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| Minor languages include: ], ], ], ] and ], ] (], ], ] and ]), ], ], Qizilbash, Aimaq, and Pashai and ], and ].<ref name="WahabYoungerman2007">{{cite book|last1=Wahab|first1=Shaista|last2=Youngerman|first2=Barry|title=A Brief History of Afghanistan|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|language=English|isbn=9781438108193|page=18|quote=Afghan Hindus and Sikhs speak Hindi or Punjabi in addition to Pashto and Dari.}}</ref> Linguist ] believes that Afghanistan is home to more than 40 minor languages,<ref>]: ''Sprachen-Almanach – Zahlen und Fakten zu allen Sprachen der Welt.'' Campus-Verl., Frankfurt/Main 2002, {{ISBN|3-593-36572-3}}, S.273–274; Afghanistan</ref> with around 200 different dialects. | Minor languages include: ], ], ], ] and ], ] (], ], ] and ]), ], ], Qizilbash, Aimaq, and Pashai and ], and ].<ref name="WahabYoungerman2007">{{cite book|last1=Wahab|first1=Shaista|last2=Youngerman|first2=Barry|title=A Brief History of Afghanistan|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|language=English|isbn=9781438108193|page=18|quote=Afghan Hindus and Sikhs speak Hindi or Punjabi in addition to Pashto and Dari.}}</ref> Linguist ] believes that Afghanistan is home to more than 40 minor languages,<ref>]: ''Sprachen-Almanach – Zahlen und Fakten zu allen Sprachen der Welt.'' Campus-Verl., Frankfurt/Main 2002, {{ISBN|3-593-36572-3}}, S.273–274; Afghanistan</ref> with around 200 different dialects. | ||
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| == Overview == | |||
| The ] or ] functions as the nation's ] and is the native tongue of several of Afghanistan's ethnic groups including the ], ] and ].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan/226122/Languages |title=Languages of Afghanistan|publisher=]}}</ref> Pashto is the ] of the ], the dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |author=|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2001/war_on_terror/key_maps/ethnic_pashtun.stm|title=Ethnic groups|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=7 June 2013|quote=Pashtun: Estimated to be in excess of 45% of the population, the Pashtuns have been the most dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan.}}</ref> Due to Afghanistan's ], ] is a common phenomenon. | |||
| The exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnolinguistic groups are unavailable since no systematic census has been held in Afghanistan in decades.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3717092.stm|title=Afghan poll's ethnic battleground|first=Pam|last=O'toole|publisher=]|date=October 6, 2004|accessdate=2010-09-16}}</ref> The table below displays the major languages spoken in Afghanistan per sample statistics: | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| |+ Spoken Languages in Afghanistan | |||
| |- | |||
| ! Language !! 2006 (as L1)<br>(out of 6,226)<ref name="Afghan2006">The Asia Foundation. </ref>!! 2006 (as L2)<br>(out of 6,226)<ref name="Afghan2006" /> !! 2013<br>(out of 9,260)<ref>The Asia Foundation. </ref>!! 2018<br>(out of 13,943)<ref name="Afghan2018">The Asia Foundation. </ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 62% || 75% || 71% || 70% | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 19% || 20% || 19% || 20-26% | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 7% || 1% || 6% || 5% | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 2% || 3% || 1% || 2% | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 0% || 0% || 1% || 1% | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 0% || 1% || 1% || 1% | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || N/A || N/A || 1% || 1% | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 0% || 2% || 1% || 1% | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 0% || 8% || 5% || 6% | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 0% || 7% || 2% || 3% | |||
| |} | |||
| A sizeable population in Afghanistan, especially in ], can also speak and understand ] due to the popularity and influence of ] films and songs in the region.<ref name="Hakala2012">{{cite web|url=http://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/asia_8.pdf|title=Languages as a Key to Understanding Afghanistan's Cultures|last=Hakala|first=Walter N.|year=2012|publisher=]|language=English|accessdate=13 March 2018|quote=In the 1980s and '90s, at least three million Afghans--mostly Pashtun--fled to Pakistan, where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindi- and Urdu-language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and beng educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the decline of Dari, even among urban Pashtuns.}}</ref><ref name="Krishnamurthy2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.gatewayhouse.in/kabul-diary-discovering-the-indian-connection/|title=Kabul Diary: Discovering the Indian connection|last=Krishnamurthy|first=Rajeshwari|date=28 June 2013|publisher=Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations|language=English|accessdate=13 March 2018|quote=Most Afghans in Kabul understand and/or speak Hindi, thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country.}}</ref> | |||
| == Language policy == | == Language policy == | ||
Revision as of 15:34, 3 December 2020
| Languages of Afghanistan | |
|---|---|
| Official | Pashto and Dari |
| Regional | Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmeni, Balochi, Pashayi |
| Signed | Afghan Sign Language |
Afghanistan is a multilingual country in which two languages – Pashto and Farsi or persian– are both official and most widely spoken.
Both are also classified as belonging to the iranic langauge tree, with Pashto being an eastern iranic language, and dari being a western iranic language.
Persian Farsi (Dari) is the first official language of Afghanistan, which is the mother tongue of 80% of the Afghan people, and all Afghans understand this language. The national anthem of Afghanistan is sung in this (Farsi) official language ,(Pashto) is also written on the currency of this country (د افغانستان بانک - Da Afghanistan Bank.)
According to the CIA World Factbook, Pashto(Afghani language) (official) (Pashto) is spoken by 70%.
Pashto by 15%, Uzbek 2%, Turkmen 3%, Urdu 1%, Pashayi 1%, Nuristani 1%,, and Balochi 2% (2017 est). Data represent the most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language. The Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen, as well as Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them. There are also some Afghan Hindus, of whom some speak Pashto and some Hindi.
Minor languages include: Ashkunu, Kamkata-viri, Vasi-vari, Tregami and Kalasha-ala, Pamiri (Shughni, Munji, Ishkashimi and Wakhi), Brahui, Arabic, Qizilbash, Aimaq, and Pashai and Kyrgyz, and Punjabi. Linguist Harald Haarmann believes that Afghanistan is home to more than 40 minor languages, with around 200 different dialects.
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Language policy
The official languages of the country are Dari and Pashto, as established by the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan. Dari is the most widely spoken language of Afghanistan's official languages and acts as a lingua franca for the country. In 1980, other regional languages were granted official status in the regions where they are the language of the majority. This policy was codified in the 2004 Afghan Constitution, which established Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani and Pamiri as a third official language in areas where they are spoken by a majority of the population.
See also
References
- ^ "What Languages are Spoken in Afghanistan?". 2004. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state. are – in addition to Pashto and Dari – the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them
- https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html
- Wahab, Shaista; Youngerman, Barry (2007). A Brief History of Afghanistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9781438108193.
Afghan Hindus and Sikhs speak Hindi or Punjabi in addition to Pashto and Dari.
- Harald Haarmann: Sprachen-Almanach – Zahlen und Fakten zu allen Sprachen der Welt. Campus-Verl., Frankfurt/Main 2002, ISBN 3-593-36572-3, S.273–274; Afghanistan
- "AFGHANISTAN v. Languages". Ch. M. Kieffer. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
A. Official languages. Paṧtō (1) is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans... Persian (2) is the language most spoken in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population, it is split into numerous dialects.
Further reading
External links
| Languages of Afghanistan | ||
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| Official languages | ||
| Regional languages | ||
| Minority languages | ||
| Sign languages | ||
| Major languages of South Asia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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