed cases. In April, there were riots in some Paris suburbs. On 18 April it was reported that schools in France had to close again after reopening, due to COVID-19 case flare-ups.

Sweden

Sweden differed from most other European countries in that it mostly remained open. Per the Swedish Constitution, the Public Health Agency of Sweden has autonomy that prevents political interference and the agency's policy favored forgoing a lockdown in an attempt to reach herd immunity. The New York Times said that, as of May 2020, the outbreak had been far deadlier there but the economic impact had been reduced as Swedes have continued to go to work, restaurants, and shopping. On 19 May, it was reported that the country had in the week 12–19 May the highest per capita deaths in Europe, 6.25 deaths per million per day.

North America

United States

On 20 January 2020, the first known case of COVID-19 was confirmed in the Pacific Northwest state of Washington in a man who had returned from Wuhan on 15 January. On 31 January, the Trump administration declared a public health emergency, and restricted entry for travelers from China who were not U.S. citizens.

On 28 January, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced they had developed their own testing kit. Despite this, the United States had a slow start in testing, which obscured the extent of the outbreak. Testing was marred by defective test kits produced by the government in February, a lack of federal approval for non-government test kits, and restrictive criteria for people to qualify for a test.

By 2 March there were 80 confirmed cases, with half of the cases in California. Florida and New York had declared their first two cases and the state of Washington reported many suspected cases and the first death. Vice President Pence maintained that the threat of the virus spreading throughout the U.S. was small.

On 6 March, President Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies to respond to the outbreak. Corporations encouraged employees to work from home. Sports events and seasons were cancelled.

On 13 March, Trump declared a national emergency, which made federal funds available to respond to the crisis. Beginning on 15 March, many businesses closed or reduced hours and schools across the country were shutting down. By 17 March, the epidemic had been confirmed in all fifty states and in the District of Columbia. On 26 March, the United States had more confirmed cases than any other country. U.S. federal health inspectors surveyed 323 hospitals in late March; reporting "severe shortages" of test supplies, "widespread shortages" of personal protective equipment (PPE), and other strained resources due to extended patient stays while awaiting test results.

On 22 April it was reported that two Californians had died from the virus (not, as previously thought, influenza) on 6 and 17 February, three weeks before the first official COVID-19 death in the U.S. had been acknowledged. By 24 April, 889,309 cases had been confirmed and 50,256 people had died. As of 17 May, according to a New York Times database, more than 1,474,600 people had been infected and at least 88,600 had died in the United States. The Times stated that—previous to 29 April—only deaths confirmed through testing were reported, but new criteria include probable cases and deaths. As of 17 May, the U.S., which accounts for about 4.25% of the world's population, had about 29% of the confirmed coronavirus deaths.

The White House has been criticised for downplaying the threat and controlling the messaging by directing health officials and scientists to coordinate public statements and publications related to the virus with the office of Vice-President Mike Pence. On 14 April, President Trump halted funding to the World Health Organization (WHO), saying they had mismanaged the pandemic. He also said the U.S. would not participate in a global effort with the WHO to develop a vaccine and drugs to combat the virus. On 1 May the CDC presented a 17-page report titled "Guidance for Implementing the Opening Up America Again Framework" to the administration. It had been written to provide advice for faith leaders, places of business and other public places, educators, and state and local officials as they began to reopen. The White House refused to use the report. Trump said he felt the guidelines were too restrictive, commenting "I see the new normal being what it was three months ago. I think we want to go back to where it was."

By mid-May reports of new cases began to level off and most states began to open restaurants and other places of business, placing limits to the numbers of people allowed in the establishment at the same time. The head of the NIAID, Anthony Fauci, warned that if caution was not used the rate of infections could rebound and he was particularly concerned about opening the schools in the fall. President Trump expressed surprise and disapproval at Fauci's statements saying, "To me it's not an acceptable answer, especially when it comes to schools."

South America

On 20 April it was reported that Brazil had a record 1,179 deaths in a single day, for a total of almost 18,000 fatalities. With a total number of almost 272,000 cases, Brazil has become the country with the third-highest number of cases, following Russia and the United States. On 22 May, citing especially the rapid increase of infections in Brazil, the WHO declared that South America is presently the epicenter of the coronavirus pandemic.

Africa

On 22 May it was reported that Tanzania may be withholding the extent of the COVID-19 outbreak in that country as it has not released any case data in some time. It would not represent the first time Tanzania has withheld case data on a different viral outbreak.

Oceania

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Oceania on 25 January 2020 with the first confirmed case reported in Melbourne, Australia. The virus has spread to all sovereign states and territories in the region. Australia and New Zealand were praised for their handling of the pandemic in comparison to other Western nations, with New Zealand and each state in Australia wiping out all community transmission of the virus several times even after re-introduction in the community.

On 20 May, Australia began an Origins Inquiry into the start of the pandemic in Wuhan, China. More than 100 countries have signed on to this motion.

International responses

Travel restrictions

As a result of the pandemic, many countries and regions imposed quarantines, entry bans, or other restrictions, either for citizens, recent travellers to affected areas, or for all travellers. Together with a decreased willingness to travel, this had a negative economic and social impact on the travel sector. Concerns have been raised over the effectiveness of travel restrictions to contain the spread of COVID-19. A study in Science found that travel restrictions had only modest effects delaying the initial spread of COVID-19, unless combined with infection prevention and control measures to considerably reduce transmissions. Researchers concluded that "travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic" and "restrictions of travel from Wuhan unfortunately came too late".

The European Union rejected the idea of suspending the Schengen free travel zone and introducing border controls with Italy, a decision which has been criticised by some European politicians.

Evacuation of foreign citizens

Owing to the effective quarantine of public transport in Wuhan and Hubei, several countries evacuated their citizens and diplomatic staff from the area, primarily through chartered flights of the home nation, with Chinese authorities providing clearance. Canada, the United States, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, France, Argentina, Germany, and Thailand were among the first to plan the evacuation of their citizens. Brazil and New Zealand also evacuated their own nationals and some other people. On 14 March, South Africa repatriated 112 South Africans who tested negative for the virus from Wuhan, while four who showed symptoms were left behind to mitigate risk. Pakistan said it would not evacuate citizens from China.

On 15 February, the U.S. announced it would evacuate Americans aboard the cruise ship Diamond Princess, and on 21 February, Canada evacuated 129 Canadian passengers from the ship. In early March, the Indian government began evacuating its citizens from Iran. On 20 March, the United States began to partially withdraw its troops from Iraq due to the pandemic.

International aid

This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (May 2020)

Aid to China

Some Chinese students at American universities sent aid, including 50,000 N95 masks on 30 January. The humanitarian aid organisation Direct Relief, in coordination with FedEx, sent 200,000 face masks along with other personal protective equipment, to the Wuhan Union Hospital the same day. On 5 February, the Chinese foreign ministry said 21 countries (including Belarus, Pakistan, Trinidad and Tobago, Egypt, and Iran) had sent aid to China, and Bill and Melinda Gates announced a $100 million donation to the WHO to fund vaccine research and treatment efforts and protect "at-risk populations in Africa and South Asia". Interaksyon said the Chinese government had donated 200,000 masks to the Philippines on 6 February after Philippine senator Richard Gordon shipped 3.16 million masks to Wuhan. On 19 February, the Singapore Red Cross announced it would send $2.26 million worth of aid to China. Several countries donated masks, medical equipment or money to China, including Japan, Turkey, Russia, Malaysia, Germany, and Canada. The U.S. State Department said on 7 February it had facilitated the transportation of nearly 17.8 tons of medical supplies to China. On the same day, U.S. Secretary of State Pompeo announced a $100 million pledge to China and other countries to aid their fights against the virus, though on 21 March China said it had not received epidemic funding from the U.S. government and reiterated that on 3 April. Several corporations have also donated money or medical equipment to China.

Aid to the globe

After cases in China stabilised, the country began sending aid to other nations. In March, China, Cuba and Russia sent medical supplies and experts to help Italy deal with its coronavirus outbreak; China sent three medical teams and donated more than forty tons of medical supplies to Italy. Businessman Jack Ma sent 1.1 million testing kits, 6 million face masks, and 60,000 protective suits to Ethiopia for distribution by the African Union. He later sent 5,000 testing kits, 100,000 face masks and 5 ventilators to Panama.

The Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, Georgia, and the Czech Republic expressed their concerns over Chinese-made masks and test kits. For instance, Spain withdrew 58,000 Chinese-made coronavirus testing kits with an accuracy rate of 30 percent, while the Netherlands recalled 600,000 Chinese face masks which were said to be defective, yet this could have been due to product misuse. Belgium recalled 100,000 unusable masks, which were thought to be from China but were in fact from Colombia. The Philippines stopped using test kits donated by China due to their 40 percent accuracy. The Chinese government said product instructions might not have been followed, and that some products were not purchased directly from certified companies. Chinese aid was well-received in parts of Latin America and Africa. On 2 April, the World Bank launched emergency support operations for developing countries. According to a statement from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Turkey provides the largest amount of humanitarian aid in the world while ranking third worldwide in supplying medical aid.

WHO response measures

Taiwan notified the WHO of a new virus on 31 December 2019. The WHO has commended the Chinese authorities for providing "regular updates", contrasting it to the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak when they were accused of secrecy. The WHO stated on 5 January that cases of pneumonia of unknown cause had been reported, and issued technical briefings on 10 and 11 January warning of risks of human-to-human transmission and urging precautions due to the similarity to earlier SARS and MERS outbreaks. though in public announcements it said there was "no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission" as late as 14 January. On 20 January, the WHO said it was "now very clear" human-to-human transmission of the coronavirus had occurred, given that healthcare workers had been infected. On 27 January, the WHO assessed the risk of the outbreak to be "high at the global level".

On 30 January, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), warning that "all countries should be prepared for containment, including active surveillance, early detection, isolation and case management, contact tracing and prevention of onward spread" of the virus, following an increase in cases outside China. This was the sixth-ever PHEIC since the measure was first invoked during the 2009 swine flu pandemic. WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom said the PHEIC was due to "the risk of global spread, especially to low- and middle-income countries without robust health systems" but that the WHO did not "recommend limiting trade and movement."

On 11 February, the WHO established COVID-19 as the name of the disease, and UN Secretary-General António Guterres agreed to provide the "power of the entire UN system in the response". A UN Crisis Management Team was activated, allowing coordination of the entire United Nations, which the WHO stated will allow them to "focus on the health response while the other agencies can bring their expertise to bear on the wider social, economic and developmental implications of the outbreak". On 25 February, the WHO declared "the world should do more to prepare for a possible coronavirus pandemic," stating that while it was too early to call it a pandemic, countries should be "in a phase of preparedness". On 28 February, WHO officials said the coronavirus threat assessment at the global level would be raised from "high" to "very high", its highest level of alert and risk assessment. On 11 March, the WHO declared the coronavirus outbreak a pandemic. The Director-General said the WHO was "deeply concerned both by the alarming levels of spread and severity, and by the alarming levels of inaction". Critics have said the WHO handled the pandemic inadequately and that the public health emergency declaration and pandemic classification came too late.

Impact

Economics

The outbreak is a major destabilising threat to the global economy. Agathe Demarais of the Economist Intelligence Unit has forecast that markets will remain volatile until a clearer image emerges on potential outcomes. One estimate from an expert at Washington University in St. Louis gave a $300+ billion impact on the world's supply chain that could last up to two years. Global stock markets fell on 24 February due to a significant rise in the number of COVID-19 cases outside China. On 27 February, due to mounting worries about the coronavirus outbreak, U.S. stock indexes posted their sharpest falls since 2008, with the Dow falling 1,191 points (the largest one-day drop since the financial crisis of 2007–08) and all three major indexes ending the week down more than 10 percent. On 28 February, Scope Ratings GmbH affirmed China's sovereign credit rating but maintained a Negative Outlook. Stocks plunged again due to coronavirus fears, the largest fall being on 16 March. Many consider an economic recession likely.

Tourism is one of the worst affected sectors due to travel bans, closing of public places including travel attractions, and advice of governments against travel. Numerous airlines have cancelled flights due to lower demand, and British regional airline Flybe collapsed. The cruise line industry was hard hit, and several train stations and ferry ports have also been closed. International mail between some countries stopped or was delayed due to reduced transportation between them or suspension of domestic service.

The retail sector has been impacted globally, with reductions in store hours or temporary closures. Visits to retailers in Europe and Latin America declined by 40 percent. North America and Middle East retailers saw a 50–60 percent drop. This also resulted in a 33–43 percent drop in foot traffic to shopping centres in March compared to February. Shopping mall operators around the world imposed additional measures, such as increased sanitation, installation of thermal scanners to check the temperature of shoppers, and cancellation of events.

Hundreds of millions of jobs could be lost globally. Nearly 40 million Americans lost their jobs and applied for government aid.

According to a United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America estimate, the pandemic-induced recession could leave 14–22 million more people in extreme poverty in Latin America than would have been in that situation without the pandemic.

Supply shortages

The outbreak has been blamed for several instances of supply shortages, stemming from globally increased usage of equipment to fight outbreaks, panic buying (which in several places led to shelves being cleared of grocery essentials such as food, toilet paper, and bottled water), and disruption to factory and logistic operations. The technology industry, in particular, has warned of delays to shipments of electronic goods. According to the WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom, demand for personal protection equipment has risen a hundredfold, leading to prices up to twenty times the normal price and also delays in the supply of medical items of four to six months. It has also caused a shortage of personal protective equipment worldwide, with the WHO warning that this will endanger health workers.

The impact of the coronavirus outbreak was worldwide. The virus created a shortage of precursors used in the manufacturing of fentanyl and methamphetamine. The Yuancheng Group, located in Wuhan, China, is one of the leading suppliers of these chemical raw materials. Price increases and shortages in these illegal drugs have been noticed on the street of the UK. U.S. law enforcement also told the New York Post Mexican drug cartels were having difficulty in obtaining precursors.

The pandemic has disrupted global food supplies and threatens to trigger a new food crisis. David Beasley, head of the World Food Programme (WFP), said "we could be facing multiple famines of biblical proportions within a short few months."

Senior officials at the United Nations estimated in April 2020 that an additional 130 million people could develop starvation, for a total of 265 million by the end of 2020.

Oil and other energy markets

In early February 2020, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) "scrambled" after a steep decline in oil prices due to lower demand from China. On Monday, 20 April, the price of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) went negative and fell to a record low (minus $37.63 a barrel) due to traders' offloading holdings so as not to take delivery and incur storage costs. June prices were down but in the positive range, with a barrel of West Texas trading above $20.

Culture

The performing arts and cultural heritage sectors have been profoundly affected by the pandemic, impacting organisations' operations as well as individuals—both employed and independent—globally. Arts and culture sector organisations attempted to uphold their (often publicly funded) mission to provide access to cultural heritage to the community, maintain the safety of their employees and the public, and support artists where possible. By March 2020, across the world and to varying degrees, museums, libraries, performance venues, and other cultural institutions had been indefinitely closed with their exhibitions, events and performances cancelled or postponed. In response there were intensive efforts to provide alternative services through digital platforms.

Holy Week observances in Rome, which occur during the last week of the Christian penitential season of Lent, were cancelled. Many dioceses have recommended older Christians stay home rather than attend Mass on Sundays. (Services are available via radio, online live streaming and television.) With the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rome closing its churches and chapels and St. Peter's Square emptied of Christian pilgrims, other religious bodies also cancelled services and limited public gatherings in churches, mosques, synagogues, temples and gurdwaras. Iran's Health Ministry announced the cancellation of Friday prayers in areas affected by the outbreak and shrines were later closed, while Saudi Arabia banned the entry of foreign pilgrims as well as its residents to holy sites in Mecca and Medina. The World Health Organization (WHO) advised COVID-19 patients to consult a physician before and possibly abstain from fasting (a part of Ramadan), as it can weaken the immune system, though it says "healthy people should be able to (...) fast as in earlier years."

The pandemic has caused the most significant disruption to the worldwide sporting calendar since the Second World War. Most major sporting events have been cancelled or postponed, including the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League, 2019–20 Premier League, UEFA Euro 2020, 2019–20 NBA season, and 2019–20 NHL season. The outbreak disrupted plans for the 2020 Summer Olympics, which were originally scheduled to start at the end of July; the International Olympic Committee announced on 24 March that they will be "rescheduled to a date beyond 2020 but not later than summer 2021".

The entertainment industry has also been affected, with many music groups suspending or cancelling concert tours. Many large theatres such as those on Broadway also suspended all performances. Some artists have explored ways to continue to produce and share work over the internet as an alternative to traditional live performance, such as live streaming concerts or creating web-based "festivals" for artists to perform, distribute, and publicise their work. Online, numerous COVID-19-themed Internet memes have spread as many turn to humour and distraction amid uncertainty.

Politics

The pandemic has affected the political systems of multiple countries, causing suspensions of legislative activities, isolations or deaths of multiple politicians, and rescheduling of elections due to fears of spreading the virus.

China

The Chinese government has been criticised by the United States government, UK Minister for the Cabinet Office Michael Gove, and others for its handling of the pandemic. A number of provincial-level administrators of the Communist Party of China were dismissed over their handling of the quarantine efforts in central China, a sign of discontent with their response to the outbreak. Some commentators believed this move was intended to protect Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping from the controversy. The U.S. intelligence community says China intentionally under-reported its number of coronavirus cases.

Italy

In early March, the Italian government criticised the European Union's lack of solidarity with coronavirus-affected Italy—Maurizio Massari, Italy's ambassador to the EU, said "only China responded bilaterally", not the EU. On 22 March, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, Russian president Vladimir Putin had the Russian army send military medics, disinfection vehicles, and other medical equipment to Italy. President of Lombardy Attilio Fontana and Italian Foreign Minister Luigi Di Maio expressed their gratitude for the aid. Russia also sent a cargo plane with medical aid to the United States. Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said "when offering assistance to U.S. colleagues, assumes that when U.S. manufacturers of medical equipment and materials gain momentum, they will also be able to reciprocate if necessary."

United States

The outbreak prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including universal health care, universal child care, paid sick leave, and higher levels of funding for public health. Political analysts anticipated it may negatively affect Donald Trump's chances of re-election in the 2020 presidential election. Beginning in mid-April 2020, there were protests in several U.S. states against government-imposed business closures and restricted personal movement and association.

Other countries

The planned NATO "Defender 2020" military exercise in Germany, Poland, and the Baltic states, the largest NATO war exercise since the end of the Cold War, will be held on a reduced scale. The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament's general secretary Kate Hudson criticised the exercise, saying "it jeopardises the lives not only of the troops from the U.S. and the many European countries participating but the inhabitants of the countries in which they are operating."

The Iranian government has been heavily affected by the virus, with about two dozen parliament members and fifteen current or former political figures infected. Iran's President Hassan Rouhani wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for help on 14 March 2020, saying they were struggling to fight the outbreak due to a lack of access to international markets from the United States sanctions against Iran. Saudi Arabia, which launched a military intervention in Yemen in March 2015, declared a ceasefire.

Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea worsened due to the pandemic. South Korea criticised Japan's "ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts" after Japan announced anyone coming from South Korea would be placed in quarantine for two weeks at government-designated sites. South Korean society was initially polarised on President Moon Jae-in's response to the crisis; many Koreans signed petitions either calling for Moon's impeachment or praising his response.

Some countries have passed emergency legislation in response to the pandemic. Some commentators have expressed concern that it could allow governments to strengthen their grip on power. In the Philippines, lawmakers granted president Rodrigo Duterte temporary emergency powers during the pandemic. In Hungary, the parliament voted to allow the prime minister, Viktor Orbán, to rule by decree indefinitely, suspend parliament as well as elections, and punish those deemed to have spread false information about the virus and the government's handling of the crisis. In some countries, including Egypt, Turkey, and Thailand, opposition activists and government critics have been arrested for allegedly spreading fake news about the COVID-19 pandemic.

Education

Other health issues

The pandemic has had many impacts on global health beyond those caused by the COVID-19 disease itself. It has led to a reduction in hospital visits for other reasons. There have been 38 per cent fewer hospital visits for heart attack symptoms in the United States and 40 per cent fewer in Spain. The head of cardiology at the University of Arizona said, "My worry is some of these people are dying at home because they're too scared to go to the hospital." There is also concern that people with strokes and appendicitis are not seeking timely treatment. Shortages of medical supplies have impacted people with various conditions.

In several countries there has been a marked reduction of spread of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS, attributable to COVID-19 quarantines, social distancing measures, and recommendations to not engage in casual sex. Similarly, in some places, rates of transmission of influenza and other respiratory viruses significantly decreased during the pandemic. In addition, the B/Yamagata lineage of influenza B might have become extinct in 2020/2021 due to COVID-19 pandemic measures, and there have been no naturally occurring cases confirmed since March 2020. In 2023, the World Health Organization concluded that protection against the Yamagata lineage was no longer necessary in the seasonal flu vaccine, reducing the number of lineages targeted by the vaccine from four to three.

The pandemic has also negatively impacted mental health globally, including increased loneliness resulting from social distancing and depression and domestic violence from lockdowns. As of June 2020, 40% of U.S. adults were experiencing adverse mental health symptoms, with 11% having seriously considered to attempt suicide. The research data suggest that the pandemic has negative effects on both weight loss and food health monitoring but the effects were short lived results.

Environment and climate

Xenophobia and racism

Since the start of the outbreak, heightened prejudice, xenophobia, and racism have been documented around the world toward people of Chinese and East Asian descent, Reports from February (when most cases were confined to China) documented racist sentiments expressed in groups worldwide about Chinese people deserving the virus. Citizens in countries including Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Japan, Vietnam, and South Korea lobbied to ban Chinese people from entering their countries. Chinese people and other Asians in the United Kingdom and United States have reported increasing levels of racist abuse and assaults. U.S. president Donald Trump has been criticised for referring to the coronavirus as the "Chinese Virus", which critics say is racist and anti-Chinese.

Following the progression of the outbreak to new hotspot countries, people from Italy (the first country in Europe to experience a serious outbreak of COVID-19) were also subjected to suspicion and xenophobia, as were people from hotspots in other countries. Discrimination against Muslims in India escalated after public health authorities identified an Islamic missionary group's gathering in New Delhi in early March 2020 as a source of spread. Paris has seen riots break out over police treatment of ethnic minorities during the coronavirus lockdown. Racism and xenophobia towards South Asians and Southeast Asians increased in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. South Korea's LGBTQ community was blamed by some for the spread of COVID-19 in Seoul.

In China, xenophobia and racism against non-Chinese residents has been inflamed by the pandemic, with foreigners described as "foreign garbage" and targeted for "disposal". Some black people were evicted from their homes by police and told to leave China within 24 hours, due to disinformation that they and other foreigners were spreading the virus. Chinese racism and xenophobia was criticised by foreign governments and diplomatic corps, and China apologised for discriminatory practices such as restaurants excluding black customers, although these and other accusations of harassment, discrimination and eviction of black people in China continued.

Information dissemination

Many newspaper agencies removed their online paywalls for some or all of their coronavirus-related articles and posts, while scientific publishers made scientific papers related to the outbreak available with open access. Some scientists chose to share their results quickly on preprint servers such as bioRxiv.

Misinformation

Part of a series on the
COVID-19 pandemic
COVID-19 (disease) SARS-CoV-2 (virus) Cases Deaths
Timeline 2019 2020 January responses February responses March responses April responses May responses June responses July responses August responses September responses October responses November responses December responses 2021 January responses February responses March responses April responses May responses June responses July responses August responses September responses October responses November responses December responses 2022 January responses February responses March responses April responses May responses June responses July responses August responses September responses October responses November December 2023
Locations By country and territory Africa Antarctica Asia Europe North America Oceania South America By conveyance Cruise ships Naval ships
International response Endemic phase Evacuations Face masks International aid Origin Lockdowns by country Misinformation by governments Fake treatments Social distancing Software Travel United Nations World Health Organization WTO IP waiver Undercounting of deaths COVID-19 apps Zero-COVID National responses Africa China European Union Germany Ghana India Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Philippines Russia Sweden UK government US federal government Vietnam
Medical response Disease testing Breathalyzer Development Drug development Drug repurposing Public health mitigation Vaccines History Research VITT Deployment Authorizations Operation Warp Speed Misinformation and hesitancy US Vaccine card Vaccine passports Current vaccines CoronaVac Covaxin Convidecia Janssen Medigen Moderna Novavax Oxford–AstraZeneca Pfizer–BioNTech Sinopharm BIBP Sputnik V
Variants Variants of concern Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Omicron Other variants Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Cluster 5 Lineage B.1.617
Economic impact and recession Arts and culture Aviation Cannabis Cinema films Disney Fashion Financial markets Food industry Food security Journalism Music Performing arts Retail Shipping Television US sportscasting programs Tourism Video games By country Canada India Ireland Malaysia New Zealand Russia UK US By sport Association football Baseball Basketball Combat sports Cricket Disc golf Gaelic games Gridiron football Ice hockey Motorsport Rugby league
Impacts Long COVID Neurological and psychological symptoms Post-exertional malaise Society Animals Alzheimer's disease patients Black people Crime Death rates by country Disability Domestic violence Emergency evacuations Education Female Environment Hospitals Language LGBT community Long-term care Media coverage Mental health Migration Military Notable deaths Other health issues Popular culture Protests Pregnancy Prisons Religion Catholic Church Hajj Science and technology Social media Strikes Suicides Telehealth Xenophobia and racism Politics Diplomacy Ireland Malaysia New Zealand Russia UK US
COVID-19 portal
v t e

False information, including intentional disinformation and conspiracy theories, about the scale of the COVID-19 pandemic and the origin, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease has been spread through social media, text messaging, and mass media. False information has been propagated by celebrities, politicians, and other prominent public figures. Many countries have passed laws against "fake news", and thousands of people have been arrested for spreading COVID-19 misinformation. The spread of COVID-19 misinformation by governments has also been significant.

Commercial scams have claimed to offer at-home tests, supposed preventives, and "miracle" cures. Several religious groups have claimed their faith will protect them from the virus. Without evidence, some people have claimed the virus is a bioweapon accidentally or deliberately leaked from a laboratory, a population control scheme, the result of a spy operation, or the side effect of 5G upgrades to cellular networks.

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared an "infodemic" of incorrect information about the virus that poses risks to global health. While belief in conspiracy theories is not a new phenomenon, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this can lead to adverse health effects. Cognitive biases, such as jumping to conclusions and confirmation bias, may be linked to the occurrence of conspiracy beliefs. Uncertainty among experts, when combined with a lack of understanding of the scientific process by laypeople, has likewise been a factor amplifying conspiracy theories about the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to health effects, harms resulting from the spread of misinformation and endorsement of conspiracy theories include increasing distrust of news organizations and medical authorities as well as divisiveness and political fragmentation.

See also

• Coronavirus disease 2019
• Emerging infectious disease
• Globalisation and disease
• List of epidemics and pandemics

• Coronavirus disease 2019
• Current events
• Medicine
• Viruses

Notes

References

1. ^ "Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it". World Health Organization (WHO).
2. "Coronavirus very likely of animal origin, no sign of lab manipulation: WHO". Reuters. 21 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
3. Lau SK, Luk HK, Wong AC, Li KS, Zhu L, He Z, et al. (April 2020). "Possible Bat Origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 26 (7). U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). doi:10.3201/eid2607.200092. ISSN 1080-6059. OCLC 1058036512. PMID 32315281. Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
4. ^ "Novel Coronavirus—China". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 9 April 2020.
5. ^ "COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU)". ArcGIS. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
6. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. (February 2020). "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China". Lancet. 395 (10223): 497–506. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5. PMC 7159299. PMID 31986264.
7. ^ "Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". World Health Organization (WHO). 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
8. ^ "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020". World Health Organization. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
9. ^ Cite error: The named reference WHO2020QA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
10. Hopkins, Claire. "Loss of sense of smell as marker of COVID-19 infection". Ear, Nose and Throat surgery body of United Kingdom. Retrieved 28 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
11. ^ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—Symptoms". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 20 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
12. "Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 4 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
13. ^ "Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 10 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
14. Velavan TP, Meyer CG (March 2020). "The COVID-19 epidemic". Tropical Medicine & International Health. 25 (3): 278–280. doi:10.1111/tmi.13383. PMC 7169770. PMID 32052514.
15. "Caring for Yourself at Home". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
16. ^ "Unite against COVID-19". Unite against COVID-19. Government of New Zealand. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
17. "Here Comes the Coronavirus Pandemic: Now, after many fire drills, the world may be facing a real fire". Editorial. The New York Times. 29 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
18. "The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic Downturn Since the Great Depression". IMF Blog. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
19. ^ "A List of What's Been Canceled Because of the Coronavirus". The New York Times. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
20. Scipioni, Jade (18 March 2020). "Why there will soon be tons of toilet paper, and what food may be scarce, according to supply chain experts". CNBC. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
21. "The Coronavirus Outbreak Could Disrupt the U.S. Drug Supply". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
22. Watts, Jonathan; Kommenda, Niko (23 March 2020). "Coronavirus pandemic leading to huge drop in air pollution". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
23. "Analysis: Coronavirus temporarily reduced China's CO2 emissions by a quarter". Carbon Brief. 19 February 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
24. "COVID-19 Educational Disruption and Response". UNESCO. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
25. Clamp, Rachel (5 March 2020). "Coronavirus and the Black Death: spread of misinformation and xenophobia shows we haven't learned from our past". The Conversation. Retrieved 14 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
26. Sui, Celine. "China's Racism Is Wrecking Its Success in Africa". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
27. ^ Tavernise, Sabrina; Oppel Jr, Richard A. (23 March 2020). "Spit On, Yelled At, Attacked: Chinese-Americans Fear for Their Safety". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
28. ^ Kuo, Lily; Davidson, Helen (29 March 2020). "'They see my blue eyes then jump back'—China sees a new wave of xenophobia". The Guardian. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
29. ^ Mathieu, Edouard; Ritchie, Hannah; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Dattani, Saloni; Beltekian, Diana; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Roser, Max (2020–2024). "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Our World in Data. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
30. ^ "Novel Coronavirus". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
31. "27 cases of viral pneumonia reported in central China's Wuhan City". news.cgtn.com. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
32. ^ "Mystery pneumonia virus probed in China". BBC News. 3 January 2020. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
33. WHO Report (30 January 2020). "Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV): Situation Report-10" (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). 30 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
34. "Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". World Health Organization (WHO). 30 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
35. Sun, Jiumeng; He, Wan-Ting; Wang, Lifang; Lai, Alexander; Ji, Xiang; Zhai, Xiaofeng; Li, Gairu; Suchard, Marc A.; Tian, Jin; Zhou, Jiyong; Veit, Michael; Su, Shuo (2020). "COVID-19: Epidemiology, Evolution, and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 26 (5): 483–495. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.008. PMC 7118693. PMID 32359479.
36. ^ Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team (February 2020). "". Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi = Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi (in Chinese). 41 (2): 145–151. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003. PMID 32064853.
37. ^ Perlman S (February 2020). "Another Decade, Another Coronavirus". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (8): 760–762. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2001126. PMC 7121143. PMID 31978944.
38. Cyranoski D (March 2020). "Mystery deepens over animal source of coronavirus". Nature. 579 (7797): 18–19. Bibcode:2020Natur.579...18C. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00548-w. PMID 32127703.
39. Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z (April 2020). "Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS‑CoV‑2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak". Current Biology. 30 (7): 1346–1351.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022. PMC 7156161. PMID 32197085.
40. ^ "Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2): increased transmission beyond China—fourth update" (PDF). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
41. "The COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin, scientists say—Scripps Research's analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS‑CoV‑2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered". EurekAlert!. Scripps Research Institute. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
42. Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF (April 2020). "The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2". Nature Medicine. 26 (4): 450–452. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9. PMC 7095063. PMID 32284615.
43. Wassenaar, Trudy; Zhou, Y. (May 2020), "2019_nCoV/SARS‐CoV‐2: rapid classification of betacoronaviruses and identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine as potential origin of zoonotic coronaviruses", Letters in Applied Microbiology, 70 (5): 342–348, doi:10.1111/lam.13285, PMC 7165814, PMID 32060933
44. ^ Cohen, Jon (January 2020). "Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abb0611. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
45. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF (February 2020). "A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern". Lancet. 395 (10223): 470–473. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9. PMC 7135038. PMID 31986257.
46. ^ Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. (24 January 2020). "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China". Lancet. 395 (10223): 497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. PMC 7159299. PMID 31986264.
47. Joseph, Andrew (24 January 2020). "New coronavirus can cause infections with no symptoms and sicken otherwise healthy people, studies show". Stat. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
48. Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. (February 2020). "A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster". Lancet. 395 (10223): 514–523. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9. PMC 7159286. PMID 31986261.
49. ^ Ma, Josephina (13 March 2020). "China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
50. Davidson, Helen (13 March 2020). "First Covid-19 case happened in November, China government records show—report". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
51. "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020". World Health Organization. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
52. "Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS". gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
53. "Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 30 March 2020.
54. "Total tests for COVID-19 per 1,000 people". Our World in Data. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
55. Sevillano, Elena G.; Linde, Pablo; Vizoso, Sonia (23 March 2020). "640,000 rapid coronavirus tests arrive in Spain". EL PAÍS. Retrieved 2 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
56. "Special Report: Italy and South Korea virus outbreaks reveal disparity in deaths and tactics". Reuters. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
57. Li R, Pei S, Chen B, Song Y, Zhang T, Yang W, Shaman J (March 2020). "Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2)". Science. 368 (6490): 489–493. doi:10.1126/science.abb3221. PMC 7164387. PMID 32179701.
58. "Report 13—Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries". Imperial College London. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
59. Lau H, Khosrawipour V, Kocbach P, Mikolajczyk A, Ichii H, Schubert J, et al. (March 2020). "Internationally lost COVID-19 cases". Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.013. PMC 7102572. PMID 32205091.
60. Streeck, Hendrik (9 April 2020). "Vorläufiges Ergebnis und Schlussfolgerungen der COVID-19 Case-Cluster-Study (Gemeinde Gangelt)" (PDF). Land NRW—State of North Rhine-Westphalia. Retrieved 13 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
61. Sutton D, Fuchs K, D'Alton M, Goffman D (April 2020). "Universal Screening for SARS-CoV-2 in Women Admitted for Delivery". The New England Journal of Medicine. 0. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2009316. PMC 7175422. PMID 32283004.
62. "Dutch study suggests 3% of population may have coronavirus antibodies". Reuters. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
63. Vogel, Gretchen (21 April 2020). "Antibody surveys suggesting vast undercount of coronavirus infections may be unreliable". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abc3831. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
64. "China: age distribution of novel coronavirus patients 2020". Statista. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
65. Scott, Dylan (23 March 2020). "The Covid-19 risks for different age groups, explained". Vox. Retrieved 12 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
66. Bi, Qifang; Wu, Yongsheng; Mei, Shujiang; Ye, Chenfei; Zou, Xuan; Zhang, Zhen; Liu, Xiaojian; Wei, Lan; Truelove, Shaun A.; Zhang, Tong; Gao, Wei (27 April 2020). "Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 0. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30287-5. ISSN 1473-3099. PMC 7185944. PMID 32353347.
67. Ward, Dan. (May 2020). "Sampling Bias: Explaining Variations in Age Distributions of COVID-19 Cases". https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27321.19047/2. Technical Report. WardEnvironment.
68. "Statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019 (n-CoV) on 23 January 2020". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 9 April 2020.
69. Sanche S, Lin YT, Xu C, Romero-Severson E, Hengartner N, Ke R (April 2020). "High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 26 (7). doi:10.3201/eid2607.200282. PMID 32255761.
70. Roberts, Lizzie (8 May 2020). "The importance of the coronavirus R rate in other countries across the globe". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 May 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
71. "Total confirmed cases of COVID-19 per million people". Our World in Data. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
72. "Novel Coronavirus 2019—Situation Updates". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 31 March 2020.
73. "Daily confirmed COVID-19 cases". Our World in Data. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
74. "Worldwide Coronavirus Statistics". Coronavirus Dashboard. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
75. "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control". Retrieved 21 May 2020.
76. Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN (May 2020). "The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak". Journal of Autoimmunity. 109: 102433. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433. PMC 7127067. PMID 32113704.
77. "Coronavirus: Window of opportunity to act, World Health Organization says". BBC News. 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
78. "Coronavirus Death Toll Climbs in China, and a Lockdown Widens". The New York Times. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
79. Ramzy, Austin; May, Tiffany (2 February 2020). "Philippines Reports First Coronavirus Death Outside China". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
80. "Coronavirus Live Updates: First Death Outside Asia Reported in France". The New York Times. 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
81. "Italy's coronavirus deaths could be underestimated in data: Official". Reuters. 31 March 2020.
82. "Coronavirus: Is Covid-19 really the cause of all the fatalities in Italy?". Stuff. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
83. ^ Wu, Jin; McCann, Allison; Katz, Josh; Peltier, Elian. "28,000 Missing Deaths: Tracking the True Toll of the Coronavirus Crisis". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
84. "Tracking covid-19 excess deaths across countries". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
85. "What 'Excess Deaths' Do and Don't Tell Us About COVID-19". Reason. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
86. "Principles of Epidemiology | Lesson 3—Section 3". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 18 February 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
87. Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (25 March 2020). Chivers, Tom (ed.). "What do we know about the risk of dying from COVID-19?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 28 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
88. "Why Belgium's Death Rate Is So High: It Counts Lots Of Suspected COVID-19 Cases". NPR. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
89. Lazzerini M, Putoto G (March 2020). "COVID-19 in Italy: momentous decisions and many uncertainties". The Lancet. Global Health. 0 (5): e641 – e642. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30110-8. PMC 7104294. PMID 32199072.
90. "What do we know about the risk of dying from COVID-19?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
91. "2019-nCoV: preliminary estimates of the confirmed-case-fatality-ratio and infection-fatality-ratio, and initial pandemic risk assessment". institutefordiseasemodeling.github.io. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
92. "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report—31" (PDF). 20 February 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
93. "Global Covid-19 Case Fatality Rates". Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
94. "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
95. Azad, Arman. "CDC estimates that 35% of coronavirus patients don't have symptoms". CNN. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
96. "Total confirmed deaths due to COVID-19 per million people". Our World in Data. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
97. "Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Dataset". Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Dataset. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
98. "Modelers Struggle to Predict the Future of the COVID-19 Pandemic". The Scientist Magazine. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
99. ^ Template:Cite article
100. Saplakoglu, Yasemin (February 2020). "How will the coronavirus outbreak end?". livescience.com. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
101. The diagram reflects symptoms given at Coronavirus disease 2019#Signs and symptoms. References are listed there.
102. "WHO COVID-19 situation report 29" (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). 19 February 2020.
103. Arons MM, Hatfield KM, Reddy SC, Kimball A, James A, Jacobs JR, et al. (April 2020). "Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility". The New England Journal of Medicine: NEJMoa2008457. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2008457. PMC 7200056. PMID 32329971.
104. Carl Heneghan, Jon Brassey, Tom Jefferson (6 April 2020). "COVID-19: What proportion are asymptomatic?". Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Retrieved 17 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
105. "Coronavirus". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 4 May 2020.
106. ^ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
107. "Symptoms of Coronavirus". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020.
108. Groß, Rüdiger; Conzelmann, Carina; Müller, Janis A.; Stenger, Steffen; Steinhart, Karin; Ki,rchhoff, Frank; Münch, Jan (21 May 2020). "Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human breastmilk". The Lancet. 0. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31181-8. ISSN 0140-6736. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
109. Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF (April 2020). "The proximal origin of SARS‑CoV‑2". Nature Medicine. 26 (4): 450–452. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9. PMC 7095063. PMID 32284615.
110. ^ WHO–China Joint Mission (16–24 February 2020). "Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
111. "Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS‑CoV‑2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak".
112. "CT provides best diagnosis for COVID-19". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
113. ^ Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, Zhan C, Chen C, Lv W, et al. (February 2020). "Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases". Radiology: 200642. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200642. PMID 32101510.
114. "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
115. Vogel, Gretchen (19 March 2020). "New blood tests for antibodies could show true scale of coronavirus pandemic". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abb8028. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
116. "NHS staff will be first to get new coronavirus antibody test, medical chief promises". The Independent. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
117. ^ Li Y, Xia L (March 2020). "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Role of Chest CT in Diagnosis and Management". AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 214 (6): 1280–1286. doi:10.2214/AJR.20.22954. PMID 32130038.
118. "COVID-19 Database". Società Italiana di Radiologia Medica e Interventistica (in Italian). Retrieved 11 March 2020.
119. ^ "Prevention & Treatment". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 15 February 2020. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
120. ^ "Advice for public". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 8 February 2020.
121. "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
122. "Coronavirus (COVID-19)—5 things you can do to protect yourself and your community". Blog: Public Health Matters. Public Health England, Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
123. "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
124. "COVID-19 Information for Travel". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
125. "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—Transmission". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 17 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
126. "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Myth busters". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 26 February 2020.
127. Spinney, Laura (29 March 2020). "Coronavirus vaccine: when will it be ready?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 29 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
128. "Coronavirus public information campaign launched across the UK". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
129. Paludan-Müller AS, Boesen K, Klerings I, Jørgensen KJ, Munkholm K (April 2020). "Hand cleaning with ash for reducing the spread of viral and bacterial infections: a rapid review". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4: CD013597. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013597. PMC 7192094. PMID 32343408.
130. Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E (March 2020). "Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 104 (3): 246–251. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022. PMC 7132493. PMID 32035997.
131. "Interim Recommendations for US Community Facilities with Suspected/Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
132. "Lessons From Slovakia—Where Leaders Wear Masks". The Atlantic. 13 May 2020.
133. Ting, Victor (4 April 2020). "To mask or not to mask: WHO makes U-turn while US, Singapore abandon pandemic advice and tell citizens to start wearing masks". South China Morning Post. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
134. ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
135. "Recommendation Regarding the Use of Cloth Face Coverings, Especially in Areas of Significant Community-Based Transmission". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
136. Greenhalgh T, Schmid MB, Czypionka T, Bassler D, Gruer L (April 2020). "Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis". BMJ. 369: m1435. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1435. PMID 32273267.
137. "Which countries have made wearing face masks compulsory?". Al Jazeera. 20 May 2020.
138. "Singapore: The Model for COVID-19 Response?". MedPageToday.com. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
139. ^ Nussbaumer-Streit B, Mayr V, Dobrescu AI, Chapman A, Persad E, Klerings I, et al. (April 2020). "Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4: CD013574. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013574. PMC 7141753. PMID 32267544.
140. Kottasová, Ivana; Isaac, Lindsay. "Italy shuts all schools over coronavirus outbreak". CNN. Retrieved 8 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
141. "Coronavirus (COVID-19): What is social distancing?—Public health matters". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
142. Ward, Alex (28 April 2020). "Has Sweden found the best response to the coronavirus? Its death rate suggests it hasn't". Vox. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
143. "What's the safest gathering size to slow the coronavirus? There isn't one". Science. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
144. "Germany bans groups of more than two to curb virus". BBC News. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
145. "Media Statement: Knowing the risks for COVID-19". World Health Organization (WHO).
146. "People at Risk for Serious Illness from COVID-19". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
147. "Why health officials say 'physical distancing' is a better term than 'social distancing'". CTV News. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
148. Adlhoch, Cornelia; et al. (23 March 2020). Considerations relating to social distancing measures in response to COVID-19—second update (PDF) (Report). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
149. "Sex and coronavirus (COVID-19)". sexualwellbeing.ie. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
150. "Sex and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" (PDF). The Official Website of the City of New York. NYC Health Department. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
151. "What To Do if You Are Sick with COVID-19". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
152. "Stay at home: guidance for households with possible coronavirus (COVID-19) infection". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
153. Horowitz, Jason (9 March 2020). "Italy Announces Restrictions Over Entire Country in Attempt to Halt Coronavirus". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
154. Stracqualursi, Veronica. "Cuomo orders all nonessential New York workers to stay home". CNN. Retrieved 20 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
155. "COVID-19 Travel Precautions". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
156. ^ Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD (March 2020). "How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic?". Lancet. 395 (10228): 931–934. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5. PMC 7158572. PMID 32164834. A key issue for epidemiologists is helping policy makers decide the main objectives of mitigation—e.g. minimising morbidity and associated mortality, avoiding an epidemic peak that overwhelms health-care services, keeping the effects on the economy within manageable levels, and flattening the epidemic curve to wait for vaccine development and manufacture on scale and antiviral drug therapies.
157. Qualls N, Levitt A, Kanade N, Wright-Jegede N, Dopson S, Biggerstaff M, et al. (April 2017). "Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza—United States, 2017". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 66 (1): 1–34. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6601a1. PMC 5837128. PMID 28426646.
158. Barclay, Eliza; Scott, Dylan; Animashaun, Animashaun (7 April 2020). "The US doesn't just need to flatten the curve. It needs to "raise the line."". Vox. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
159. Wiles, Siouxsie (14 March 2020). "After 'Flatten the Curve', we must now 'Stop the Spread'. Here's what that means". The Spinoff. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
160. Baird, Robert P. (11 March 2020). "What It Means to Contain and Mitigate the Coronavirus". The New Yorker. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
161. "Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza—United States, 2017". Recommendations and Reports. 66 (1). 12 April 2017.
162. Qin, Amy (7 March 2020). "China May Be Beating the Coronavirus, at a Painful Cost". The New York Times.
163. McCurry, Justin; Ratcliffe, Rebecca; Davidson, Helen (11 March 2020). "Mass testing, alerts and big fines: the strategies used in Asia to slow coronavirus". The Guardian. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
164. "Expert interview: What is contact tracing?". Blog: Public Health Matters. Public Health England, Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
165. ^ Ingram, David; Ward, Jacob (7 April 2020). "Behind the global efforts to make a privacy-first coronavirus tracking app". NBC News. Retrieved 10 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
166. "Apple and Google are launching a joint COVID-19 tracing tool for iOS and Android". TechCrunch. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
167. "Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing". Apple. 10 April 2020.
168. "Apple and Google partner on COVID-19 contact tracing technology". 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
169. "Palantir provides COVID-19 tracking software to CDC and NHS, pitches European health agencies". TechCrunch. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
170. ^ "Hospital readiness checklist for COVID-19". euro.who.int. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
171. Checklist for hospitals preparing for the reception and care of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients (Report). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
172. Temple, James. "How 3D printing could save lives in the coronavirus outbreak". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 5 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
173. Tibken, Shara. "3D printing may help supply more essential coronavirus medical gear". CNET. Retrieved 5 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
174. "[Updating] Italian hospital saves Covid-19 patients lives by 3D printing valves for reanimation devices". 3D Printing Media Network. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
175. Peters, Jay (17 March 2020). "Volunteers produce 3D-printed valves for life-saving coronavirus treatments". The Verge. Retrieved 20 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
176. "Engineers 3D-print patented valves for free to save coronavirus patients in Italy". Global News.
177. Good, Andrew; Greicius, Tony (23 April 2020). "NASA Develops COVID-19 Prototype Ventilator in 37 Days". NASA. Retrieved 24 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
178. Wall, Mike (24 April 2020). "NASA engineers build new COVID-19 ventilator in 37 days". Space.com. Retrieved 24 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
179. ^ Sanders JM, Monogue ML, Jodlowski TZ, Cutrell JB (April 2020). "Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review". JAMA. 323 (18): 1824–1836. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6019. PMID 32282022.
180. "NIH Clinical Trial Shows Remdesivir Accelerates Recovery from Advanced COVID-19". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
181. "Remdesivir EUA Letter of Authorization".
182. "Coronavirus". WebMD. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
183. "Overview of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)—Summary of relevant conditions". The BMJ. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
184. "Novel Coronavirus—COVID-19: What Emergency Clinicians Need to Know". EBMedicine.net. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
185. McCreary EK, Pogue JM (April 2020). "Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment: A Review of Early and Emerging Options". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 7 (4): ofaa105. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa105. PMC 7144823. PMID 32284951.
186. "Confirmed COVID-19 cases". Our World in Data. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
187. Duarte, Fernando (24 February 2020). "As the cases of coronavirus increase in China and around the world, the hunt is on to identify "patient zero"". BBC News. Retrieved 22 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
188. 高昱 (26 February 2020). "独家 | 新冠病毒基因测序溯源：警报是何时拉响的" [Exclusive | Tracing the New Coronavirus gene sequencing: when did the alarm sound]. Caixin (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
189. "Ringing the alarm". Global Times. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
190. "Doctor who treated first 7 coronavirus patients in Wuhan now a hero in China". Hindustan Times. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
191. "Undiagnosed pneumonia – China (HU): RFI". ProMED Mail. ProMED. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
192. "'Hero who told the truth': Chinese rage over coronavirus death of whistleblower doctor". The Guardian. 7 February 2020.
193. Kuo, Lily (11 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Wuhan doctor speaks out against authorities". The Guardian. London. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
194. "武汉现不明原因肺炎 官方确认属实：已经做好隔离". Xinhua Net 新華網. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
195. ^ "Archived copy" 武汉市卫健委关于当前我市肺炎疫情的情况通报. WJW.Wuhan.gov.cn (in Chinese). Wuhan Municipal Health Commission. 31 December 2019. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
196. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. (March 2020). "Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (13): 1199–1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. PMC 7121484. PMID 31995857.
197. "China confirms sharp rise in cases of SARS-like virus across the country". 20 January 2020. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
198. The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team (17 February 2020). "The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19)—China, 2020". China CDC Weekly. 2 (8): 113–122. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
199. ^ "Flattery and foot dragging: China's influence over the WHO under scrutiny". The Globe and Mail Inc. 25 April 2020.
200. Horton, Richard (18 March 2020). "Scientists have been sounding the alarm on coronavirus for months. Why did Britain fail to act?". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
201. ^ "Coronavirus: Primi due casi in Italia" [Coronavirus: First two cases in Italy]. Corriere della sera (in Italian). 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
202. Fredericks, Bob (13 March 2020). "WHO says Europe is new epicenter of coronavirus pandemic". New York Post. Retrieved 9 May 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
203. "Coronavirus: Number of COVID-19 deaths in Italy surpasses China as total reaches 3,405". Sky News. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
204. ^ McNeil Jr., Donald G. (26 March 2020). "The U.S. Now Leads the World in Confirmed Coronavirus Cases". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
205. "Studies Show N.Y. Outbreak Originated in Europe". The New York Times. 8 April 2020.
206. ^ Irish, John (4 May 2020). Lough, Richard; Graff, Peter (eds.). "After retesting samples, French hospital discovers COVID-19 case from December". Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
207. ^ Deslandes A, Berti V, Tandjaoui-Lambotte Y, Alloui C, Carbonnelle E, Zahar JR, Brichler S, Cohen Y (3 May 2020). "SARS-COV-2 was already spreading in France in late December 2019". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents: 106006. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106006. PMC 7196402. PMID 32371096.
208. ^ "2 died with coronavirus weeks before 1st U.S. virus death". PBS NewsHour. 22 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
209. "COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU)". Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
210. ^ "Coronavirus Update (Live)—Worldometer". ncov2019.live.
211. "Schengen Area Crisis: EU States Close Borders as Coronavirus Outbreak Grips Bloc". Schengen Visa Information. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
212. "Coronavirus: 7 dead, 229 infected in Italy as Europe braces for COVID-19". NBC News. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
213. Jones, Sam; Kassam, Ashifa (26 March 2020). "Spain defends response to coronavirus as global cases exceed 500,000". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
214. "Coronavirus: Half of humanity now on lockdown as 90 countries call for confinement". Euronews. 3 April 2020.
215. "A third of the global population is on coronavirus lockdown—here's our constantly updated list of countries and restrictions". Business Insider. 28 March 2020.
216. ^ "What Share of the World Population Is Already on COVID-19 Lockdown?". Statista. 23 April 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
217. "About 90% of Americans have been ordered to stay at home. This map shows which cities and states are under lockdown". Business Insider. 2 April 2020.
218. Chutel, Lynsey; Dahir, Abdi Latif (27 March 2020). "With Most Coronavirus Cases in Africa, South Africa Locks Down". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
219. Nair, Supriya (29 March 2020). "For a billion Indians, lockdown has not prevented tragedy". The Guardian. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
220. "Chaos and hunger amid India coronavirus lockdown". Al Jazeera. 27 March 2020.
221. "Live updates: Global cases top 5 million as WHO reports worst day yet for new infections". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
222. Abdurasulov, Abdujalil (7 April 2020). "Coronavirus: Why has Turkmenistan reported no cases?". BBC News. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
223. Tan, Yvette (3 April 2020). "Scepticism over N Korea's claim to be virus free". BBC News. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
224. Adrianna Rodriguez, These countries have no reports of coronavirus cases. But can they be trusted?, 6 May 2020, USA Today
225. ^ Normile, Dennis (17 March 2020). "Coronavirus cases have dropped sharply in South Korea. What's the secret to its success?". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abb7566. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
226. Chan, Wilfred (3 April 2020). "The WHO Ignores Taiwan. The World Pays the Price". The Nation. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
227. ^ Yu, Gao; Yanfeng, Peng; Rui, Yang; Yuding, Feng; Danmeng, Ma; Murphy, Flynn; Wei, Han; Shen, Timmy (28 February 2020). "How early signs of the coronavirus were spotted, spread and throttled in China". The Straits Times. Retrieved 8 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
228. "How Li Wenliang's death sparked Chinese demand for freedom of speech". South China Morning Post. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
229. "Coronavirus kills Chinese whistleblower doctor". BBC News. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
230. "Paper on human transmission of coronavirus sets off social media storm in China". South China Morning Post. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
231. Bostock, Bill (15 April 2020). "China knew the coronavirus could become a pandemic in mid-January but for 6 days claimed publicly that there was no evidence it could spread among humans". Business Insider. Retrieved 21 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
232. "Questions and Answers on the pneumonia outbreak caused by novel coronavirus infection" (in Chinese). Wuhan Municipal Health Commission. 14 January 2020. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
233. Kuo, Lily (21 January 2020). "China confirms human-to-human transmission of coronavirus". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
234. "How China Delayed Warnings to Public During 6 Key Days in January". Real Clear Politics. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
235. Belluz, Julia (27 January 2020). "Did China downplay the coronavirus outbreak early on?". Vox. Retrieved 21 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
236. "Why China's Deadly Viral Outbreak Couldn't Have Come at a Worse Time". Bloomberg News. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
237. Xie, Huanchi (20 February 2020). "Xi stresses winning people's war against novel coronavirus". Xinhua News Agency. Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, on Monday stressed resolutely winning the people's war of epidemic prevention and control with firmer confidence, stronger resolve and more decisive measures. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
238. Kang, Dake (31 January 2020). "The shunned: People from virus-hit city tracked, quarantined". Associated Press. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
239. "China halts flights and trains out of Wuhan as WHO extends talks". Channel NewsAsia. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
240. Levenson, Michael (22 January 2020). "Scale of China's Wuhan Shutdown Is Believed to Be Without Precedent". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
241. 武汉肺炎病毒持续扩散 湖北下令封15个城市 (in Simplified Chinese). Germany: Deutsche Welle. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
242. Xiao, Bang (26 January 2020). "'No-one in the family knows what to do': Over 100 Australian children trapped in Wuhan coronavirus area". ABC News. Sydney. Retrieved 26 January 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
243. Griffiths, James; Gan, Nectar (22 January 2020). "China confirms Wuhan virus can be spread by humans". CNN. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
244. "Coronavirus: China says disease 'curbed' in Wuhan and Hubei". BBC News. 10 March 2020.
245. Steinbuch, Yaron (6 February 2020). "China opens second new hospital for coronavirus patients". New York Post. Retrieved 14 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
246. "All 16 temporary hospitals in Wuhan closed". Xinhua Net. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
247. Chen S, Zhang Z, Yang J, Wang J, Zhai X, Bärnighausen T, Wang C (April 2020). "Fangcang shelter hospitals: a novel concept for responding to public health emergencies". Lancet. 395 (10232): 1305–1314. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30744-3. PMID 32247320.
248. "China re-launches health declaration form requirement on border". CGTN News. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
249. 李雪晴. "China's State Council extends Spring Festival holiday—Chinadaily.com.cn". China Daily. Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
250. Luo, Xiaojing (24 January 2020). 湖北这些学校推迟开学 北大等暂停参观 [These Hubei schools delayed new semester; Peking University halted public visits]. The Beijing News (in Chinese). Retrieved 25 January 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
251. Yao, Zhuowen. 深圳：高三初三也不得提前开学提前补课 [Shenzhen: Junior students in middle schools and high schools shouldn't start school early or start tutoring early]. People's Daily (in Chinese). No. 25 January 2020 (Shenzhen ed.). Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Retrieved 25 January 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
252. Xu, Qin (25 January 2020). 市教委：疫情解除前严禁组织大型活动 中小学取消所有假期返校 [City's Education Committee: Strictly forbid organizing large events before the outbreak dissolved; all middle and elementary schools to cancel school-returning during break]. Jiefang Daily (in Chinese). Shanghai Committee of the Communist Party of China / Shanghai United Media Group. Retrieved 25 January 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
253. Zhao, Shi (24 January 2020). 澳门高校延后开学，要求开学后主动报告假期去向 [Universities and colleges in Macau delayed openings, to ask students to report where they've been to during the break]. Pengpai News (in Chinese). Retrieved 25 January 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
254. ^ Qian, Tong (26 January 2020). 春节假期将延长 各地延迟返工返校政策陆续出台 [Spring festival break to be extended; several places announced delayed work-returning and school-reopening policies]. Companies.Caixin.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
255. "China Orders Travel Agencies to Suspend Tours to Contain Virus Outbreak". Bloomberg News. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
256. "Beijing to suspend interprovincial road transport starting Sunday". China Daily. Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
257. "China's museums offer online exhibitions amid coronavirus outbreak". MSN. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
258. "China opens more online exhibitions amid virus outbreak". ECNS.cn. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
259. "To Tame Coronavirus, Mao-Style Social Control Blankets China". The New York Times. 18 February 2020.
260. "Roughly 5 million people in China lost their jobs in the first 2 months of 2020". CNBC. 16 March 2020.
261. "Coronavirus Lockdowns Torment an Army of Poor Migrant Workers in China". The New York Times. 23 February 2020.
262. "Coronavirus: Hubei's migrant workers 'living in fear' as debts mount under lockdown". South China Morning Post. 18 March 2020.
263. 肺炎疫情：中国加强入境管控，大批留学生"组团"回国. BBC News (in Chinese). 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
264. Sophia, Yan (27 March 2020). "Foreigners face discrimination in China over coronavirus fears as visas cancelled for non-Chinese". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
265. Vanderklippe, Nathan (9 April 2020). "'Stay away from here': In China, foreigners have become a target for coronavirus discrimination". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 12 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
266. Anthony, Immanuel (9 April 2020). "Africans evicted from Chinese hotels over COVID-19 fears". The News-Chronicle. Retrieved 12 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
267. "China deploys measures to curb imported COVID-19 cases, rebound in indigenous cases". State Council Information Office of China. 24 March 2020.
268. Wang, Vivian; Wee, Sui-Lee (24 March 2020). "China to Ease Coronavirus Lockdown on Hubei 2 Months After Imposing It". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
269. Griffiths, James. "As coronavirus cases spike worldwide, China is closing itself off". CNN. Retrieved 27 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
270. "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China National Immigration Administration Announcement on the Temporary Suspension of Entry by Foreign Nationals Holding Valid Chinese Visas or Residence Permits". fmprc.gov.cn. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
271. "China sees drop in new coronavirus cases as Beijing tries to stop second wave of infections". France 24. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
272. "Coronavirus: China to stage day of mourning on Saturday for thousands killed by Covid-19". South China Morning Post. 3 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
273. "China says all coronavirus patients in Wuhan have been discharged". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
274. "China's Jilin in lockdown after coronavirus cluster: Live updates". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
275. "Realizan jornada de limpieza en vagones del Metro de Panamá". Tvn-2.com. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
276. "Coronavirus Arrives in Iran: Two People Test Positive in Qom". IranGov.ir. Government of Iran. 19 February 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
277. "Iran Confirms 3 New Coronavirus Cases". IranGov.ir. Government of Iran. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
278. "Iranian Doctors Call For 'Long Holiday' To Contain Coronavirus, As Sixth Victim Dies". Radio Farda. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 22 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
279. "لغو همه مسابقات ورزشی به مدت ۱۰ روز". Varzesh3.com (in Persian). Retrieved 23 February 2020.
280. ^ Gambrell, Jon. "Iran news agencies report Friday prayers canceled in Tehran". The Washington Post. Associated Press. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
281. "Iran Announces Closure Of Universities, Schools As Coronavirus Death Toll Rises". Radio Farda. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 23 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
282. "اختصاص 530 میلیارد تومان به وزارت بهداشت برای مقابله با کرونا". پایگاه خبری جماران—امام خمینی—انقلاب اسلامی (in Persian). Retrieved 23 February 2020.
283. "Coronavirus: Iran has no plans to quarantine cities, Rouhani says". BBC News. 26 February 2020.
284. Jones, Sam; Wintour, Patrick (6 March 2020). "Iran threatens use of force to restrict spread of coronavirus". The Guardian. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
285. "Coronavirus: Iran is facing a major challenge controlling the outbreak". BBC News. 24 March 2020.
286. Mostaghim, Ramin; Salem, Mostafa; Qiblawi, Tamara (26 February 2020). "Iran was already struggling with one crisis. Now it has the worst coronavirus outbreak in the Middle East". CNN. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
287. ^ Gambrell A, Jon (17 March 2020). "Shiite Hardliners in Iran Storm 2 Shrines That Were Closed to Stop Coronavirus Spread". Time. Associated Press. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
288. Kirkpatrick, David D.; Fassihi, Farnaz; Mashal, Mujib (24 February 2020). "'Recipe for a Massive Viral Outbreak': Iran Emerges as a Worldwide Threat". The New York Times.
289. ^ Wright, Robin (24 February 2020). "How Iran Became A New Epicenter of the Coronavirus Outbreak". The New Yorker. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
290. ^ Cunningham, Erin; Bennett, Dalton (4 March 2020). "Coronavirus pummels Iran leadership as data show spread is far worse than reported". The Washington Post. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
291. Haltiwanger, John (3 March 2020). "8% of Iran's parliament has the coronavirus, and it released 54,000 prisoners as the country descends into chaos". Business Insider. Retrieved 4 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
292. Sorace, Stephen (15 March 2020). "Iran reports biggest single-day jump of coronavirus deaths as president rules out quarantine". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 16 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
293. "Coronavirus pandemic 'could kill millions' in Iran". Al Jazeera. 17 March 2020.
294. Lauras, Didier (23 March 2020). "How serious is the coronavirus crisis in Iran?". Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
295. "As coronavirus cases explode in Iran, U.S. sanctions hinder its access to drugs and medical equipment". The Washington Post. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
296. "Ease sanctions against countries fighting COVID-19: UN human rights chief". UN News. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
297. "Iran opens up as economic woes trump virus infection fears". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
298. "Authorities in Iran 'hiding' COVID-19 deaths by listing other causes on death reports". The Observers. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
299. "Mossad director: Iran is hiding the real coronavirus death toll". Axios. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
300. ^ Shin, Hyonhee; Cha, Sangmi (20 February 2020). "'Like a zombie apocalypse': Residents on edge as coronavirus cases surge in South Korea". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
301. "신천지 관련 확진자 76명으로 늘어 ... 대구 교인 의심자만 544명" [The number of Shincheonji related doctors will increase to 74 ... Daegu members only 544]. Chosun.com (in Korean). 21 February 2020.
302. ^ "42 Shincheonji followers came to S. Korea from virus-hit Wuhan over 8 months: gov't". Yonhap News Agency. 29 February 2020.
303. Lee, Han-soo (21 February 2020). "COVID-19 patients soar to 204 in Korea". Korea Biomedical Review. Retrieved 21 February 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
304. "코로나바이러스감염증-19 국내 발생 현황 (2월 22일 09시)". 22 February 2020.
305. "Coronavirus: South Korea declares highest alert as infections surge". BBC News. 23 February 2020.
306. "The Updates of COVID-19 in Republic of Korea As of 28 February". CDC.go.kr. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
307. Hoffmann E (29 February 2020). "South Korea reports a record jump in coronavirus cases". SeekingAlpha.com. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
308. "Airlines to suspend more flights over coronavirus". The Korea Herald. Yonhap. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
309. Song, Seung-hyun (21 February 2020). "Foreign artists delay concerts in Korea due to spread of COVID-19". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 21 February 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
310. Bicker, Laura (12 March 2020). "Coronavirus in South Korea: How 'trace, test and treat' may be saving lives". BBC News. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
311. Moon, Grace. "This is how South Korea flattened its coronavirus curve". NBC News. Retrieved 31 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
312. "South Korea's Drive-Through Testing For Coronavirus Is Fast—And Free". NPR. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
313. ^ "South Korea reports lowest number of new cases". BBC News Online. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
314. Kasulis, Kelly (19 March 2020). "South Korea's coronavirus lessons: Quick, easy tests; monitoring". Al Jazeera. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
315. "'K방역 극찬' 빌 게이츠, KT 손잡고 제2 코로나 막을 연구에 60억 투자". 중앙일보 (in Korean). 17 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
316. ^ Kim, Suki (4 March 2020). "How South Korea Lost Control of Its Coronavirus Outbreak". The New Yorker. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
317. "South Korea to impose mandatory coronavirus quarantine on all arrivals". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
318. "Over 100 Countries Ask South Korea for Coronavirus Testing Help". US News and World Report. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
319. "Coronavirus flare-ups in China and South Korea prompt new fears of a 2nd wave". CBS News. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
320. @MeGovernment (17 March 2020). "Two COVID-19 cases confirmed in Montenegro" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 March 2020 – via Twitter.
321. Saglietto, Andrea; D’Ascenzo, Fabrizio; Zoccai, Giuseppe Biondi; Ferrari, Gaetano Maria De (4 April 2020). "COVID-19 in Europe: the Italian lesson". The Lancet. 395 (10230): 1110–1111. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30690-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 7118630. PMID 32220279.
322. Nebehay, Stephanie (13 March 2020). "Europe is epicenter of coronavirus pandemic: WHO". Reuters. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
323. "Coronavirus: Europe now epicentre of the pandemic, says WHO". BBC. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
324. Feuer, Will (22 May 2020). "South America is a 'new epicenter' of the coronavirus pandemic, WHO says".
325. Henley, Jon (18 March 2020). "More than 250m in lockdown in EU as Belgium and Germany adopt measures". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
326. "COVID-19's epicentre again: Europe faces fresh reckoning". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
327. "Covid: Half of Europe to be infected with Omicron within weeks - WHO". BBC News. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
328. "Italy suspends all China flights as coronavirus cases confirmed in Rome". TheLocal.it. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
329. Anzolin, Elisa; Amante, Angelo (21 February 2020). "Coronavirus outbreak grows in northern Italy, 16 cases reported in one day". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
330. "Coronavirus, in dieci comuni lombardi: 50 mila persone costrette a restare in casa. Quarantena all'ospedale milanese di Baggio". La Repubblica (in Italian). 21 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
331. "Coronavirus, decreto del governo: nei comuni focolaio stop ad ingressi ed uscite. Conte: "Non trasformeremo l'Italia in un lazzaretto"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
332. "Coronavirus: Inter Milan v Sampdoria among Serie A games postponed". BBC Sport. 22 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
333. Giuffrida, Angela; Tondo, Lorenzo; Beaumont, Peter (4 March 2020). "Italy orders closure of all schools and universities due to coronavirus". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
334. "Coronavirus: All sport in Italy suspended because of outbreak". BBC Sport. 9 March 2020.
335. Harlan, Chico; Morris, Loveday. "Italy ramps up coronavirus lockdown, Merkel warns virus could infect two-thirds of Germany". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
336. Sylvers, Eric; Legorano, Giovanni (11 March 2020). "Italy Hardens Nationwide Quarantine". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 12 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
337. Raccomandazioni di etica clinica per l'ammissione a trattamenti intensivi e per la loro sospensione, in condizioni eccezionali di squilibrio tra necessità e risorse disponibili (PDF) (Technical report) (in Italian). Italian College of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care (SIAARTI). 6 March 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
338. Mounk, Yascha (11 March 2020). "The Extraordinary Decisions Facing Italian Doctors". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020. Now the Italian College of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) has published guidelines for the criteria doctors and nurses should follow in these extraordinary circumstances. The document begins by likening the moral choices facing Italian doctors to the wartime triage of 'catastrophe medicine'. {{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
339. Privitera, Greta (11 March 2020). "Italian doctors on coronavirus frontline face tough calls on whom to save". Politico. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020. ... the Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, who co-authored new guidelines on how to prioritize treatment of coronavirus cases in hospitals ... {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
340. "Italy coronavirus death toll overtakes China". The Independent. 19 March 2020.
341. "Coronavirus: sono 33.190 i positivi—Comunicato Stampa". Dipartimento della Protezione Civile.
342. "'From Russia with Love': Putin sends aid to Italy to fight virus". 23 March 2020.
343. "Coronavirus COVID-19". Center for Systems Science and Engineering. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
344. "Italy's coronavirus death toll passes 10,000. Many are asking why the fatality rate is so high". CNN. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
345. Coleman, Justine (19 April 2020). "Italy sees fewest coronavirus deaths in a week". The Hill. Retrieved 20 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
346. Linde P (31 January 2020). "Sanidad confirma en La Gomera el primer caso de coronavirus en España". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
347. Ansede M (22 April 2020). "El análisis genético sugiere que el coronavirus ya circulaba por España a mediados de febrero". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 April 2020.
348. "Estado de alarma por crisis sanitaria COVID-19—Atención e informacion—Punto de Acceso General". administracion.gob.es.
349. "Un Constitucional dividido anula el confinamiento domiciliario impuesto en el primer estado de alarma". El Mundo. 14 July 2021.
350. "Spain poised to tighten coronavirus lockdown after record daily toll". MSN. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
351. Hedgecoe G (26 March 2020). "'Top of the curve'? Spain hopes Covid-19 peak reached as deaths pass 4,000". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
352. "Coronavirus latest: Britain's Prince Charles tests positive for Covid-19". South China Morning Post. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020. 'Spain's coronavirus death toll overtook that of China on Wednesday, rising to 3,434 after 738 people died over the past 24 hours,' the government said.
353. Collman A. "Spain recorded 950 coronavirus deaths in a day, the highest single-day toll of any country". Business Insider. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
354. White House: CDC 'let country down' on testing – COVID-19 updates Archived 2020-05-19 at the Wayback Machine 17 May 2020 Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 May 2020
355. "Por qué nadie celebra el primer día sin muertos por coronavirus en España". El Español (in Spanish). 2 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
356. "Así fue el día 1 de la nueva normalidad". El País (in Spanish). 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
357. "Coronavirus: Spain drives fears of European 'second wave'". BBC. 25 July 2020.
358. "Spain's Basque region admits to second wave of Covid-19". El País. 6 August 2020.
359. Badcock J (14 August 2020). "Spain shuts down nightlife amid fears of major second wave of coronavirus". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
360. "Spain won't declare another national state of alarm, allows regions to lockdown if necessary". Euroactiv. 26 August 2020.
361. Lau H, Khosrawipour V, Kocbach P, Mikolajczyk A, Ichii H, Schubert J, et al. (March 2020). "Internationally lost COVID-19 cases". Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi. 53 (3): 454–458. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.013. PMC 7102572. PMID 32205091.
362. Güell O, Sevillano E, Linde P (18 March 2020). "Lack of testing hampering Spain's efforts to slow coronavirus outbreak". El País. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
363. "El 5% de la población española ha superado el Covid-19". Europa Press (in Spanish). 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
364. "Estudio de seroprevalencia: sólo el 5% de los españoles tiene anticuerpos frente al coronavirus". El Mundo (in Spanish). 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
365. Andrino B, Grasso D, Llaneras K (3 June 2020). "Afloran 12.000 nuevas muertes en los registros civiles: el exceso en la crisis del coronavirus se eleva hasta los 43.000 muertos". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 June 2020.
366. "El estudio nacional de seroprevalencia concluye que solo un 5,2% de la población española tiene anticuerposs". RTVE (in Spanish). 6 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
367. Vardar S (13 May 2020). "Dos millones de españoles han estado en contacto con el nuevo coronavirus". ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
368. Jones S, Willsher K, Grover N (7 September 2020). "Spain is first country in western Europe to record half a million Covid cases". The Guardian.
369. "ARCHIVED – Spain passes the 1 million coronavirus cases mark on October 21st". murciatoday.com. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
370. Ritchie, Hannah; Mathieu, Edouard; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Beltekian, Diana; Roser, Max (5 March 2020). "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Our World in Data.
371. "·CIS·Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas·Avance de resultados del estudio 3330 Barómetro de julio 2021". www.cis.es. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
372. "Spain: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data". covid19.who.int. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
373. "The U.K. is aiming for deliberate 'herd immunity'". Fortune. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
374. "60% of UK population need to get coronavirus so country can build 'herd immunity', chief scientist says". The Independent. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
375. McGee, Luke (17 March 2020). "Boris Johnson ramps up UK's coronavirus response after criticism". CNN. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
376. "Scottish health secretary criticises virus messaging". BBC News Online. 15 March 2020.
377. Triggle, Nick (16 March 2020). "What is the UK advice on coronavirus?". BBC News Online. Retrieved 17 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
378. Boseley, Sarah (16 March 2020). "New data, new policy: why UK's coronavirus strategy changed". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
379. Meredith, Sam (20 March 2020). "UK PM Boris Johnson announces nationwide lockdown measures, telling cafes, pubs and restaurants to close". CNBC. Retrieved 20 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
380. "Coronavirus: Government to pay up to 80% of workers' wages". BBC News Online. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
381. "Coronavirus: Strict new curbs on life in UK announced by PM". BBC News. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
382. "Large-scale human trial of potential COVID-19 vaccine kicks off at Oxford". CBS News. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
383. Gilror, Rebecca (30 March 2020). "More temporary hospitals announced ready for coronavirus peak". Nursing Times. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
384. Davies, Caroline (3 April 2020). "Prince Charles to open NHS Nightingale to treat Covid-19 patients". The Guardian. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
385. "Nightingale Hospital in London placed on standby". BBC News. 4 May 2020.
386. "Coronavirus: London's NHS Nightingale 'treated 51 patients'". BBC News. 27 April 2020.
387. "Calls for inquiry as UK reports highest Covid-19 death toll in Europe". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
388. "Coronavirus updates: Texas reports single highest daily rate increase of infections". MSN. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
389. "Coronavirus : la " bombe atomique " du rassemblement évangélique de Mulhouse". Le Point. 28 March 2020.
390. "ENQUETE FRANCEINFO. "La majorité des personnes étaient contaminées" : de la Corse à l'outre-mer, comment le rassemblement évangélique de Mulhouse a diffusé le coronavirus dans toute la France". Franceinfo. 28 March 2020.
391. "Coronavirus: Spain and France announce sweeping restrictions". BBC News. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
392. "France imposes 15-day lockdown as part of emergency coronavirus response". The Independent. 16 March 2020.
393. "Coronavirus : prolongation du confinement jusqu'au 11 mai". France Info. 13 April 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
394. Macron: coronavirus is Europe's 'moment of truth' 16 April 2020, Financial Times. Retrieved 18 April 2020
395. "COVID-19 en France" (in French). Santé Publique France. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
396. "Coronavirus Map: Tracking the Global Outbreak". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
397. "Violent protests in Paris suburbs reflect tensions under lockdown". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
398. "Coronavirus flare-ups force France to re-close some schools". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
399. ^ Leatherby, Lauren (15 May 2020). "Sweden Stayed Open. A Deadly Month Shows the Risks". New York Times. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
400. Erdbrink, Thomas (28 April 2020). "'Life Has to Go On': How Sweden Has Faced the Virus Without a Lockdown". New York Times. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
401. Coy, Peter (14 May 2020). "The Swedish Model Trades More Disease for Less Economic Damage". Bloomberg. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
402. "Coronavirus: Sweden records highest weekly deaths per capita in Europe". www.yahoo.com. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
403. Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, et al. (Washington State 2019-nCoV Case Investigation Team) (March 2020). "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (10): 929–936. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. PMC 7092802. PMID 32004427.
404. Aubrey, Allison (31 January 2020). "Trump Declares Coronavirus A Public Health Emergency And Restricts Travel From China". NPR. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
405. 85 FR 6709
406. Greenberg, Jon; Knight, Victoria (16 March 2020). "Mostly False: Joe Biden stated on March 15, 2020 in a Democratic primary debate: "The World Health Organization offered the testing kits that they have available and to give it to us now. We refused them. We did not want to buy them."". Politifact. Retrieved 30 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
407. ^ Whoriskey, Peter; Satija, Neena (16 March 2020). "How U.S. coronavirus testing stalled: Flawed tests, red tape and resistance to using the millions of tests produced by the WHO". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
408. ^ Wang, Jessica; Huth, Lindsay; Umlauf, Taylor; Wang, Elbert; McKay, Betsy (22 March 2020). "How the CDC's Restrictive Testing Guidelines Hid the Coronavirus Epidemic". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
409. "California sees third case of 'community spread' coronavirus as first US death is reported near Seattle". Los Angeles Times. 29 February 2020.
410. "Washington governor declares state of emergency over virus". Associated Press. Retrieved 3 March 2020 – via ABC News.
411. Leins, Casey (2 March 2020). "Washington, Florida Governors Declare State of Emergency for Coronavirus". US News and World Report. Retrieved 2 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
412. Pilkington, Ed (4 April 2020). "How science finally caught up with Trump's playbook—with millions of lives at stake". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
413. "Trump signs emergency coronavirus package, injecting $8.3 billion into efforts to fight the outbreak". Business Insider. 6 March 2020.
414. "Coronavirus: Microsoft, Square, Twitter encourage employees to work from home". San Francisco Chronicle. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
415. Alvarez, Priscilla. "Here's what Trump's coronavirus emergency declaration does". CNN. Retrieved 13 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
416. Dowd, Katie (15 March 2020). "These stores are closing or changing hours due to coronavirus". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 16 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
417. Altavena, Lily; Londberg, Max; Murphy, Justin. "After coronavirus school closings, will states need to hold kids back, institute summer school?". USA Today. Phoenix. Retrieved 5 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
418. Freiman, Jordan. "California governor declares State of Emergency". CBS News. Retrieved 5 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
419. Renken, Elena; Wood, Daniel (29 March 2020). "Map: Tracking The Spread Of The Coronavirus In The U.S." NPR. Retrieved 29 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
420. Robertson, Lori (7 April 2020). "The HHS Inspector General Report". Factcheck.org. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
421. "COVID-19/Coronavirus Real Time Updates With Credible Sources in US and Canada". 1Point3Acres. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
422. "Coronavirus in the U.S.: Latest Map and Case Count". The New York Times. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
423. "Pence Will Control All Coronavirus Messaging From Health Officials". The New York Times. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020. The White House moved on Thursday to tighten control of coronavirus messaging by government health officials and scientists, directing them to coordinate all statements and public appearances with the office of Vice President Mike Pence, according to several officials familiar with the new approach.
424. "Trump calls for halt to US funding for World Health Organization amid coronavirus outbreak". MSN. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
425. "Trump administration buries detailed CDC advice on reopening". AP. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
426. "Trump administration rejects CDC guidance on reopening US amid coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
427. "Trump Criticizes Fauci's Warning Against Opening Schools Too Soon In Latest Public Disagreement". KHN. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
428. "Brazil suffers record coronavirus deaths, Trump mulls travel ban". Reuters. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
429. "WHO declares that South America is the new coronavirus epicenter". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
430. Giles, Peter Mwai and Christopher (22 May 2020). "What's going on with coronavirus in Tanzania?". BBC News. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
431. "U.S. alerts travelers to Tanzania about possible unreported Ebola". STAT. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
432. "First confirmed case of novel coronavirus in Australia". Australian Government Department of Health. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
433. "WHO COVID-19 Dashboard". 24 April 2020. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
434. Pandey S (27 February 2021). "Australia records 10th day of no local COVID-19 cases". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
435. Scott J (24 September 2020). "Australia's Island State Pays High Price for Virus Victory". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
436. Cave D (1 February 2021). "One Case, Total Lockdown: Australia's Lessons for a Pandemic World". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
437. Briggs, Casey (1 September 2021). "Another state has given up on COVID zero. It shows Delta is a formidable foe". ABC News. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
438. Corlett, Eva (4 October 2021). "New Zealand Covid elimination strategy to be phased out, Ardern says". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
439. Coughlan, Thomas (4 October 2021). "Covid 19 Delta outbreak: Jacinda Ardern promises easing of some restrictions under transition plan". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
440. EDT, Meghan Roos On 5/20/20 at 1:52 PM (20 May 2020). "U.S. stands with Australia after China threatens economic retribution over coronavirus origins inquiry, Pompeo says". Newsweek. Retrieved 23 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
441. "Coronavirus Travel Restrictions, Across the Globe". The New York Times. 26 March 2020.
442. "Coronavirus (COVID-19)—information for Australian travellers". Australian Government. 9 April 2020.
443. Nsikan, Akpan (24 February 2020). "Coronavirus spikes outside China show travel bans aren't working". National Geographic. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
444. Chinazzi M, Davis JT, Ajelli M, Gioannini C, Litvinova M, Merler S, et al. (April 2020). "The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak". Science. 368 (6489): 395–400. doi:10.1126/science.aba9757. PMC 7164386. PMID 32144116.
445. "COVID-19: Study shows that travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic". Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. 25 March 2020.
446. "Coronavirus: EU rules out Schengen border closures amid Italy outbreak". Deutsche Welle. 24 February 2020.
447. "Commission chief warns against unilateral virus travel bans". EURACTIV. 13 March 2020.
448. "Coronavirus: European borders likely to remain open despite crisis in Italy, observers say". South China Morning Post. 7 March 2020.
449. "Coronavirus Nightmare Could Be the End for Europe's Borderless Dream". The New York Times. 26 February 2020.
450. "Countries Evaluate Evacuation of Citizens Amid Wuhan Coronavirus Panic". Associated Press. Retrieved 31 January 2020 – via The Diplomat. * Press, ANI. "Coronavirus: Second plane carrying 323 Indians from Wuhan to reach Delhi today". India Today. Retrieved 2 February 2020. * NWS, VRT (27 January 2020). "België haalt landgenoten terug uit Chinese provincie Hubei na uitbraak coronavirus". VRT Nws. Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie. * Nathalia, Telly (30 January 2020). "Last-Minute Preparations Underway to Evacuate Indonesian Citizens From Coronavirus-Ravaged Wuhan". Jakarta Globe. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help) * "C130 aircraft on standby for Wuhan evacuation". Bangkok Post. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020. * Jiang, Steven; Stracqualursi, Veronica (25 January 2020). "US arranging charter flight to evacuate American diplomats and citizens out of China amid coronavirus outbreak, official says". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help) * "PH sending special flights to get Pinoys from Wuhan, Hubei in China". Tempo: News in a Flash. Manila, Philippines. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
451. "Aviões decolam de Wuhan, na China, com 40 passageiros repatriados ao Brasil e à Polônia". G1 (in Portuguese). 7 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
452. "Air New Zealand flight with kiwi evacuees departs Wuhan". Stuff (company). 5 February 2020.
453. "Repatriated citizens to be reunited with families". SANews.gov.zanews24.com. 29 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
454. "Pakistan cancels flights to China as fears of coronavirus spread". Dialogue Pakistan. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
455. Wang, Vivian; Rich, Motoko; Bradsher, Keith (15 February 2020). "Shifting Ground in Coronavirus Fight: U.S. Will Evacuate Americans From Cruise Ship". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 February 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
456. "Cruise ship passengers begin 14-day quarantine in Cornwall, Ont". CBC News. 21 February 2020.
457. Roche, Elizabeth (9 March 2020). "Coronavirus: India sending IAF aircraft to evacuate its nationals from Iran". LiveMint.com. Retrieved 9 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
458. "4th batch of 53 Indians evacuated from Iran: S Jaishankar". The Economic Times. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
459. Kheel, Rebecca (20 March 2020). "US-led coalition in Iraq drawing down over coronavirus concerns". The Hill. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
460. "Students mobilize aid for Hubei province in China following coronavirus outbreak". The Tufts Daily. Medford, Massachusetts: Tufts University. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020. * "Student organizations at Penn State rally to help Wuhan". Penn State: News. Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 17 February 2020. * "Stanford for Wuhan sends medical supplies to coronavirus victims". The Stanford Daily. Stanford University. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020. * "Chinese students respond to supply shortages throughout hospitals in Wuhan City in the midst of coronavirus outbreak". The Observer. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame / Holy Cross College / Saint Mary's College. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
461. "Direct Relief Rushes Facial Masks to China to Fight Coronavirus Spread". DirectRelief.org. Direct Relief. 28 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
462. "21 countries send aid to coronavirus-hit China". ArmenPress.am. Yerevan, Armenia. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
463. Voytko, Lisette. "Bill And Melinda Gates Donate $100 Million to Coronavirus Vaccine Research and Treatment". Forbes. Retrieved 19 February 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
464. Madarang, Catalina Ricci S. (6 February 2020). "Should we thank China for face mask donation when Filipinos donated first?". Interaksyon. Retrieved 1 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
465. Yong, Clement (19 February 2020). "Coronavirus: Singapore Red Cross to send $2.3m worth of aid to China, steps up local outreach to seniors". The Straits Times. Retrieved 19 February 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
466. 日本民间捐100万口罩驰援武汉. Guancha (in Chinese (China)). International Liaison Department of the Communist Party of China. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
467. "Medical supplies from Russia arrive in virus-hit Wuhan". Xinhua News Agency. 10 February 2020.
468. Kaos Jr, Joseph (31 January 2020). "Coronavirus: Malaysia to donate 18 million medical gloves to China". The Star. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
469. "Coronavirus: German air force evacuates citizens from Wuhan; gives China 10,000 protective suits". South China Morning Post. 1 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
470. Canada, Global Affairs (10 February 2020). "Canada supports China's ongoing response to novel coronavirus outbreak". gcnws. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
471. Mu Xuequan (editor), , 6 February 2020, Xinhua News Agency
472. "The United States Announces Assistance To Combat the Novel Coronavirus". United States Department of State. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
473. Guzman, Joseph (7 February 2020). "US pledges $100 million to help fight coronavirus in China". TheHill. Retrieved 11 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
474. "COVID-19: China says it has received no U.S. aid". CGTN. 3 April 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
475. "U.S. Companies Donate Nearly $27 Million in Medical Products to Aid in COVID-19 Outbreak in China". MedTech Intelligence. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
476. "COVID-19: China has provided emergency assistance to over 80 countries and organizations". CGTN. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
477. "As the U.S. Blames China for the Coronavirus Pandemic, the Rest of the World Asks China for Help". The Intercept. 18 March 2020.
478. "Coronavirus pandemic: Russia, Cuba, China send aid to Italy". France 24. 23 March 2020.
479. "China sends medical supplies, experts to help Italy battle coronavirus". Reuters. 13 March 2020.
480. "China sends third group of medical experts to Italy". Xinhua Net 新華網. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
481. "Jack Ma Foundation donates masks, testing kits to Africa for coronavirus control". Daily Monitor. Uganda. Xinhua News Agency. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
482. Patrick, Anita (22 March 2020). "Rwanda's Kagame thanks Jack Ma for 'huge shot in the arm' after receiving donation of test kits". CNN. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
483. "Gobierno de China dona a Panamá pruebas para detección del COVID-19". 21 March 2020.
484. "Netherlands becomes latest country to reject China-made coronavirus test kits, gear". Fox News Channel. 31 March 2020.
485. "Spain calls for action from Europe as daily death toll rises again". The Guardian. 29 March 2020.
486. "China says masks sold to Netherlands are for non-medical use". CGTN. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
487. "Coronavirus: Flanders gets 100,000 unusable masks". The Brussels Times. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
488. Luna, Franco (29 March 2020). "DOH sets aside inaccurate donated test kits, assures public only quality tests are used". PhilStar Global. Retrieved 12 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
489. "国务院联防联控机制权威发布（5 April 2020）in Chinese". The State Council of People's Republic of China. 5 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
490. "Chinese medical supplies' 'quality concerns' overblown". Global Times. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
491. "With U.S. hit by virus, China courts Latin America with medical diplomacy". Reuters. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
492. "Despite calls for global cooperation, US and China fight over leading coronavirus response". ABC News. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
493. "World Bank Group Launches First Operations for COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Emergency Health Support, Strengthening Developing Country Responses". World Bank. 2 April 2020.
494. "Turkey ranks third worldwide in supplying medical aid". Aa.com.tr. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
495. "Turkey ranks third worldwide in supplying medical aid". Sanal Basin. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
496. Kessler, Glenn (17 April 2020). "Trump's false claim that the WHO said the coronavirus was 'not communicable'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
497. Gabriel Crossley, Alison Williams (23 January 2020). "Wuhan lockdown 'unprecedented', shows commitment to contain virus: WHO representative in China". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
498. "Pneumonia of unknown cause – China". World Health Organization. 5 January 2020.
499. Beaumont, Peter; Borger, Julian (9 April 2020). "WHO warned of transmission risk in January, despite Trump claims". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
500. "Novel Coronavirus – Thailand (ex-China)". World Health Organization. 14 January 2020.
501. Kessler, Glenn (17 April 2020). "Trump's false claim that the WHO said the coronavirus was 'not communicable'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
502. "WHO says global risk of China virus is 'high'". Agence France-Presse. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
503. Kennedy, Merrit (30 January 2020). "WHO Declares Coronavirus Outbreak A Global Health Emergency". NPR. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
504. "Coronavirus declared global health emergency". BBC News. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
505. "IHR Emergency Committee on Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 31 January 2020.
506. "WHO Director-General's remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 19 February 2020.
507. "World must prepare for pandemic, says WHO". BBC News. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
508. Lovelace, Berkeley (28 February 2020). "WHO raises coronavirus threat assessment to its highest level: 'Wake up. Get ready. This virus may be on its way'". CNBC. Retrieved 28 February 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
509. Wan, William (11 March 2020). "WHO declares a pandemic of coronavirus disease covid-19". The Washington Post. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
510. Bradley A. Thayer, Lianchao Han, China and the WHO's chief: Hold them both accountable for pandemic, The Hill, 17 March 2020.
511. Miller, Jill Young (7 February 2020). "WashU Expert: Coronavirus far greater threat than SARS to global supply chain". The Source. Retrieved 13 February 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
512. McLean, Rob; He, Laura; Tappe, Anneken (24 February 2020). "Dow plunges 1,000 points as coronavirus cases surge in South Korea and Italy". CNN. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
513. "FTSE 100 plunges 3.7 per cent as Italy confirms sixth coronavirus death". City A.M. London. 24 February 2020.
514. Tappe, Anneken. "Dow falls 1,191 points—the most in history". CNN. Retrieved 28 February 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
515. Oh, Sunny (28 February 2020). "Stocks record worst week since financial crisis as coronavirus concerns heat up". Market Watch. Retrieved 28 February 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
516. "Scope affirms China's sovereign rating at A+ and maintains the Outlook at Negative". Scope Ratings GmbH. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
517. "Stocks Plummet as Grim Economic Outlook Grips Markets: Live Updates". The New York Times. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
518. Rabouin, Dion (28 February 2020). "Economists now say the coronavirus could cause a recession". Axios. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
519. Long, Heather; McGregor, Jena (1 March 2020). "Recession fears grow as Wall Street investors brace for a wild week for stocks". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
520. "Collapsed Flybe: 'Do not travel to the airport'". BBC News. 5 March 2020.
521. Turner, Brook (4 April 2020). "'Most significant crisis in the history of travel': where to now for tourism?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
522. "Coronavirus scare: Complete list of airlines suspending flights". India Today. Reuters. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
523. Mike Cherney; Lucy Craymer (5 May 2020). "You've Got Mail ... Finally: The Pandemic Is Jamming Up the World's Post". Retrieved 15 May 2020.
524. National Retail Federation (21 March 2020), Coronavirus Resources for Retailers, retrieved 23 March 2020
525. Inc, Aislelabs (2 April 2020), How Retailers Globally are Responding to Coronavirus by Aislelabs, retrieved 3 April 2020
526. Aislelabs (23 March 2020), How Shopping Centres Globally are Responding to Coronavirus by Aislelabs, retrieved 23 March 2020
527. "Half the world's workers face losing their jobs, says ILO". Al Jazeera. 29 April 2020.
528. "No jobs, so what future? Half the world's workforce on the edge". The Monitor. 6 May 2020.
529. "Coronavirus: US workers seeking jobless aid near 40 million". BBC News. 21 May 2020.
530. "4.4 million more people sought jobless aid last week; 26 million since coronavirus hit". Los Angeles Times. 23 April 2020.
531. Fariza, Ignacio (3 April 2020). "La pandemia amenaza con dejar entre 14 y 22 millones de personas más en pobreza extrema en Latinoamérica". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
532. Tkyo, Kelly (29 February 2020). "Coronavirus fears empty store shelves of toilet paper, bottled water, masks as shoppers stock up". USA Today. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
533. Strumpf, Dan (31 January 2020). "Tech Sector Fears Supply Delays as Effects of Virus Ripple Through China". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 26 February 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
534. Nebehay, Stephanie (7 February 2020). "Procura por máscaras aumenta 100 vezes e prejudica luta contra o coronavírus". Reuters Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 7 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
535. Boseley, Sarah (7 February 2020). "WHO warns of global shortage of face masks and protective suits". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 February 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
536. "Shortage of personal protective equipment endangering health workers worldwide". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 5 March 2020.
537. "Corona snijdt ook in het vlees van de drugsmaffia". DS Standaard. 11 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
538. Grierson, Jamie (12 April 2020). "Coronavirus triggers UK shortage of illicit drugs". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
539. Vincent, Isabel (28 March 2020). "Coronavirus pandemic drives up price of heroin, meth and fentanyl". New York Post. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
540. Torero, Maximo (14 April 2020). "How to Stop a Looming Food Crisis". Foreign Policy.
541. "Global hunger could double due to coronavirus pandemic: UN". Al Jazeera. 21 April 2020.
542. "Coronavirus: World risks 'biblical' famines due to pandemic—UN". BBC News. 21 April 2020.
543. "Senior Officials Sound Alarm over Food Insecurity, Warning of Potentially 'Biblical' Famine, in Briefings to Security Council". United Nations. 21 April 2020.
544. "Coronavirus: World risks 'biblical' famines due to pandemic – UN". BBC News. 21 April 2020.
545. "'Instead of Coronavirus, the Hunger Will Kill Us.' A Global Food Crisis Looms". The New York Times. 22 April 2020.
546. Reed, Stanley (3 February 2020). "OPEC Scrambles to React to Falling Oil Demand From China". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 February 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
547. ^ US oil prices turn negative as demand dries up, BBC, 21 April 2020.
548. "Here are the museums that have closed (so far) due to coronavirus". theartnewspaper.com. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
549. "The Ultimate Guide to Virtual Museum Resources". MCN. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
550. ^ Burke, Daniel (14 March 2020). "What churches, mosques and temples are doing to fight the spread of coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved 16 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
551. Hadden, Joey (2 March 2020). "Over 20,000 people have signed a petition to cancel SXSW over coronavirus worries. Here's a list of all the major event cancellations due to the outbreak so far". Business Insider. Retrieved 3 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
552. Parke, Caleb (13 March 2020). "Churches cancel Sunday service, move online amid coronavirus outbreak". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
553. "Westerville church offering 'drive in' service". WBNS-TV. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
554. Al Omran, Ahmed; Kerr, Simeon (27 February 2020). "Saudi Arabia bans Mecca pilgrimages over coronavirus fears". Financial Times. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
555. "Coronavirus: Saudi Arabia bans all Umrah pilgrimage to Mecca". Middle East Eyes. 4 March 2020.
556. Ebrahimji, Alisha (23 April 2020). "How coronavirus has changed Ramadan for Muslims this year". CNN. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
557. Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Coronavirus: Does fasting during Ramadan raise the infection risk? | DW | 5 May 2020". DW.COM. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
558. Organization, World Health (2020). "Safe Ramadan practices in the context of the COVID-19: interim guidance, 15 April 2020" (Document). World Health Organization. hdl:10665/331767?locale-attribute=de%26.
559. "All of next week's UEFA matches postponed". UEFA. 13 March 2020.
560. Edwards, Harry (13 March 2020). "Premier League 2019/20 season suspended after coronavirus cases at Chelsea, Arsenal and more". squawka.com.
561. Close, David; Jackson, Amanda. "NBA suspends its season after player tests positive for coronavirus". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
562. "NHL statement on coronavirus". National Hockey League. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
563. "Tokyo 2020: Olympic Games organisers 'agree postponement'". BBC Sport. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
564. McCurry, Justin; Ingle, Sean (24 March 2020). "Tokyo Olympics postponed to 2021 due to coronavirus pandemic". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
565. "How the coronavirus outbreak is roiling the film and entertainment industries". Vox. 13 March 2020.
566. "Coronavirus brings entertainment world to a standstill". Associated Press. 13 March 2020.
567. "Broadway theaters to suspend all performances because of coronavirus". CNN. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
568. Fadroski, Kelli Skye (15 March 2020). "Coronavirus canceled their concerts, so artists like Yungblud are looking to live stream shows to fans". Daily Breeze. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
569. Brenner, Wayne Alan (15 March 2020). "The Social Distancing Festival Is Live Online". Austin Chronicle.
570. Harris, Margot. "Coronavirus memes are spreading as the disease travels across the world—here's what they look like and why creators say they're important". Insider. Retrieved 8 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
571. Tumilty, Ryan (13 March 2020). "Federal government announces aggressive measures to battle COVID-19 as parliament suspended until April". National Post. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
572. Mackinnon, Amy; Palder, Darcy (18 March 2020). "Coronavirus in the Corridors of Power". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 30 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
573. Corasaniti, Nick; Saul, Stephanie (27 April 2020). "15 States Have Postponed Primaries During the Pandemic. One Has Canceled". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
574. "U.S. and China Turn Coronavirus into a Geopolitical Football". Foreign policy. 11 March 2020.
575. "Michael Gove appears to blame China over lack of UK coronavirus testing". The Guardian. 29 March 2020.
576. "China Outraged as Bolsonaro's Son Blames Virus on Beijing". Bloomberg. 19 March 2020.
577. Bostock, Bill (13 February 2020). "China sacked a brace of top officials in Hubei province, likely in a move to protect Xi Jinping from people's anger over the coronavirus outbreak". Business Insider. Retrieved 26 February 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
578. "C.I.A. Hunts for Authentic Virus Totals in China, Dismissing Government Tallies". The New York Times. 2 April 2020.
579. "Italy criticises EU for being slow to help over coronavirus epidemic". The Guardian. 11 March 2020.
580. "The EU Is Abandoning Italy in Its Hour of Need". Foreign Policy. 14 March 2020.
581. "China is winning the coronavirus propaganda war". Politico. 18 March 2020.
582. "Russian army to send coronavirus help to Italy after Putin phone call". Reuters. 22 March 2020.
583. Vivaldelli, Roberto (28 March 2020). "Quelle polemiche infondate sugli aiuti russi all'Italia". Il Giornale. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
584. "Where Has Russia Sent Coronavirus Aid Around the World?". The Moscow Times. 1 April 2020.
585. "Russian plane takes off for US with coronavirus help on board". Al Jazeera. 1 April 2020.
586. Rouan, Rick (20 April 2020). "Protesters at Statehouse demand state reopen as DeWine announces schools to remain closed". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
587. Miller, Claire Cain (10 April 2020). "Could the Pandemic Wind Up Fixing What's Broken About Work in America?". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
588. Swanson, Ian (2 May 2020). "Five ways the coronavirus could change American politics". TheHill. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
589. "America's botched response to the coronavirus is a problem bigger than Donald Trump". Boston Globe.
590. Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan (12 March 2020). "Trump's Re-election Chances Suddenly Look Shakier". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
591. Lowrey, Annie (3 April 2020). "The Economy Is Collapsing. So Are Trump's Reelection Chances". The Atlantic. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
592. "Coronavirus: Anti-Lockdown Protests Grow Across US". BBC News. 17 April 2020. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
593. "How coronavirus derailed the largest Nato exercise in 25 years". The Spectator. 20 March 2020.
594. "NATO scales down exercises due to coronavirus". Reuters. 19 March 2020.
595. "Nato must end 'dangerous and irresponsible' military exercise on Russia's border, campaigners say". Morning Star. 18 March 2020.
596. "Will Iran's Regime Survive Coronavirus?". National Review. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
597. "U.S. sanctions 'severely hamper' Iran coronavirus fight, Rouhani says". Reuters. 14 March 2020.
598. "Coronavirus Pandemic Forces a Cease-Fire in Yemen". Foreign Policy. 9 April 2020.
599. "Japan and Korea Won't Let A Pandemic Stop Them Fighting". Foreign Policy. 12 March 2020.
600. "Coronavirus quarantine plans ignite row between South Korea and Japan". The Guardian. 6 March 2020.
601. "Authoritarian leaders may use Covid-19 crisis to tighten their grip". The Guardian. 31 March 2020.
602. "For Autocrats, and Others, Coronavirus Is a Chance to Grab Even More Power". The New York Times. 30 March 2020.
603. ^ "Some leaders use pandemic to sharpen tools against critics". ABC News. 16 April 2020.
604. "Hungarian parliament votes to let Viktor Orban rule by decree in wake of coronavirus pandemic". CNN. 30 March 2020.
605. "Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists". Deutsche Welle. 3 April 2020.
606. "Coronavirus Has Started a Censorship Pandemic". The Foreign Policy. 1 April 2020.
607. "Asia cracks down on coronavirus 'fake news'". The Straits Times. 10 April 2020.
608. Garcia S, Albaghdadi MS, Meraj PM, Schmidt C, Garberich R, Jaffer FA, et al. (June 2020). "Reduction in ST-Segment Elevation Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Activations in the United States During COVID-19 Pandemic". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 75 (22): 2871–2872. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.011. PMC 7151384. PMID 32283124.
609. ^ 'Where are all our patients?': Covid phobia is keeping people with serious heart symptoms away from ERs, Stat News, Usha Lee McFarling, 23 April 2020.
610. Faust JS (28 April 2020). "Medication Shortages Are the Next Crisis". The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
611. "Sexually transmitted infections surveillance reports - Reports". www.health.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
612. Wareham J. "U.K. Lockdown Has 'Broken HIV Chain' With Huge Reduction In New STI Cases". Forbes. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
613. Chow, Eric P F; Hocking, Jane S; Ong, Jason J; Phillips, Tiffany R; Fairley, Christopher K (1 January 2021). "Sexually Transmitted Infection Diagnoses and Access to a Sexual Health Service Before and After the National Lockdown for COVID-19 in Melbourne, Australia". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 8 (1): ofaa536. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa536. ISSN 2328-8957. PMC 7665697. PMID 33506064.
614. Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TW, Tsang TK, Li JC, Fong MW, et al. (May 2020). "Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study". The Lancet. Public Health. 5 (5): e279 – e288. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30090-6. PMC 7164922. PMID 32311320.
615. Klein A. "Australia sees huge decrease in flu cases due to coronavirus measures". New Scientist. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
616. "Weekly U.S. Influenza Surveillance Report (FluView)". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 8 May 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
617. Alhoufie, Sari T.; Alsharif, Naif H.; Alfarouk, Khalid O.; Ibrahim, Nadier A.; Kheyami, Ali M.; Aljifri, Alanoud A. (November 2021). "COVID-19 with underdiagnosed influenza B and parainfluenza-2 co-infections in Saudi Arabia: Two case reports". Journal of Infection and Public Health. 14 (11): 1567–1570. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.09.005. PMC 8442300. PMID 34627054.
618. Koutsakos, Marios; Wheatley, Adam K.; Laurie, Karen; Kent, Stephen J.; Rockman, Steve (December 2021). "Influenza lineage extinction during the COVID-19 pandemic?". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 19 (12): 741–742. doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00642-4. PMC 8477979. PMID 34584246.
619. ^ World Health Organization (29 September 2023). "Questions and Answers: Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the southern hemisphere 2024 influenza season and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness" (PDF). Retrieved 26 October 2023.
620. ^ Schnirring L (29 September 2023). "WHO advisers recommend switch back to trivalent flu vaccines". CIDRAP. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
621. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, Rubin GJ (March 2020). "The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence". Lancet. 395 (10227): 912–920. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8. PMC 7158942. PMID 32112714.
622. Surkova E, Nikolayevskyy V, Drobniewski F (December 2020). "False-positive COVID-19 results: hidden problems and costs". The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine. 8 (12): 1167–1168. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30453-7. PMC 7524437. PMID 33007240.
623. Czeisler MÉ, Lane RI, Petrosky E, Wiley JF, Christensen A, Njai R, et al. (August 2020). "Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, June 24-30, 2020". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 69 (32): 1049–1057. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6932a1. PMC 7440121. PMID 32790653.
624. Bullard, Tiffany; Medcalf, Adam; Rethorst, Chad; Foster, Gary D. (2021). "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on initial weight loss in a digital weight management program: A natural experiment". Obesity. 29 (9): 1434–1438. doi:10.1002/oby.23233. ISSN 1930-739X. PMC 8456790. PMID 34009723.
625. Castellanos-Torres E, Tomás Mateos J, Chilet-Rosell E (3 March 2021). "[COVID-19 from a gender perspective]". Gaceta Sanitaria (in Spanish). 34 (5): 419–421. doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.04.007. PMC 7190475. PMID 32423661.
626. Burton, Nylah (7 February 2020). "The coronavirus exposes the history of racism and "cleanliness"". Vox. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
627. "Fears of new virus trigger anti-China sentiment worldwide". The Korea Times. 2 February 2020.
628. "Coronavirus fuels anti-Chinese discrimination in Africa". Deutsche Welle. 19 February 2020.
629. Wangkiat, Paritta (10 February 2020). "Virus-induced racism does no one any good". Bangkok Post.
630. Bartholomew, Robert (6 February 2020). "The Coronavirus and the Search for Scapegoats". Psychology Today.
631. Smith, Nicola (1 February 2020). "Anti-Chinese racism spikes as virus spreads globally". The Telegraph. 'Some Muslims were claiming the disease was "divine retribution" for China's oppression of the Uighur minority. The problem lay in confusing the Chinese population with the actions of an authoritarian government known for its lack of transparency,' he said. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
632. Solhi, Farah (26 January 2020). "Some Malaysians calling for ban on Chinese tourists". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
633. "Calm urged as anti-Chinese sentiment felt in New Zealand". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
634. della Cava, Marco; Lam, Kristin. "Coronavirus is spreading. And so is anti-Chinese sentiment and xenophobia". USA Today. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
635. Kim, Sarah. "As The Coronavirus Spreads, So Does Racism—Both Against And Within Asian Communities". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
636. "Vietnam walls off viral China at its peril". Asia Times. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
637. "Not Enough Doctors in Daegu: As Virus Cases Rise, South Korea's Response Is criticized". The Wall Street Journal. 24 February 2020.
638. "London Racially Motivated Assault due to Coronavirus". ITV News. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
639. La Gorce, Tammy (5 April 2020). "Chinese-Americans, Facing Abuse, Unite to Aid Hospitals in Coronavirus Battle". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
640. Rogers, Katie; Jakes, Lara; Swanson, Anna (18 March 2020). "Trump Defends Using 'Chinese Virus' Label, Ignoring Growing Criticism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
641. "Republicans are using racism against China to try to distract from Trump's disastrous coronavirus response". Business Insider. 20 March 2020.
642. "Trump: Asian-Americans not responsible for virus, need protection". Reuters. 24 March 2020.
643. Deese, Kaelan (18 February 2020). "Chinatown restaurants, shops say business is down due to coronavirus fears". TheHill. Retrieved 14 March 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
644. "Italy Shows Just How Crazy Coronavirus Panic Can Get". The Daily Beast. 29 February 2020.
645. "Italians Are Being Treated as a Risk Abroad Over Coronavirus". The Wall Street Journal. 28 February 2020.
646. Kolachalam, Namrata (9 April 2020). "Indian Muslims Are Being Scapegoated for the Coronavirus". Slate. Retrieved 10 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
647. "Violence flares in tense Paris suburbs as heavy-handed lockdown stirs 'explosive cocktail'". France 24. 21 April 2020.
648. "Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide". Human Rights Watch. 12 May 2020.
649. "Gulf coronavirus racism scandals shine light on conditions for migrants". TRT World. 17 April 2020.
650. "The COVID-19 crisis is fueling more racist discourse towards migrant workers in the Gulf". Migrant Rights. 5 April 2020.
651. "Covid-19 Backlash Targets LGBT People in South Korea". Human Rights Watch. 13 May 2020.
652. "Explained: Why South Korea's new Covid-19 outbreak has the LGBTQ community worried". The Indian Express. 21 May 2020.
653. Walden, Max; Yang, Samuel (9 April 2020). "As coronavirus sparks anti-Chinese racism, xenophobia rises in China itself". ABC News9 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
654. Asiedu, Kwasi Gyamfi. "After enduring months of lockdown, Africans in China are being targeted and evicted from apartments". Quartz Africa. Retrieved 13 April 2020. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
655. Marsh, Jenni. "Beijing faces a diplomatic crisis after reports of mistreatment of Africans in China causes outrage". CNN. Retrieved 14 April 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
656. "China McDonald's apologises for Guangzhou ban on black people". BBC News. 14 April 2020.
657. "'No blacks': Evicted, harassed and targeted in China for their race amid coronavirus". Los Angeles Times. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
658. Jerde, Sara (12 March 2020). "Major Publishers Take Down Paywalls for Coronavirus Coverage". Adweek. Retrieved 25 March 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
659. "Sharing research data and findings relevant to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak". wellcome.ac.uk (Press release). 31 January 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
660. Rogers, Adam (31 January 2020). "Coronavirus Research Is Moving at Top Speed—With a Catch". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 13 February 2020. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
661. "Iran Leader Refuses US Help, Citing Virus Conspiracy Theory". VOA News. 26 March 2020.
662. "Donald Trump says he was being sarcastic when he suggested injecting disinfectant could treat coronavirus". ABC News. 25 April 2020.
663. Murphy H, Di Stefano M, Manson K (20 March 2020). "Huge text message campaigns spread coronavirus fake news". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
664. "Fraudulent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Products". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 4 January 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
665. Kowalczyk O, Roszkowski K, Montane X, Pawliszak W, Tylkowski B, Bajek A (December 2020). "Religion and Faith Perception in a Pandemic of COVID-19". Journal of Religion and Health. 59 (6): 2671–2677. doi:10.1007/s10943-020-01088-3. ISSN 0022-4197. PMC 7549332. PMID 33044598.
666. "COVID: Top 10 current conspiracy theories". Alliance for Science. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
667. Kassam N (25 March 2020). "Disinformation and coronavirus". The Interpreter. Lowy Institute. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
668. Kuhn SA, Lieb R, Freeman D, Andreou C, Zander-Schellenberg T (March 2021). "Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs in the German-speaking general population: endorsement rates and links to reasoning biases and paranoia". Psychological Medicine. 52 (16): 4162–4176. doi:10.1017/S0033291721001124. PMC 8027560. PMID 33722315.
669. Nadesan, Majia (28 April 2022). "Crises Narratives Defining the COVID-19 Pandemic: Expert Uncertainties and Conspiratorial Sensemaking". American Behavioral Scientist. doi:10.1177/00027642221085893. PMC 9051992.
670. Radford B (November–December 2020). "Conspiracy Theories Grow as COVID-19 Spreads". Skeptical Inquirer. Amherst, New York: Center for Inquiry. p. 5. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.