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The '''ghetto uprisings''' during ] were a series of armed revolts against the regime of ] between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish ]. Following the German and Soviet ] in September 1939, ] were targeted from the outset. Within months inside ], the Germans ] in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life with the aim of ].<ref>{{citation |title=Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis: Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938-1944 |author=Wolf Gruner |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |quote=By the end of 1940, the forced-labor program in the ] had registered over 700,000 Jewish men and women who were working for the German economy in ghetto businesses and as labor for projects outside the ghetto; there would be more. |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=DJqIqwj_P70C&q=1940+forced-labor+700%2C000 |pages=249–250 |ISBN=0521838754}}</ref> The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them.<ref name="edelman/upenn">{{cite web | url=http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/warsaw-uprising.html | title=The Ghetto Fights | publisher=Literature of the Holocaust, at the University of Pennsylvania | work=The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising | accessdate=2 October 2013 | author=Marek Edelman}}</ref> In most cities the ] movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources.<ref name="ushmm4"/> |
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The '''ghetto uprisings''' during ] were a series of armed revolts against the regime of ] between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish ]. Following the German and Soviet ] in September 1939, ] were targeted from the outset. Within months inside ], the Germans ] in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life with the aim of ].<ref>{{citation |title=Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis: Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938-1944 |author=Wolf Gruner |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |quote=By the end of 1940, the forced-labor program in the ] had registered over 700,000 Jewish men and women who were working for the German economy in ghetto businesses and as labor for projects outside the ghetto; there would be more. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJqIqwj_P70C&q=1940+forced-labor+700%2C000 |pages=249–250 |isbn=0521838754}}</ref> The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them.<ref name="edelman/upenn">{{cite web | url=http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/warsaw-uprising.html | title=The Ghetto Fights | publisher=Literature of the Holocaust, at the University of Pennsylvania | work=The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising | accessdate=2 October 2013 | author=Marek Edelman}}</ref> In most cities the ] movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources.<ref name="ushmm4"/> |
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The ghetto fighters took up arms during the most deadly phase of ] known as ] (launched in 1942), against the Nazi plans to deport all prisoners – men, women and children – ], with the aim of their ].<ref name="ushmm4">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005407 |title=Resistance in Ghettos |publisher=Holocaust Encyclopedia |work=Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944 |date=June 10, 2013 |accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref> |
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The ghetto fighters took up arms during the most deadly phase of ] known as ] (launched in 1942), against the Nazi plans to deport all prisoners – men, women and children – ], with the aim of their ].<ref name="ushmm4">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005407 |title=Resistance in Ghettos |publisher=Holocaust Encyclopedia |work=Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944 |date=June 10, 2013 |accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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==History== |
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Armed resistance was offered in over 100 locations on either side of Polish-Soviet ], overwhelmingly in eastern Poland.<ref name=ushmm2011>{{citation |title=Armed Resistance |author=Shmuel Krakowski |publisher=YIVO |year=2010 |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Armed_Resistance}}</ref><ref name="ushmm">{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 |title=Jewish Resistance |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |year=2011 |accessdate=9 January 2014 |via=Internet Archive |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126200522/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 |archivedate=January 26, 2012 }}</ref> Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of all Jewish uprisings during ] took place in the ] between 19 April and 16 May 1943,<ref name="ushmm3">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/warsaw-ghetto-uprising |title=April–May 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |work=Timeline of Events |year=2013 |accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref> and ] in August. In the course of the ] 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard ] to ] before ] was razed to the ground.<ref name="historynet">{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-warsaw-ghetto-uprising.htm |title=World War II: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=Originally published by World War II magazine |date=12 June 2006 |accessdate=4 September 2014 |quote=''See also:'' ] for supplementary data.}}</ref><ref name="zssedu">{{cite web |url=http://zssedu.wordpress.com/2011/04/19/a-somber-anniversary/ |title=A Somber Anniversary |publisher=ZSSEDU |date=19 April 2011 |author=Marcin Wilczek |accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> At the ], following deportations in which 10,000 Jews were led to the ] and another 2,000 were murdered locally, the ghetto underground staged an uprising resulting in a blockade of the ghetto which lasted for a full month.<ref name="Bender">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=DSkendQVMbcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Fleisher&f=false |title=The Jews of Bialystok During World War II and the Holocaust |publisher=UPNE |work=The End of the Ghetto |year=2008 |author=Sara Bender |pages=253–263 |via=Google Books preview |ISBN=1584657294}}</ref> There were other such struggles leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos such as in ] (now Kolomyia, Ukraine),<ref name="ushmm2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 |title=Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC |work=Holocaust Encyclopedia |year=2012 |accessdate=9 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028122151/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 |archivedate=October 28, 2012 }}</ref> and mass shootings of women and children as ].<ref name="mizocz">Eve Nussbaum Soumerai, Carol D. Schulz, '''', p. 124. {{ISBN|0313353093}}.</ref><ref name="ushmm17876"> in the ] collection (No. 17876, , , 17879). Retrieved 26 October 2015.</ref> |
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Armed resistance was offered in over 100 locations on either side of Polish-Soviet ], overwhelmingly in eastern Poland.<ref name=ushmm2011>{{citation |title=Armed Resistance |author=Shmuel Krakowski |publisher=YIVO |year=2010 |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Armed_Resistance}}</ref><ref name="ushmm">{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 |title=Jewish Resistance |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |year=2011 |accessdate=9 January 2014 |via=Internet Archive |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126200522/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 |archivedate=January 26, 2012 }}</ref> Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of all Jewish uprisings during ] took place in the ] between 19 April and 16 May 1943,<ref name="ushmm3">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/warsaw-ghetto-uprising |title=April–May 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |work=Timeline of Events |year=2013 |accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref> and ] in August. In the course of the ] 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard ] to ] before ] was razed to the ground.<ref name="historynet">{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-warsaw-ghetto-uprising.htm |title=World War II: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=Originally published by World War II magazine |date=12 June 2006 |accessdate=4 September 2014 |quote=''See also:'' ] for supplementary data.}}</ref><ref name="zssedu">{{cite web |url=http://zssedu.wordpress.com/2011/04/19/a-somber-anniversary/ |title=A Somber Anniversary |publisher=ZSSEDU |date=19 April 2011 |author=Marcin Wilczek |accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> At the ], following deportations in which 10,000 Jews were led to the ] and another 2,000 were murdered locally, the ghetto underground staged an uprising resulting in a blockade of the ghetto which lasted for a full month.<ref name="Bender">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSkendQVMbcC&printsec=frontcover#q=Fleisher |title=The Jews of Bialystok During World War II and the Holocaust |publisher=UPNE |work=The End of the Ghetto |year=2008 |author=Sara Bender |pages=253–263 |via=Google Books preview |isbn=978-1584657293}}</ref> There were other such struggles leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos such as in ] (now Kolomyia, Ukraine),<ref name="ushmm2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 |title=Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC |encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia |year=2012 |accessdate=9 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028122151/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 |archivedate=October 28, 2012 }}</ref> and mass shootings of women and children as ].<ref name="mizocz">Eve Nussbaum Soumerai, Carol D. Schulz, '''', p. 124. {{ISBN|0313353093}}.</ref><ref name="ushmm17876"> in the ] collection (No. 17876, , , 17879). Retrieved 26 October 2015.</ref> |
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==Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust== |
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==Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust== |
Armed resistance was offered in over 100 locations on either side of Polish-Soviet border of 1939, overwhelmingly in eastern Poland. Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of all Jewish uprisings during the Holocaust took place in the Warsaw Ghetto between 19 April and 16 May 1943, and in Białystok in August. In the course of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard Holocaust trains to extermination camps before the Ghetto was razed to the ground. At the Białystok Ghetto, following deportations in which 10,000 Jews were led to the Holocaust trains and another 2,000 were murdered locally, the ghetto underground staged an uprising resulting in a blockade of the ghetto which lasted for a full month. There were other such struggles leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos such as in Kołomyja (now Kolomyia, Ukraine), and mass shootings of women and children as in Mizocz.
The uprisings erupted in 5 major cities, 45 provincial towns, 5 major concentration and extermination camps, as well as in at least 18 forced labor camps. Notable ghetto uprisings included:
To some extent the final liquidation of other Ghettos was also met with armed struggle:
