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Murzyn (Polish pronunciation: [muʐɨn]) is the most common Polish word for a black person. It is generally seen as a neutral word, while some contemporary critics, mostly of non-Polish ethnicity, claim that it has pejorative connotations.

Etymology, meaning, and usage

The word 'Murzyn' is derived by borrowing the German word Mohr, derived from Latin Maurus, similarly to the English word 'moor'.

In Polish language, 'Murzyn' means somebody with black skin (a proper noun, uppercase spelling). The lowercase word ('murzyn', a common noun) has several metaphoric and informal meanings.

Murzyn (feminine form: Murzynka, diminutive: Murzynek) can be translated into English as "black man". The standard nominative plural is Murzyni, which is using the "personal masculine" suffix, while the impersonal suffix (that is: Murzyny) is pejorative.

However, the word "Murzyn" is largely confused with the English word "Negro", without familiarizing oneself with the fact that the socio-cultural roots of both words are significantly different. Comparing Polish "Murzyn" to English "Negro" without taking into account the word's neutral origins and non-racist historical background has caused the majority of the controversy over the word in recent years. In the opinion of Dr Marek Łaziński, it has also been associated with Shakespeare's 'noble' Othello, usually called a "moor" in English. According to Łaziński the word Murzyn in Polish is sometimes perceived as offensive, though many Poles would defend its use. In comparison, a direct translation of the English word "black", "czarny", does not seem better to him since it often carries negative connotations in Polish, though he feels it may eventually replace Murzyn due to the influence of foreign languages on Polish. Łaziński, writing in the language advice column of the Polish dictionary, suggests that in cases where an individual may perceive Murzyn to be offensive, geographic or national designations should be used. According to Marcin Miłkowski, writing in 2012, the word "previously considered neutral, is now all but banned in newspapers".

According to philologist Grażyna Zarzycka, the word "'Murzyn', which in the opinion of many Poles, including academics, is not offensive, is seen by some black people as discriminatory and derogatory." For Antonina Kloskowska, meanwhile, writing in "Race", ethnicity and nation: international perspectives on social conflict, the word Murzyn "does not carry pejorative connotations. Moreover, the term "black", favoured in the English-speaking countries, which is translated into Polish as "czarny" (literally meaning "black"), is also seen as non-offensive, as this word describes a color (just like the Spanish "negro" literally meaning "black color").

Poland's first black Member of Parliament, John Godson, has said in 2011 that the word is not offensive and that he is proud to be called a Murzyn.He also said he sees no problem in using the terms "Murzyn", "ciemnoskóry" , "Afrykańczyk" , or "Afropolak" . Although later, in 2020, he tweeted "If the people in question do not wish to be called "murzyn" - please do not call them that way". . Mamadou Diouf, a black Polish musician and representative of the Committee for the African Community (Komitet Społeczności Afrykańskiej), has criticised Godson for his use of the word.

James Omolo in his 2018 book Strangers at the Gate. Black Poland argues that regardless the neutrality of the term "Murzyn", in the perception of Poles it is associated with inferiority. Among of other usage examples he cites a 2014 scandal with foreign minister Radoslaw Sikorski who reportedly said that Polish mentality suffers from "Murzyńskość" adding "The problem in Poland is that we have very shallow pride and low self-esteem". A black Polish MP, Killion Munyama, used the expression sto lat za Murzynami while speaking to Godson about the status of LGBT issues in Poland, characterising it as behind the times.

In language

A saying sometimes used in Poland, Murzyn zrobił swoje, Murzyn może odejść, is actually a quote from the 1783 play Fiesco by German writer Friedrich Schiller (translated from the German as "The Moor has done his duty, the Moor can go"). The meaning of this phrase is: "once you've served your purpose, you're no longer needed".

The lowercase word ('murzyn', a common noun) may mean:

1. (informally) Somebody anonymously doing work for somebody else;
2. (informally) Somebody with a dark brown tan;
3. (informally) A hard working person forced to do hard labour.

The English word "ghostwriter" can be translated informally in Polish as literacki Murzyn, in this case a "literary Negro".

A murzynek in informal Polish can also mean a popular type of chocolate cake, or a portion of strong coffee.

A murzyn polski ("Polish murzyn") is a variety of black-billed pigeon.

A murzynka is also a type of strawberry with small, dark red fruit.

A murzyn is also another term for szołdra, a Silesian easter bread.

In Polish culture

A famous children's poem "Murzynek Bambo" has been criticized for imprinting a stereotypical image of an African child. Others argue that the poem should be seen in the context of its time, and that commentators should not go overboard in analysing it. A journalist Adam Kowalczyk says that he "did not become a racist" because of reading the poem.

In 2014 a brand of Polish margarine, "Palma", which portrays a cartoony black person (first launched in 1972) was rebranded into "Palma z Murzynkiem", and the usage of this term attracted similar criticism. The use of the word "Murzynek" (a diminutive of Murzyn) was criticized by Polish-Senegalese Mamadou Diouf, who called for a boycott. Polish linguist Jerzy Bralczyk noted that the word "Murzyn" is not pejorative, but diminutives could be seen as such, if only because they are diminutives. The margarine producer, Bielmar, denied any racist views, and stated that the logo has been a distinctive part of the product for decades, abolishing it would result in a loss of the company's strongest brand, and the current rebranding with the diminutive (from "Palma" to "Palma z Murzynkiem") is simply a response to the common nickname of the product as used by the customers.

Pod Murzynami ("Under the Murzyns") is also a not uncommon name for chemist's shops or tenement buildings in Poland. Often an image of a black person accompanies the name.

A Polish general of African descent, Władysław Franciszek Jabłonowski (1769–1802), was nicknamed "Murzynek".

References

1. ^ Antonina Kłoskowska (1 July 1996). "Nation, race and ethnicity in Poland". In Peter Ratcliffe (ed.). "Race", ethnicity and nation: international perspectives on social conflict. Psychology Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-85728-661-8. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
2. ^ Grażyna Zarzycka, "Dyskurs prasowy o cudzoziemcach na podstawie tekstów o Łódzkiej Wieży Babel i osobach czarnoskórych", Łódź, 2006, p. 143
3. Aleksander Brückner, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, Wiedza Powszechna, Warsaw, 1993, ISBN 83-214-0410-3, p.348.
4. "Mohr, Duden online
5. "Murzyn". Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish). PWN.
6. Edited by Margaret H. Mills (1999). Slavic gender linguistics. p. 210. ISBN 9027250758. Retrieved 2013-04-23. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
7. Katamba, Francis (2004). Morphology: Morphology: Primes, phenomena and processes. ISBN 9780415270809.
8. "Czy Obama jest Murzynem?". Juraszek.net.
9. "Lista odpowiedzi" (in Polish). poradnia.pwn.pl.
10. Marcin Miłkowski (2012). "The Polish language in the digital age". p. 47. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
11. "Czy Murzynek Bambo to rasistowski wierszyk?" (in Polish). Tvp.pl. Archived from the original on 2012-01-05.
12. ""Można mówić Murzyn, czarnoskóry albo Afropolak"", tnv24, November 12, 2011
13. John Abraham Godson (21 June 2020). "[...] Podobnie jest do słowa Murzyn. Ewoluował. Skoro zainteresowani nie chcą być nazwani murzynami - proszę ich tak nie nazywać" [It's similar with the word "Murzyn". It has evolved. If the people in question do not wish to be called "murzyn" - please do not call them that way.] (Tweet) (in Polish) – via Twitter.
14. "Murzyn to niewolnik. Szkoda, że poseł tego nie łapie" (in Polish). Tvn24.pl. Archived from the original on 2011-12-01. Retrieved 2011-11-30. Diouf: "Myślę, że pan poseł nie zna pochodzenia słowa, o którym mowa" - "I think, that the MP doesn't know the etymology of the word".
15. James Omolo, Strangers at the Gate. Black Poland, p. 69, at Google Books, 2018, ISBN 8394711804
16. "Report: Poland's Foreign Minister Blasts 'Worthless' U.S. Relationship", Time Magazine, June 22, 2014
17. "Munyama do Godsona: "Jesteśmy sto lat za Murzynami". "Newsweek" o kulisach dyskusji PO" (in Polish). gazeta.pl. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
18. "Murzyn zrobił swoje, Murzyn może odejść - definition in Megasłownik - the online dictionary".
19. "Murzyn". Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish). PWN.
20. "Jak Colin wyłowił Alicję" (in Polish). Tvn24.pl.
21. "PANDORA W KONGU" (in Polish). wydawnictwoliterackie.pl.
22. Murzynek, PWN
23. Murzyn polski, PWN
24. "Murzynka". sjp.pwn.pl.
25. "Czy "Murzynek Bambo" obraża Afrykanów?"
26. Murzynek Bambo dla licealistów? Archived 2012-03-27 at the Wayback Machine, Colemi.pl (in Polish)
27. Huckleberry Finn a Murzynek Bambo, Debata.olsztyn.pl (in Polish)
28. http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,15684470,Kultowa_margaryna_z_Murzynkiem_oburza_Afrykanczykow.html
29. "Murzynek Bambo w Afryce mieszka, czyli jak polska kultura stworzyła swojego Murzyna" (in Polish). historiasztuki.uni.wroc.pl.
30. "Jabłonowski Władysław Franciszek" (in Polish). encyklopedia.pwn.pl.

External links

• (in Polish) PWN discussion of the acceptability and future of the word 'Murzyn'
• (in Polish) An African is not a Murzyn. How to speak without offending, a discussion of the alternatives to 'Murzyn'
• (in English) Murzyni – a positive word

• African diaspora in Poland
• Polish culture
• Polish words and phrases
• Ethnonyms