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Aripiprazole

Clinical data
License data	EU EMA: by INN US FDA: Aripiprazole
Pregnancy category	C (USA)
Routes of administration	oral tablets or drink
ATC code	N05AX12 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	US: WARNING In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	90%
Metabolism	liver
Elimination half-life	75h (active metabolite : 94h)
Excretion	feces and urine
Identifiers
IUPAC name 7-butoxy]- 3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-one
CAS Number	129722-12-9
PubChem CID	60795
DrugBank	APRD00638
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID3046083
ECHA InfoCard	100.112.532
Chemical and physical data
Formula	Template:Carbon23Template:Hydrogen27Template:Chlorine2Template:Nitrogen3Template:Oxygen2
Molar mass	448.385

Aripiprazole (produced by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co,. Ltd. and sold as Abilify®) is the sixth and most recent of the atypical antipsychotic medications to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of schizophrenia. It has also recently received FDA approval for the treatment of acute manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder.

Pharmacology

Aripiprazole possesses a novel mechanism of action when compared to the other FDA approved atypical antipsychotics (i.e. clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and risperidone). Aripiprazole appears to mediate its antipsychotic effects primarily by partial agonism at the D2 receptor. Partial agonism at D2 receptors has been shown to modulate dopaminergic activity in areas where dopamine activity may be high or low, such as the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas of the schizophrenic brain, respectively. In addition to partial agonist activity at the D2 receptor, aripiprazole is also a partial agonist at the 5-HT1A receptor, and like the other atypical antipsychotics, aripiprazole displays an antagonist profile at the 5-HT2A receptor. Aripiprazole has moderate affinity for histamine and alpha adrenergic receptors, and no appreciable affinity for cholinergic muscarinic receptors.

Pharmacokinetics

Aripiprazole displays linear kinetics with an elimination half-life of approximately 75 hours. Accordingly, steady state plasma concentrations are achieved in about 14 days. Cmax (maximum plasma concentration) is achieved in 3-5 hours after oral dosing. The bioavailabilty of the oral tablets is about 90%. The drug undergoes extensive hepatic metabolization (dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, and N-dealkylation). The active major metabolite is dehydro-aripiprazole with an elimination half-life of about 94 hours. The parent drug is excreted only in traces and the metabolites, whether active or not, are excreted via feces and urine.

Metabolism

Aripiprazole is metabolized by the Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes 3A4 and 2D6. Accordingly, coadministration of aripiprazole with medications that may inhibit (e.g. paroxetine, fluoxetine) or induce (e.g. carbamazepine) these metabolic enzymes may increase or decrease, respectively, plasma concentrations of aripiprazole.

Adverse events

Adverse events reported in the package insert for aripiprazole include headache, nausea, vomiting, somnolence, insomnia, and akathisia. It appears that aripiprazole has a very low incidence of EPS (extrapyramidal side effects). The risk of tardive dyskinesia with prolonged aripiprazole use is unclear.

Dosage forms

Aripiprazole is available in 2mg, 5mg, 10mg, 15mg, 20mg, and 30mg tablets.

Warnings about medications with similar names

A warning has gone out recently because of this drug's name. The '-prazole' ending of this drug name makes this drug sound like it is one of the proton pump inhibitors (such as omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole) which are used in treating peptic ulcer disease. However, aripiprazole and these drugs are in an entirely different class of drugs altogether and confusing the two can lead to some unnecessary side effects.

Aripiprazole was develeloped by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd and is manufactured by the Bristol Myers Squibb pharmaceutical company (NYSE: BMY).

Aripiprazole was approved by the FDA on November 15, 2002.

Side effects

Common side effects: Headache, unusual tiredness or weakness, nausea, vomiting, an uncomfortable feeling in the stomach, constipation, light-headedness, trouble sleeping, restlessness, sleepiness, shaking, and blurred vision.

Uncommon side effects: Uncontrollable twitching or jerking movements, tremors and seizure. Some people may feel dizzy, especially when getting up from a lying or sitting position, or may experience a fast heart rate.

Rare side effects: Combination of fever, muscle stiffness, faster breathing, sweating, reduced consciousness, and sudden change in blood pressure and heart rate.

Very rare side effects: Allergic reaction (such as swelling in the mouth or throat, itching, rash), increased production of saliva, speech disorder, nervousness, agitation, fainting, reports of abnormal liver test values, inflammation of the pancreas, muscle pain, weakness, stiffness, or cramps.

While taking aripiprazole, some elderly patients with dementia have suffered from stroke or 'mini' stroke. Some patients may experience high blood sugar, or the onset or worsening of diabetes.

See also

• Tardive dysphrenia

External links

• Abilify - The Internet Drug Database
• Abilify website
• Abilify - Drug Database
• Abilify Oral: Dosages, Uses and Warnings

1. "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.

• Atypical antipsychotics