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Goražde
City
Grad Goražde City of Goražde
Goražde
Seal
Location of Goražde within Bosnia and Herzegovina
Coordinates: 43°40′N 18°59′E / 43.667°N 18.983°E / 43.667; 18.983
Country	Bosnia and Herzegovina
Entity	Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Canton	Bosnian Podrinje Canton
Government
• Mayor	Muhamed Ramović (Independent)
Area
• City	248.8 km (96.1 sq mi)
• Urban	238 km (92 sq mi)
Elevation	345 m (1,132 ft)
Population
• City	20,897
• Urban	12,512
• Urban density	52,571/km (136,160/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	73000
Area code	(+387) 38
Website	www.gorazde.ba

Goražde (pronounced [ɡǒraʒde]) is a city and the administrative center of Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goražde of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated on the banks of Drina river. As of 2013, it has a population of 20,897 inhabitants.

Location

Goražde is situated on the banks of the River Drina in South East Bosnia (see maps). The city lies at the foot of the eastern slope of mountain Jahorina at a height of 345 m (1,132 ft) above sea level. The settlement is situated on the alluvial terrace in a broad valley, formed by the erosion of the River Drina. The valley is bordered on the South-East by Biserna (701 m ), on the South by Samari (696 m ), on the South-West by Misjak (618 m ), on the West by Gubavica (410 m (1,345 ft)) and on the North by Povrsnica (420 m ).

The River Drina flows between these and some other hills. Its valley, which, since ancient times it has been part of the route going from the sea to the mainland (Dubrovnik–Trebinje–Gacko–Foča–the Drina valley), is the principal traffic artery in the south-eastern region of Bosnia. At Goražde this road meets another coming from Sarajevo and central Bosnia via the Jabuka Mountain pass down to the Drina valley and preceding on to Plevlje.

History

Medieval period

With Gornje Podrinje, Goražde was part of the old Serbian State up to 1376, when it was attached to the Bosnian State under the reign of King Tvrtko. After Tvrtko's death the town was ruled by the Hum Dukes among whom the best known was Herzog Stjepan Vukčić Kosača.

In 1379, Goražde was first mentioned as a trading settlement and in 1444 as a fortress. The origin of the town's name seems to have come from the Slavonic word "gorazd"

The Goražde market became well known in 1415 when merchants from Dubrovnik had intensive commercial relations with it.

Ottoman rule

The Turks took Goražde over definitively in 1465 and the place assumed oriental features. In 1477 there were four mahals in town. From 1550–1557 Mustafa Sokolovic built a stone bridge across the Drina and a caravanserai.

During the Turkish rule Goražde was a significant trading centre, being at the crossroads of the two important roads: the Bosnian and the Dubrovnik. The gross state income from land amounted in 1477 to 24,256 akchi. In 1711 Goražde was mentioned as the Turkish zoimat of 26,000 akchi.

Two mosques built by the Sijercic begs date back to the 18th century. Near Goražde stands the old Bogomil Church, which was under Ottoman rule converted into Eastern Orthodox Church of Saint George, built in 1454 by Stefan Vukčić Kosača for his wife. The Goražde printing house, attached to the church, worked there from 1519 to 1521. This was the first printing house to be established in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the second in the Balkans.

The decline of Goražde in the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century is attributed, among other things, to the plague. Up to the middle of the 19th century Goražde was part of the Herzegovinian Sandjak, when it became part of the Sarajevo Sandjak.

Austrian rule

The period of the Austro-Hungarian occupation was marked by the decline of Goražde, although there was at the same time a certain ascent. Due to its geographical position on the border Goražde was during World War I one of the main strongholds of Austria-Hungary used against Serbia and Montenegro.

Yugoslavia

In pre-war Yugoslavia Goražde, being no more a frontier town, had normal conditions under which to develop and prosper.

In 1941 German troops entered the town after an air-raid on April 17. Later on Italian troops were also stationed there.

The National Liberation Army took over the town for the first time on January 27, 1942, and remained there until May of the same year. During this period National Liberation Committees were formed for the town the district of Goražde on the basis of the Foča Stipulations. At the same time Goražde was the headquarters of the National Liberation Army for East Bosnia. Early in March, 1942 the Commander-in-Chief, Marshal Tito stayed in Goražde. Goražde was liberated twice more, in 1943 and 1944, and on March 6, 1945 it was finally liberated from the occupation.

Chetnik massacres against ethnic Croats and Bosniaks in December 1941–January 1942 caused the death of approximately 2,050 civilians.

The composition of the Goražde population can be traced from the times of Austro-Hungarian occupation. The Orthodox inhabitants originate from Stari Vlah in Sandzak, Brda in Montenegro, Herzegovina and South Serbia The few ancestral inhabitants exempted, the Muslim. population began to come in great numbers to Goražde and its surroundings in the 17th century.

From the end of the war till 1961 a considerable number of new groups of families came to live in Goražde from the neighbouring villages and from some other far away places, having been attracted by the economic growth of Goražde. According to the census of 1961 Goražde had 8,812 inhabitants.

Before World War II the industry of Goražde comprised mainly retail trade and in some measure wholesale trade, the catering industry, handicraft, transport. During the occupation, 1941–1945, industry was destroyed and about 45% of the existing houses as well.

Since then Goražde's industry has been systematically developing, its main branches being manufacturing, building, transport, trade and crafts. In 1981 Gorazde's GDP per capita was 70% of the Yugoslav average.

After the II World War a new period, marked by a tremendous social and economic rise began. A number of new industrial enterprises have been founded, among which the most significant is the Nitrogen Factory.

Bosnian War

From 1992 to 1995 during the Bosnian War, Goražde was one of six Bosniak enclaves, along with Srebrenica and Žepa, surrounded and besieged by the Bosnian Serb Army. In April 1993 it was made into a United Nations Safe Area in which the United Nations was supposed to deter attacks on the civilian population. Between March 30 and April 23, 1994, the Serbs launched a major offensive against the town. After air strikes against Serb tanks and outposts and a NATO ultimatum, Serbian forces agreed to withdraw their artillery and armored vehicles 20 km (12 mi) from the town. In 1995 it was again targeted by the Bosnian Serbs, who ignored the ultimatum and launched an attack on UN guard posts. Around 350 UN servicemen were taken hostage but the remaining men from the Royal Welch Fusiliers who were already stationed there and reinforcement Bosniak troops prevented the Bosnian Serbs from taking over the town. It avoided the fate of Srebrenica, where the Bosnian Serbs continued on to after the failed attempt.

After the negotiation of the Dayton accords, a land corridor was established between Goražde and the Federation.

Settlements

Demographics

Population

Ethnic composition

Environment

Natural environment

The surrounding region of Goražde is composed of Paleozoic slate, sandstone, carbon and perm. The hills are for the most part rounded and with gentle slopes. The higher ones are composed of limestone. Goražde with its surroundings has mainly equable and fresh mountainous climate. The average annual temperature of the air is 10.8 C and the rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. The town is supplied with water from six springs. One part of the inhabitants gets drinking water from ordinary wells. The construction of a water supply system began in 1962. from the spring in Cajnice, 16.5 km (10.3 mi) from Goražde.

The River Drina has great significance for the founding and the development of Goražde. The greatest floods recorded since the 18th century occurred in 1677,1731,1737, 1896,1911,1922,1952,1974 and 2010.

Built environment

The main characteristic of the layout and the type of town is its elongated shape along the Ustipraca–Foča road. From 1465 till 1878 Goražde was part of the Turkish Empire. In the 18th and 19th centuries Goražde was inhabited by Muslim and Orthodox communities. Up to World War II there existed two separate parts: Muslim and Orthodox. Today this division is disappearing. After World War II the town began to expand and be modernized, New streets have been built, public and residential buildings have been built in the centre and in the outskirts as well. From 1945 to 1961, 1130 council flats and 680 private homes have been built. In 1961 there were 616 buildings altogether in the town.

Climate

In literature

The 1992–1995 siege of Goražde is the subject of several books, two of which are available in English; both underline the mixture of brutality and humanity that punctuated the era. Savo Heleta's Not My Turn to Die is written by a survivor who was a Serb-Bosnian teenager whose family was at once under fire from the Serb bombardments and under suspicion as Serbs in the mostly Bosniak town. Safe Area Gorazde is an award-winning graphic novel by Joe Sacco, a reporter who visited the besieged town several times during the period.

Another book that is centred heavily on Goražde is No Escape Zone authored by Nick Richardson. Richardson is a former Fleet Air Arm pilot who was shot down in the region of Goražde on a NATO bombing mission. He spent several weeks inside the city and tells of the conditions and daily shelling residents and UN forces faced.

Other books, written in Serbo-Croatian (i.e. Bosnian, Croatian or Serbian) include Goraždanske Godine (Fahrudin Bečić, Compact-E, 1996), Biti svjedok istine (Ahmet Sejdić, Info-grafika, 1996), Ratni Dnevnik Goražde 1992. - 1995. (Sarajlić Tarik, Smail Sarajlić, 1998), Teror nad Srbima u Goraždu (Nikola Heleta, Svet knjige, Beograd, 1999) and Goražde '92-'95. Stradanje Srba (Nikola Heleta, Centar za istraživanje zločina nad srpskim narodom, Beograd, 1996).

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Goražde is twinned with:

• Şahinbey, Turkey.
• Kecioren, Turkey.
• Gungoren, Turkey.
• Mettmann, Germany.
• Gera, Germany.
• Saint Brieuc, France.
• Sesto San Giovanni, Italy.
• Maragheh, Iran,

Notable people

• Admir Raščić, football player
• János Vitéz, Danubian humanist, Cardinal Archbishop of Esztergom, Primate of Hungary and Bishop of Várad (1445–1465)
• Isak Samokovlija, writer
• Miroslav Radović, football player
• Anabela Atijas, singer
• Kasim Kamenica, handball player and coach
• Džejla Ramović, singer
• Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, last King of Bosnia
• Rade Jovanović, folksong collector and composer
• Elvir Laković Laka, singer

See also

• Safe Area Goražde
• Drina Martyrs

References

1. Radovinović, Radovan; Bertić, Ivan, eds. (1984). Atlas svijeta: Novi pogled na Zemlju (in Croatian) (3rd ed.). Zagreb: Sveučilišna naklada Liber.
2. Sophie Haspeslagh. "The Bosnian 'Safe Havens'" (PDF). Beyondtractabiliity.org. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
3. Regan Richard (1996). Just war: principles and cases. CUA Press, p. 203. ISBN 0-8132-0856-4
4. "Fusiliers' battle to save Bosnians". BBC. 5 December 2002.
5. "Meteorlogical data for station Goražde in period 1961–1990". Meteorological Institute of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
6. "Dr Savo Heleta | Author of NOT MY TURN TO DIE: Memoirs of a Broken Childhood in Bosnia". Savoheleta.com. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
7. "Not My Turn to Die: Memoirs of a Broken Childhood in Bosnia: Savo Heleta: 9780814401651: Amazon.com: Books". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
8. "Safe Area Gorazde: The War in Eastern Bosnia 1992–1995 by Joe Sacco - Powell's Books". Powells.com. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
9. Richardson, Nick (2000). No Escape Zone. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-85314-3.
10. "Načelnik Upriličio Prijem Za Goste Iz Irana". Gorazde.ba. 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2013-11-23.

External links

• Official Website (in Bosnian)
• Goražde Community portal (in Bosnian)
• Goražde Info website

v t e Municipalities of the Bosnian Podrinje Canton
Goražde Pale-Prača Foča-Ustikolina

v t e Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
v t e Entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Republika Srpska
v t e Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina      Una-Sana  Central Bosnia  Posavina  Herzegovina-Neretva  Tuzla  West Herzegovina  Zenica-Doboj  Sarajevo  Bosnian Podrinje  Canton 10
v t e Districts of Bosnia and Herzegovina Brčko distrikt
v t e Municipalities and cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Cities Bihać Bosanska Krupa Cazin Čapljina Goražde Gračanica Gradačac Konjic Livno Lukavac Ljubuški Mostar Orašje Sarajevo (capital) Srebrenik Stolac Široki Brijeg Tuzla Visoko Zavidovići Zenica Živinice Municipalities Banovići Bosanski Petrovac Bosansko Grahovo Breza Brčko Bugojno Busovača Bužim Cazin Čelić Čitluk Drvar Doboj East Doboj South Dobretići Domaljevac-Šamac Donji Vakuf Foča-Ustikolina Fojnica Glamoč Goražde Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje Grude Hadžići Ilidža Ilijaš Jablanica Jajce Kakanj Kalesija Kiseljak Kladanj Ključ Kreševo Kupres Maglaj Neum Novi Travnik Odžak Olovo Pale-Prača Posušje Prozor-Rama Ravno Sanski Most Sapna Sarajevo Centar Novi Grad Novo Sarajevo Stari Grad Teočak Tešanj Tomislavgrad Travnik Trnovo Usora Vareš Velika Kladuša Vogošća Žepče Republika Srpska Cities Banja Luka Bijeljina Derventa Doboj Gradiška Istočno Sarajevo Laktaši Prijedor Trebinje Zvornik Municipalities Berkovići Bileća Brod Bratunac Brčko Čajniče Čelinac Donji Žabar Foča Gacko Han Pijesak Istočni Drvar Istočni Mostar Istočno Sarajevo Istočna Ilidža Istočno Novo Sarajevo Istočni Stari Grad Pale Sokolac Trnovo Jezero Kalinovik Kneževo Kostajnica Kozarska Dubica Kotor Varoš Krupa na Uni Kupres Ljubinje Lopare Milići Modriča Mrkonjić Grad Nevesinje Novi Grad Novo Goražde Osmaci Oštra Luka Pelagićevo Petrovac Petrovo Prnjavor Ribnik Rogatica Rudo Stanari Šamac Šekovići Šipovo Srbac Srebrenica Teslić Ugljevik Višegrad Vlasenica Vukosavlje

43°40′N 18°59′E / 43.667°N 18.983°E / 43.667; 18.983

• Goražde
• Populated places in Goražde