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| {{Infobox monarch | {{Infobox monarch | ||
| | name = |
| name =Uthman Beg | ||
| | title = Ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu | | title = Ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu | ||
| | image = | | image = | ||
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| |}} | |}} | ||
| ''' |
'''Uthman Beg''' ({{lang-az|Qara Yuluq Osman Bəy}}, {{lang-tr|Kara Yülük Osman Bey}}) (reigned 1378–1435) was a late 14th and early 15th-century leader of the ]<ref>Kaushik Roy, ''Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750'', (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38;"''Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan.''"</ref> ] ] of ] in what is now eastern ], ], ] and ]. | ||
| ==Early beginnings== | ==Early beginnings== | ||
| He was born Baha-ud-Din Osman and was later given the nickname Qara Iluk or Qara Yuluk meaning ''The Black Leech''.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vZI3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA404&dq=qara+osman#v=onepage&q=qara%20osman&f=false|title=A History of Persian Literature Under Tartar Dominion (A.D, 1265-1502)|author=]|year=2009|publisher=CUP Archive|location=|isbn=|page=|pages=|accessdate=}}</ref> |
He was born Baha-ud-Din Osman and was later given the nickname Qara Iluk or Qara Yuluk meaning ''The Black Leech''.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vZI3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA404&dq=qara+osman#v=onepage&q=qara%20osman&f=false|title=A History of Persian Literature Under Tartar Dominion (A.D, 1265-1502)|author=]|year=2009|publisher=CUP Archive|location=|isbn=|page=|pages=|accessdate=}}</ref> Uthman Beg was the son of Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh, likely by his Greek wife, Maria, sister of ]. He is estimated to have been born {{circa}} 1356.<ref>John E. Woods, ''The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire'' (1999) p. 34, 245-6</ref> According to ] and Aq Qoyunlu sources, he later married his maternal cousin,<ref>{{citation|title=The Aq-qoyunlu State from the Death of Osman Bey to Uzun Hasan Bey (1435-1456)|first=Ilhan|last= ERDEM|publisher=University of Ankara, Turkey}}</ref> a daughter of Alexios III and his consort ]. | ||
| He was afraid of the intentions of his brothers, Ahmed and Pir Ali, when they joined ] of ]. He eventually killed his opponents and took over their territories in 1398 but retreated from ] on arrival of the ] under ].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> | He was afraid of the intentions of his brothers, Ahmed and Pir Ali, when they joined ] of ]. He eventually killed his opponents and took over their territories in 1398 but retreated from ] on arrival of the ] under ].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> | ||
| ==Rise== | ==Rise== | ||
| When ] invaded the ] and eastern ], the ] sided with him in support and fought alongside the ] against the ]. For his services |
When ] invaded the ] and eastern ], the ] sided with him in support and fought alongside the ] against the ]. For his services Uthman Beg was given ] in 1402.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA31&dq=qara+osman#v=onepage&q=qara%20osman&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|author=Facts On File, Incorporated|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=|isbn=9781438126760|page=31|pages=|accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
| ==War with Kara Koyunlu== | ==War with Kara Koyunlu== | ||
Revision as of 23:15, 14 December 2020
Ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu| Uthman Beg | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu | |||||
| Reign | 1378 – 1435 | ||||
| Predecessor | Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh | ||||
| Successor | Ali | ||||
| Born | 1356 (1356) | ||||
| Died | 1435 (1436) (aged 79) | ||||
| Wives | Daughter of Alexios III of Trebizond Niece of Rustam ibn Tarkhan | ||||
| Issue | Yaqub Hamza Mahmud Ali Shaikh Hasan Murad | ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Aq Qoyunlu | ||||
| Father | Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh | ||||
| Mother | Maria Comnene of Trebizond | ||||
Uthman Beg (Template:Lang-az, Template:Lang-tr) (reigned 1378–1435) was a late 14th and early 15th-century leader of the Turkoman tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu in what is now eastern Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Iraq.
Early beginnings
He was born Baha-ud-Din Osman and was later given the nickname Qara Iluk or Qara Yuluk meaning The Black Leech. Uthman Beg was the son of Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh, likely by his Greek wife, Maria, sister of Alexios III of Trebizond. He is estimated to have been born c. 1356. According to Byzantine and Aq Qoyunlu sources, he later married his maternal cousin, a daughter of Alexios III and his consort Theodora Kantakouzene.
He was afraid of the intentions of his brothers, Ahmed and Pir Ali, when they joined Kadi Burhan al-Din of Sivas. He eventually killed his opponents and took over their territories in 1398 but retreated from Erzinjan on arrival of the Ottomans under Süleyman Çelebi.
Rise
When Timur invaded the Caucasus and eastern Anatolia, the Aq Qoyunlu sided with him in support and fought alongside the Timurids against the Ottomans. For his services Uthman Beg was given Diyarbakır in 1402.
War with Kara Koyunlu
| Preceded byAhmed bin Qutlugh | Ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu 1378-1435 |
Succeeded byHamza |
References
- Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38;"Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan."
- ^ Edward Granville Browne (2009). A History of Persian Literature Under Tartar Dominion (A.D, 1265-1502). CUP Archive.
- John E. Woods, The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire (1999) p. 34, 245-6
- ERDEM, Ilhan, The Aq-qoyunlu State from the Death of Osman Bey to Uzun Hasan Bey (1435-1456), University of Ankara, Turkey
- Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 9781438126760.
Sources
- Langaroodi, Reza Rezazadeh; Negahban, Farzin (2008). "Āq-qūyūnlū". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.
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