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	==Claims of Civil War service==		==Claims of Civil War service==
	Sarah Emma Edmonds' interest in adventure was sparked by a book she read in her youth by ] called '']''',<ref>{{cite book\|last=Ballou\|first=Maturin Murray\|title=Fanny Campbell, the female pirate captain : a tale of the revolution\|year=1845\|publisher=F. Gleason\|location=Boston}}</ref> telling the story of Fanny Campbell and her adventures on a pirate ship during the American Revolution while dressed as a woman<ref name="Tsui 2006"/> Fanny remained dressed as a man in order to pursue other adventures, to which Edmonds attributes her desire to ]. During the ], on May 25, 1861, she enlisted in Company F of the ], also known as the Flint Union Greys.<ref name="Tsui 2006"/> On her second try, she disguised herself as a man named "Franklin Flint Thompson," the middle name possibly after the city she volunteered in, ]. She felt that it was her duty to serve her country and was truly patriotic towards her new country.<ref>Eggleston, Larry G. (2003). ''Women in the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders, and Others''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. {{ISBN\|0786414936}}, page 25.</ref> She at first served as a male field ], participating in several campaigns under ], including the ] and ], ], the ], ], ], and others. However, some historians claim that these reports place her in more than one location at the same time.		Sarah Emma Edmonds' interest in adventure was sparked by a book she read in her youth by ] called '']''',<ref>{{cite book\|last=Ballou\|first=Maturin Murray\|title=Fanny Campbell, the female pirate captain: a tale of the revolution\|year=1845\|publisher=F. Gleason\|location=Boston}}</ref> telling the story of Fanny Campbell and her adventures on a pirate ship during the American Revolution while dressed as a woman<ref name="Tsui 2006"/> Fanny remained dressed as a man in order to pursue other adventures, to which Edmonds attributes her desire to ]. During the ], on May 25, 1861, she enlisted in Company F of the ], also known as the Flint Union Greys.<ref name="Tsui 2006"/> On her second try, she disguised herself as a man named "Franklin Flint Thompson," the middle name possibly after the city she volunteered in, ]. She felt that it was her duty to serve her country and was truly patriotic towards her new country.<ref>Eggleston, Larry G. (2003). ''Women in the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders, and Others''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. {{ISBN\|0786414936}}, page 25.</ref> She at first served as a male field ], participating in several campaigns under ], including the ] and ], ], the ], ], ], and others. However, some historians claim that these reports place her in more than one location at the same time.

	Edmonds's career took a turn during the war when a Union spy in Richmond, Virginia was discovered and went before a ], and a friend, James Vesey, was killed in an ambush. She took advantage of the open spot and the opportunity to avenge her friend's death. She applied for, and won, the position as Franklin Thompson. Although there is no proof in her military records that she actually served as a spy, she wrote extensively about her experiences disguised as a spy during the war.<ref name=Tsui>Tsui, Bonnie.''She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War.''</ref>{{page needed\|date=November 2015}}		Edmonds's career took a turn during the war when a Union spy in Richmond, Virginia was discovered and went before a ], and a friend, James Vesey, was killed in an ambush. She took advantage of the open spot and the opportunity to avenge her friend's death. She applied for, and won, the position as Franklin Thompson. Although there is no proof in her military records that she actually served as a spy, she wrote extensively about her experiences disguised as a spy during the war.<ref name=Tsui>Tsui, Bonnie.''She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War.''</ref>{{page needed\|date=November 2015}}
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	Traveling into enemy territory to gather information required Emma to come up with many disguises. One disguise required Edmonds to use ] to dye her skin black, wear a black wig, and walk into the ] disguised as a black man by the name of Cuff. Another time she entered as an Irish peddler woman by the name of Bridget O'Shea, claiming that she was selling apples and soap to the soldiers. Again, she was "working for the Confederates" as a black laundress when a packet of official papers fell out of an officer's jacket. When Thompson returned to the Union with the papers, the generals were delighted. Another time, she worked as a detective in Kentucky as Charles Mayberry, uncovering a Confederacy agent.<ref name="Edmonds">Edmonds, S. Emma E., ''Nurse and Spy in the Union Army'', chapter XV</ref>		Traveling into enemy territory to gather information required Emma to come up with many disguises. One disguise required Edmonds to use ] to dye her skin black, wear a black wig, and walk into the ] disguised as a black man by the name of Cuff. Another time she entered as an Irish peddler woman by the name of Bridget O'Shea, claiming that she was selling apples and soap to the soldiers. Again, she was "working for the Confederates" as a black laundress when a packet of official papers fell out of an officer's jacket. When Thompson returned to the Union with the papers, the generals were delighted. Another time, she worked as a detective in Kentucky as Charles Mayberry, uncovering a Confederacy agent.<ref name="Edmonds">Edmonds, S. Emma E., ''Nurse and Spy in the Union Army'', chapter XV</ref>

	Edmonds's career as Frank Thompson came to an end when she ~~contracted~~ ~~malaria~~. She abandoned her duty in the military, fearing that if she went to a military ] she would be discovered. She checked herself into a private hospital, intending to return to military life once she had recuperated. Once she recovered, however, she saw posters listing Frank Thompson as a deserter. Rather than return to the army under another alias or as Frank Thompson, risking execution for desertion, she decided to serve as a female nurse at a ] hospital for wounded soldiers run by the ]. There was speculation that Edmonds may have deserted because of John Reid having been discharged months earlier. There is evidence in his diary that she had mentioned leaving before she had contracted malaria. Her fellow soldiers spoke highly of her military service, and even after her disguise was discovered, considered her a good soldier. She was referred to as a fearless soldier and was active in every battle her regiment faced.<ref name=Tsui /><ref>Eggleston, Larry G. (2003). ''Women in the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders, and Others''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. {{ISBN\|0786414936}}, page 29.</ref>		Edmonds's career as Frank Thompson came to an end when she took a trip to Berry's Brigade in order to deliver mail to Union forces. She was thrown into a ditch by her mule before reaching the brigade in an attempt to take advantage of a shortcut; Edmonds sustained severe injuries and could not finish the trip before the First Battle of Bull Run had commenced. She abandoned her duty in the military, fearing that if she went to a military ] she would be discovered. She checked herself into a private hospital, intending to return to military life once she had recuperated. Once she recovered, however, she saw posters listing Frank Thompson as a deserter. Rather than return to the army under another alias or as Frank Thompson, risking execution for desertion, she decided to serve as a female nurse at a ] hospital for wounded soldiers run by the ]. There was speculation that Edmonds may have deserted because of John Reid having been discharged months earlier. There is evidence in his diary that she had mentioned leaving before she had contracted malaria. Her fellow soldiers spoke highly of her military service, and even after her disguise was discovered, they considered her a good soldier. She was referred to as a fearless soldier and was active in every battle her regiment faced.<ref name=Tsui /><ref>Eggleston, Larry G. (2003). ''Women in the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders, and Others''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. {{ISBN\|0786414936}}, page 29.</ref>

	==Memoir==		==Memoir==

Revision as of 22:06, 23 June 2020

Canadian-born woman who is known for serving as a man with the Union Army during the American Civil War

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Sarah Emma Edmonds
Edmonds as Franklin Thompson
Nickname(s)	"Franklin Thompson"
Born	December 1841 Magaguadavic Ridge, Province of New Brunswick, British North America
Died	September 5, 1898 (age 56) La Porte, Texas, U.S.
Buried	Glenwood Cemetery Houston, Texas, U.S.
Allegiance	United States of America Union
Service / branch	Union Army
Years of service	1861–1865
Rank	Spy
Unit	2nd Michigan Volunteer Infantry
Battles / wars	American Civil War
Awards	In 1992 she was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame. In 1897, she became the only woman admitted to the Grand Army of the Republic

Sarah Emma Edmonds (December 1841 – September 5, 1898), was a Canadian-born woman who is known for serving as a man with the Union Army during the American Civil War. In 1992, she was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame.

Early life

Born in 1841 in New Brunswick, then a British colony, Edmonds grew up with her sisters on their family's farm near Magaguadavic Lake, not far from the border with the State of Maine. Edmonds fled home at age fifteen to escape an arranged marriage and the abuse of her father, who wanted a son instead of a daughter. Aided by her mother, who herself married young, Edmonds escaped the marriage and ultimately adopted the guise of Franklin Thompson to travel easier. A male disguise allowed Edmonds to eat, travel, and work independently. Crossing into the United States of America, Edmonds worked for a successful Bible bookseller and publisher in Hartford, Connecticut.

Claims of Civil War service

Sarah Emma Edmonds' interest in adventure was sparked by a book she read in her youth by Maturin Murray Ballou called Fanny Campbell, the Female Pirate Captain', telling the story of Fanny Campbell and her adventures on a pirate ship during the American Revolution while dressed as a woman Fanny remained dressed as a man in order to pursue other adventures, to which Edmonds attributes her desire to cross dress. During the Civil War, on May 25, 1861, she enlisted in Company F of the 2nd Michigan Infantry, also known as the Flint Union Greys. On her second try, she disguised herself as a man named "Franklin Flint Thompson," the middle name possibly after the city she volunteered in, Flint, Michigan. She felt that it was her duty to serve her country and was truly patriotic towards her new country. She at first served as a male field nurse, participating in several campaigns under General McClellan, including the First and Second Battle of Bull Run, Antietam, the Peninsula Campaign, Vicksburg, Fredericksburg, and others. However, some historians claim that these reports place her in more than one location at the same time.

Edmonds's career took a turn during the war when a Union spy in Richmond, Virginia was discovered and went before a firing squad, and a friend, James Vesey, was killed in an ambush. She took advantage of the open spot and the opportunity to avenge her friend's death. She applied for, and won, the position as Franklin Thompson. Although there is no proof in her military records that she actually served as a spy, she wrote extensively about her experiences disguised as a spy during the war.

Traveling into enemy territory to gather information required Emma to come up with many disguises. One disguise required Edmonds to use silver nitrate to dye her skin black, wear a black wig, and walk into the Confederacy disguised as a black man by the name of Cuff. Another time she entered as an Irish peddler woman by the name of Bridget O'Shea, claiming that she was selling apples and soap to the soldiers. Again, she was "working for the Confederates" as a black laundress when a packet of official papers fell out of an officer's jacket. When Thompson returned to the Union with the papers, the generals were delighted. Another time, she worked as a detective in Kentucky as Charles Mayberry, uncovering a Confederacy agent.

Edmonds's career as Frank Thompson came to an end when she took a trip to Berry's Brigade in order to deliver mail to Union forces. She was thrown into a ditch by her mule before reaching the brigade in an attempt to take advantage of a shortcut; Edmonds sustained severe injuries and could not finish the trip before the First Battle of Bull Run had commenced. She abandoned her duty in the military, fearing that if she went to a military hospital she would be discovered. She checked herself into a private hospital, intending to return to military life once she had recuperated. Once she recovered, however, she saw posters listing Frank Thompson as a deserter. Rather than return to the army under another alias or as Frank Thompson, risking execution for desertion, she decided to serve as a female nurse at a Washington, D.C. hospital for wounded soldiers run by the United States Christian Commission. There was speculation that Edmonds may have deserted because of John Reid having been discharged months earlier. There is evidence in his diary that she had mentioned leaving before she had contracted malaria. Her fellow soldiers spoke highly of her military service, and even after her disguise was discovered, they considered her a good soldier. She was referred to as a fearless soldier and was active in every battle her regiment faced.

Memoir

In 1864, Boston publisher DeWolfe, Fiske, & Co. published Edmonds' account of her military experiences as The Female Spy of the Union Army. One year later, her story was picked up by a Hartford, CT publisher who issued it with a new title, Nurse and Spy in the Union Army. It was a huge success, selling in excess of 175,000 copies. Edmonds donated the profits from her memoir to "various soldiers' aid organization."

Personal life

In 1867, she married Linus. H. Seelye, a mechanic and a childhood friend with whom she had three children. All three of their children died in their youth, leading the couple to adopt two sons.

Later life

Edmonds became a lecturer after her story became public in 1883. In 1886, she received a government pension of $12 a month for her military service, and after some campaigning, was able to have the charge of desertion dropped, and receive an honorable discharge. In 1897, she became the only woman admitted to the Grand Army of the Republic, the Civil War Union Army veterans' organization. Edmonds died in La Porte, Texas, and is buried in the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) section of Washington Cemetery in Houston. Edmonds was laid to rest a second time in 1901 with full military honors.

Her publications

Edmonds, S. Emma E. Nurse and Spy in the Union Army: Comprising the Adventures and Experiences of a Woman in Hospitals, Camps, and Battle-Fields. Hartford, Conn: W.S. Williams, 1865. OCLC 170538 Reprinted by Meadow Books in 2006, ISBN 9781846850417

Legacy

A number of fictional accounts of her life having been written for young adults in the 20th century, including Ann Rinaldi's Girl in Blue. Rinaldi writes of Edmonds' life and how she became to be Franklin Thompson.

She was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 1992.

References

Eggleston, Larry G. (2003). Women in the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders, and Others. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0786414936, pp. 23, 30
^ Tsui, Bonnie (2006). She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War. Guilford: Two Dot.
Ballou, Maturin Murray (1845). Fanny Campbell, the female pirate captain: a tale of the revolution. Boston: F. Gleason.
Eggleston, Larry G. (2003). Women in the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders, and Others. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0786414936, page 25.
^ Tsui, Bonnie.She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War.
Edmonds, S. Emma E., Nurse and Spy in the Union Army, chapter XV
Eggleston, Larry G. (2003). Women in the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders, and Others. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0786414936, page 29.
^ DeAnne Blanton (Spring 1993). "Women Soldiers of the Civil War, Part 2". Prologue Magazine: Selected Articles. Vol. 25, no. 1.
"Sarah Emma Edmonds: Michigan Women's Hall of Fame page". Archived from the original on 2011-08-17.

Library resources about
Sarah Emma Edmonds

External links

Michigan Women's Hall of Fame

1980s

1983	Harriette Simpson Arnow N. Lorraine Beebe Mamie Geraldine Neale Bledsoe Elizabeth Margaret Chandler Mary Stallings Coleman Wilma T. Donahue Grace Eldering Josephine Gomon Martha W. Griffiths Dorothy Haener Laura Smith Haviland Mildred Jeffrey Pearl Kendrick Helen W. Milliken Rosa Parks Anna Howard Shaw Lucinda Hinsdale Stone Sojourner Truth
1984	Virginia Allan Helen J. Claytor Caroline Bartlett Crane Marguerite de Angeli Emma Genevieve Gillette Icie Macy Hoobler Magdelaine Laframboise Martha Longstreet Elly M. Peterson Jessie Pharr Slaton Mary C. Spencer Bertha Van Hoosen
1986	Patricia Boyle Elizabeth C. Crosby Gwen Frostic Elmina R. Lucke Marjorie Swank Matthews Marjorie Peebles-Meyers Mary Chase Perry Stratton Helen Thomas
1987	Marion Isabel Barnhart Patricia Hill Burnett Ethel Calhoun Georgia Emery Betty Ford Rosa Slade Gragg Clara Raven
1988	Louise (Sally) Langdon Brown Ethelene Crockett Marcia J. Federbush Frances Alvord Harris M. Jane Kay Nugent Agnes Mary Mansour Helen M. Martin Sarah Goddard Power
1989	Clara Arthur Anna Sutherland Bissell Alexa Canady Anne R. Davidow Bernadine Newsom Denning Isabella Karle Jean Ledwith King Olga Madar Mary Anne Bryant

1990s

1990	Emily Helen Butterfield Erma Henderson Dorothy Leonard Judd Elba Lila Morse Fannie M. Richards Emelia Christine Schaub Mary P. Sinclair Merze Tate Delia Villegas Vorhauer
1991	Rachel Andresen Mary Beck Jan BenDor Janet K. Good Jo Jacobs Virginia Cecile Blomer Nordby Dorothy Comstock Riley Edith Mays Swanson
1992	Cora Brown Mary Lou Butcher Sarah Emma Edmonds Violet Temple Lewis Luise Ruth Leismer Mahon Gilda Radner Martha Romayne Seger Ann M. Shafer Sylvia M. Stoesser Lucy Thurman Charleszetta Waddles
1993	Edith Vosburgh Alvord Catherine Carter Blackwell Jean W. Campbell Katherine Hill Campbell Lenna Frances Cooper Roberta A. Griffith Bina West Miller Jeanne Omelenchuk Sippie Wallace Edna Noble White Irene Clark Woodman
1994	Marie-Therese Guyon Cadillac Ruth Carlton Flossie Cohen Bertha A. Daubendiek Genora Johnson Dollinger Flora Hommel Sarah Van Hoosen Jones Aleda E. Lutz Helen Walker McAndrew
1995	Yolanda Alvarado-Ortega Irene Auberlin Hilda R. Gage Lucia Voorhees Grimes R. Louise Grooms Odessa Komer Laura Freele Osborn Jacquelin E. Washington
1996	Carrie Frazier Rogers-Brown Anna Clemenc Waunetta McClellan Dominic Margaret Muth Laurence Claudia House Morcom Betsy Graves Reyneau Shirley E. Schwartz Joan Luedders Wolfe
1997	Ellen Burstyn Marion Corwell-Shertzer Four Sisters of Charity Della McGraw Goodwin Alice Hamilton Nancy Harkness Love Maryann Mahaffey Sharon E. Sutton Matilda Dodge Wilson
1998	Connie Binsfeld Hilda Patricia Curran Marie Dye Eleanor Josaitis Dorrie Ellen Rosenblatt Ella Merriman Sharp Martha Jean Steinberg Ruth Thompson Lily Tomlin
1999	Patricia Beeman Olympia Brown Doris DeDeckere Margaret Drake Elliott Elizabeth Homer Eleonore Hutzel Ella Eaton Kellogg Emily Burton Ketcham Ardeth Platte

2000s

2000	Loney Clinton Gordon Katherine G. Heideman Dauris Gwendolyn Jackson Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy Marjorie J. Lansing Chuan-Pu Lee Marilyn Fisher Lundy Katharine Dexter McCormick Kathleen N. Straus Clarissa M. Young
2001	Cora Reynolds Anderson Lucile E. Belen Theresa Maxis Duchemin Aretha Franklin Francie Kraker Goodridge Marian Bayoff Ilitch Mary Ellen Riordan Joesphine Stern Weiner
2002	Hortense Golden Canady Julia Wheelock Freeman Lillian Mellen Genser May Stocking Knaggs Naomi Long Madgett Lucille Hanna McCollough Lana Pollack Martha Louise Rayne Muriel Dorothy Ross
2003	Mary Agnes Blair Verne Burbridge Nellie Cuellar Alice Scanlan Kocel Joyce Lewis Kornbluh Eliza Seaman Leggett Ida Lippman Marion Weyant Ruth Bernice Steadman Pamela Withrow Ruth Zweifler
2004	Geraldine Bledsoe Ford Jennifer Mulhern Granholm Lystra Gretter Florine Mark Cathy McClelland Constance Mayfield Rourke
2005	Margaret Chiara Eva Lois Evans Georgia A. Lewis Johnson Lida Holmes Mattman Olivia Maynard Deborah Stabenow Caroline Thrun Margaret Sellers Walker Elizabeth Weaver
2006	Cynthia Yao Mary Esther Daddazio Margery Feliksa Nancy Hammond Viola Liuzzo Marge Piercy Dora Hall Stockman Martha Strickland Clark Helen Hornbeck Tanner
2007	Mary Brown Gertrude Buck Emma Cole Haifa Fakhouri Carolyn Geisel Jane Briggs Hart Abigail Rogers Kathleen Wilbur Woman's Hospital Association (charter members)
2008	Carol Atkins Patricia Cuza Carol King Vicki Neiberg Jane Johnston Schoolcraft Leta Snow Sister Mary Francilene Van de Vyver
2009	Carol Atkins Grace Lee Boggs Margaret Chandler Ruth Ellis Edna Ferber Glenda Lappan Kay Givens McGowan Elizabeth Phillips Jessica Rickert Betty Tableman Marlo Thomas

2010s

2010	Mary Aikey Laura Carter Callow Augusta Jane Chapin Sandra Laser Draggoo Annie Etheridge Sherrill Freeborough Dorean Marguerite Hurley Koenig Terry McMillan Edith Munger Cynthia J. Pasky
2011	Lois A. Bader Jumana Judeh Marilyn Kelly Valeria Lipczynski Edelmira Lopez Kary Moss Rose Mary Robinson Tricia Saunders
2012	Gladys Beckwith Patricia Caruso Mary Jane Dockeray Judith Karandjeff Les Meres et Debutantes Club of Greater Lansing Serena Williams L. Anna Ballard Eva McCall Hamilton Mary E. McCoy
2013	Elizabeth W. Bauer Judith Levin Cantor Paula Cunningham Joan Jackson Johnson Gladys McKenney Marina von Neumann Whitman Con-Con Eleven Elizabeth Eaglesfield Harriet Quimby
2014	Elizabeth Lehman Belen MaryLee Davis Jeanne Findlater Dorothy A. Johnson Julie Krone Mary Carmelita Manning Barbara Roberts Mason Marylou Olivarez Mason Andra M. Rush Mary Ellen Sheets Lucille Farrier Stickel
2015	Jocelyn Benson Maxine Berman Sue Carter Janet C. Cooper Mabel White Holmes Candice Miller Esther K. Shapiro Maggie Walz Myra Wolfgang Linda M. Woods
2016	Elizabeth Sparks Adams Anan Ameri Daisy Elliott Faith Fowler Evelyn Golden Olivia Letts Mary Free Bed Guild Diana Ross Lou Anna Kimsey Simon Charlotte Wilson
2017	American Legion NUWARINE Post 535 Ella Mae Backus Clara Bryant Ford Lisette Denison Forth Mary Kay Henry Verna Grahek Mize Bernice Morton Rosie the Riveter Rosemary C. Sarri Elizabeth Wetzel
2018	Agatha Biddle Mona Hanna-Attisha Clara Stanton Jones Angela K. Wilson Kym L. Worthy
2019	Margaret Kirchner Stevenson Lucile A. Watts Martha Baldwin Gilda Z. Jacobs Vernice Davis Anthony Terry Blackhawk

2020s

2020	Najah Bazzy Elizabeth Jackson (Michigan) Glenda Price Martha Teichner Atlas Ruth Westbrook Dorothy Zehnder
2021	Rosalind Brewer Debra White-Hunt Lila Neuenfelt Fannie B. Peck Sarah Elizabeth Ray Diana Sieger
2022	Esther Gordy Edwards Carol Hutchins Mary Kramer (Michigan) Mary Locke Petermann Danielle Camille Woods
2023	Gretchen Whitmer Denise Langford Morris Kelly Rossman McKinney Traverse City Ladies Association

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