Saraiki language: Difference between revisions

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	{{Infobox Language		{{Infobox Language
	\|name=~~Siraiki~~		\|name=Seraiki
	\|states=] and ]		\|states=] and ]
	\|speakers=~14,000,000		\|speakers=~14,000,000
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	\|iso3=skr		\|iso3=skr
	}}		}}
	'''~~Siraiki~~''' (]: سراییکی ) is a ] mostly spoken in the provinces of ] and the ] in central ] by about 13.9 million people (according to 1998 census) as well as by about 20,000 people in ], and an ] population in the ].		'''Seraiki''' (]: سراییکی ) is a ] mostly spoken in the provinces of ] and the ] in central ] by about 13.9 million people (according to 1998 census) as well as by about 20,000 people in ], and an ] population in the ].

	==Classification==		==Classification==
	~~Siraiki~~ is part of a ] with ] and ], and is considered by some to be a ] of Punjabi.		Seraiki is part of a ] with ] and ], and is considered by some to be a ] of Punjabi.

	~~Siraiki~~, Punjabi and Sindhi are members of the ] branch of the ] family.		Seraiki, Punjabi and Sindhi are members of the ] branch of the ] family.

	==Geographic distribution==		==Geographic distribution==
	~~Siraiki~~ is widely spoken and understood as a second language in northern and western ] down to the suburbs of ] and in the ] plain of ]. It is also known as ] in ] area. ~~Siraiki~~ is also spoken in ] (NWFP) and it is third poular language after ] and ]. Saraiki is widely spoken in southern NWFP areas specially in ], ] and in ] and also speaking widely in ]. It is mostly spoken in the south of ] in ], and ].		Seraiki is widely spoken and understood as a second language in northern and western ] down to the suburbs of ] and in the ] plain of ]. It is also known as ] in ] area. Seraiki is also spoken in ] (NWFP) and it is third poular language after ] and ]. Saraiki is widely spoken in southern NWFP areas specially in ], ] and in ] and also speaking widely in ]. It is mostly spoken in the south of ] in ], and ].

	==Origin of the name==		==Origin of the name==
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	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
	===Vowels===		===Vowels===
	~~Siraiki~~ has three short vowels, seven long vowels and six nasal vowels.		Seraiki has three short vowels, seven long vowels and six nasal vowels.
	===Consonants===		===Consonants===
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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	==Writing system==		==Writing system==
	~~Siraiki~~ is written in a variant of the ]. Very few ~~Siraiki~~ speakers are ] in their own language, however, although some may be able to write other languages.		Seraiki is written in a variant of the ]. Very few Seraiki speakers are ] in their own language, however, although some may be able to write other languages.


	There are two writing systems for Multani / ~~Siraiki~~. One is a variant of the Arabic script, which is in vogue today. However, the hindus, especially the traders, wrote a script called LINDE / LINDEY / LINDAY, which was written from left to right. It is no longer used in Pakistan, but there are still people of the generation that learned the script before the partition of India, when they had to flee and settle and get assimilated in different regions and linguistic territories of India and other places of the world.		There are two writing systems for Multani / Seraiki. One is a variant of the Arabic script, which is in vogue today. However, the hindus, especially the traders, wrote a script called LINDE / LINDEY / LINDAY, which was written from left to right. It is no longer used in Pakistan, but there are still people of the generation that learned the script before the partition of India, when they had to flee and settle and get assimilated in different regions and linguistic territories of India and other places of the world.

	If there is anyone who reads and writes the script, we solicit your help. Please send us as much input as you can.		If there is anyone who reads and writes the script, we solicit your help. Please send us as much input as you can.
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	==Bibliography==		==Bibliography==
	*{{cite book \|last=Ahsan \|first=Wagha \|year=1990 \|title=The ~~Siraiki~~ Language: Its Growth and Development \|location=Islamabad \|publisher=Dderawar Publications}}		*{{cite book \|last=Ahsan \|first=Wagha \|year=1990 \|title=The Seraiki Language: Its Growth and Development \|location=Islamabad \|publisher=Dderawar Publications}}
	*{{cite book \|last=Gardezi \|first=Hassan N. \|year=1996 \|title=~~Siraiki~~ Language and its poetics: An Introduction \|location=London \|publisher=Sangat Publishers}}		*{{cite book \|last=Gardezi \|first=Hassan N. \|year=1996 \|title=Seraiki Language and its poetics: An Introduction \|location=London \|publisher=Sangat Publishers}}
	*{{cite book \|last=Shackle \|first=Christopher \|year=1976 \|title=The ~~Siraiki~~ Language of Central Pakistan: A Reference Grammar \|location=London \|publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies}}		*{{cite book \|last=Shackle \|first=Christopher \|year=1976 \|title=The Seraiki Language of Central Pakistan: A Reference Grammar \|location=London \|publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Shackle \|first=Christopher \|year=1977 \|title=Siariki: A Language Movement in Pakistan \|journal=Modern Asian Studies \|volume=11 \|issue=3 \|pages=279–403}}		*{{cite journal \|last=Shackle \|first=Christopher \|year=1977 \|title=Siariki: A Language Movement in Pakistan \|journal=Modern Asian Studies \|volume=11 \|issue=3 \|pages=279–403}}

	==See also==		==See also==
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]

	==External links==		==External links==
	*		*
	* with Gurmukhi equivalents		* with Gurmukhi equivalents
	* Collection of Articles and other resources on Seraiki language & culture		* Collection of Articles and other resources on Seraiki language & culture
	* (])		* (])

	]		]
	]		]
	]		]
	]		]

	]		]

Revision as of 01:15, 4 January 2007

Seraiki
Native to	Pakistan and India
Native speakers	~14,000,000
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan NW zone Lahnda Seraiki
Writing system	Arabic alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-2	`inc`
ISO 639-3	`skr`

Seraiki (Urdu: سراییکی ) is a language mostly spoken in the provinces of Sindh and the Punjab in central Pakistan by about 13.9 million people (according to 1998 census) as well as by about 20,000 people in India, and an immigrant population in the United Kingdom.

Classification

Seraiki is part of a dialect continuum with Punjabi and Sindhi, and is considered by some to be a dialect of Punjabi.

Seraiki, Punjabi and Sindhi are members of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family.

Geographic distribution

Seraiki is widely spoken and understood as a second language in northern and western Sindh down to the suburbs of Karachi and in the Kachhi plain of Balochistan. It is also known as Derawali in Derajat area. Seraiki is also spoken in North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and it is third poular language after Pashtu and Punjabi. Saraiki is widely spoken in southern NWFP areas specially in Dera Ismail Khan, Kulachi and in Tank District and also speaking widely in Lakki Marwat. It is mostly spoken in the south of Punjab in Dera Ghazi Khan, and Multan.

Origin of the name

Proposed etymologies include it being derived from a Sindhi word meaning "north".

Phonology

Vowels

Seraiki has three short vowels, seven long vowels and six nasal vowels.

Consonants

		Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stops and affricates	Voiceless	p pʰ		t̪ t̪ʰ	t tʰ		ʧ ʧʰ	k kʰ	ʔ
Stops and affricates	Voiced	b bʰ		d̪ d̪ʰ	d dʰ		ʤ ʤʰ	ɡ ɡʰ
Implosives		ɓ			ɗ		ʄ	ɠ
Nasals		m mʰ			n nʰ	ɳ	ɲ	ŋ
Fricatives	Voiceless		f		s		ʃ	x	h
Fricatives	Voiced		v		z		ʒ	ɣ
Trills					r rʰ
Flaps						ɽ ɽʰ
Laterals					l lʰ
Semivowel							j

Writing system

Seraiki is written in a variant of the Arabic alphabet. Very few Seraiki speakers are literate in their own language, however, although some may be able to write other languages.

There are two writing systems for Multani / Seraiki. One is a variant of the Arabic script, which is in vogue today. However, the hindus, especially the traders, wrote a script called LINDE / LINDEY / LINDAY, which was written from left to right. It is no longer used in Pakistan, but there are still people of the generation that learned the script before the partition of India, when they had to flee and settle and get assimilated in different regions and linguistic territories of India and other places of the world.

If there is anyone who reads and writes the script, we solicit your help. Please send us as much input as you can. vikram.malhotra@vidushiacademy.in

File:Ali xain saraiki.PNG

A sample saraiki DOHRA.

Bibliography

Ahsan, Wagha (1990). The Seraiki Language: Its Growth and Development. Islamabad: Dderawar Publications.
Gardezi, Hassan N. (1996). Seraiki Language and its poetics: An Introduction. London: Sangat Publishers.
Shackle, Christopher (1976). The Seraiki Language of Central Pakistan: A Reference Grammar. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
Shackle, Christopher (1977). "Siariki: A Language Movement in Pakistan". Modern Asian Studies. 11 (3): 279–403.

External links

Ethnologue report for language code:skr
Western Panjabi (Seraiki) Alphabet with Gurmukhi equivalents
Wasaib.com Collection of Articles and other resources on Seraiki language & culture
Phonemic Inventory of Seraiki Language and Acoustic Analysis of Voiced Implosives (PDF)

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