Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 09:21, 18 December 2020

This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (August 2016)

Public holidays in the United States
Public • Paid • Federal • Observance • School • Hallmark
Observed by	Federal government State governments Local governments Private and public sector employers
Type	National

The schedule of public holidays in the United States is largely influenced by the schedule of federal holidays, but is controlled by private sector employers who provide 62% of the total U.S. population with paid time off.

Public holidays with paid time off are generally defined to occur on a day that is within the employee's work week. When a holiday occurs on Saturday or Sunday, that holiday is shifted to either Friday or Monday for work purposes. Most employers follow a holiday schedule similar to the federal holidays of the United States, with exceptions or additions. The federal holiday schedule mainly benefits employees of government and government regulated businesses; however, this sector only comprises 15% of the working population.

At the discretion of the employer, other non-federal holidays such as New Year's Eve, Christmas Eve and the Day after Thanksgiving are common additions to the list of paid holidays while Columbus Day and Veterans Day are common omissions. Besides paid holidays, there are festival and food holidays that also have wide acceptance based on sales of goods and services that are typically associated with that holiday. Halloween and Valentine's Day are examples of widely celebrated uncompensated holidays.

History

Public holidays had their origins from established federal holidays that were enacted by Congress. They were typically observed on days that have significance for various sectors of American society and are observed at all levels of society, including government and the private sector. These holidays are typically derived from the history, religions, and cultures of the United States and have changed over time. Major holidays are most commonly observed with paid time off, however, many other holiday celebrations come without time off.

There are no national holidays on which the law requires all businesses to close. Federal holidays are only established for certain federally chartered and regulated businesses, government contractors, and the city of Washington, DC. All other public holidays are created by the States; most states also allow local jurisdictions (cities, villages, etc.) to establish their own local holidays. As a result, holidays have not historically been governed at the federal level and federal law does not govern business openings.

Some states, however, do restrict certain business activities on some holidays. Business closures are mandated on a few holidays in some states for certain kinds of businesses by blue laws. For example, businesses that operate on more than 5,000 square feet (460 m) cannot open on Thanksgiving in some New England states. The most notable businesses to close on such occasions are car dealerships and liquor stores. Some holidays are observed with community service, depending on the meaning of the holiday. Service is, however, not mandated by any government agencies, whether they be federal, state, or local.

Overview

As of 2019, there are ten annual federal holidays in the United States, and one additional quadrennial holiday (Inauguration Day). Pursuant to the Uniform Monday Holiday Act of 1968 (effective 1971), official holidays are observed on a Monday, except for New Year's Day, Independence Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas.

While all current federal holidays have also been made public holidays in all 50 states, each state is not bound to observe the holidays on the same dates as the federal holidays. Many states also have additional holidays that are not observed by the federal government. Many businesses likewise observe certain holidays as well, which are also not mandated by any government agency.

Since 2000, some city and state level celebrations of Malcolm X Day and Rosa Parks Day have been created, in addition to the federal Martin Luther King Jr. Day, to embrace the African American community in the form of festivals and parades. Illinois and Berkeley, California are two places where Malcolm X is honored by a legal holiday with offices closed, whereas Missouri honors Rosa Parks on her birthday. Today, the United States is the 85th most ethnically diverse country in the world. Many workplaces celebrate religious observance as well as ethnic holidays, such as Saint Patrick's Day, Kwanzaa, Diwali, Mardi Gras, and Cinco de Mayo, as a matter of best practice.

While the popularity of each public holiday cannot easily be measured, the holiday with the highest greeting card sales is Christmas. Major retail establishments, such as shopping malls and centers, close only on Thanksgiving and Christmas, but remain open on all other holidays (with early closings on Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve, and sometimes on other major holidays). In the face of a rapidly tightening retail market in the 2010s, retailers have increasingly been opening on Thanksgiving evening and night to extend Black Friday and the holiday shopping season. Virtually all large companies observe and close on the major holidays (New Year's Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas). Some non-retail business close on the day after Thanksgiving, while others (such as federal banks and post offices) are not allowed to close that day. Some smaller businesses normally open on Sundays will close on Easter Sunday if they expect to have very few customers that day.

Holidays most commonly celebrated

This is a list of the most commonly celebrated holidays in the United States, not a list of federal holidays.

Holidays observed with paid time off

The labor force in the United States comprises about 62% (as of 2014) of the general population. In the United States, 97% of the private sector businesses determine what days this sector of the population gets paid time off, according to a study by the Society for Human Resource Management. The following holidays are observed by the majority of U.S. businesses with paid time off:

• New Year's Day and New Year's Eve
• Memorial Day
• Independence Day
• Labor Day
• Thanksgiving and the day after
• Christmas Eve and Christmas

Holidays with religious significance

Religious and cultural holidays in the United States are characterized by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. However, the First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...." and Article VI specifies that "no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States." As a result, various religious faiths have flourished, as well as perished, in the United States. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a "very important" role in their lives, a proportion unique among developed nations.

The majority of Americans (73–80%) identify themselves as Christians and about 15–20% have no religious affiliation. According to the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) (2008) 76% of the American adult population identified themselves as Christians, with 51% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant or unaffiliated, and 25% professing Catholic beliefs. The same survey says that other religions (including, for example, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 4% of the adult population, another 15% of the adult population claim no religious affiliation, and 5.2% said they did not know, or they refused to reply. According to a 2012 survey by the Pew forum, 36 percent of Americans state that they attend services nearly every week or more.

Christian holidays

With 73% of the U.S. population identifying themselves as Christian, many holidays from the liturgical calendar are observed by this segment of the population. With 94% of businesses including federal, state, and local governments closing on Christmas, arguably the most significant holiday of the Christian religion, many stores are also closed on Christmas, but with a relatively small exception. For example, convenience stores operating on less than 5,000 square feet of space such as 7-Eleven and CVS Pharmacy can remain open. A reference in A Christmas Story shows a Chinese restaurant being the only establishment open on Christmas.

Some private businesses and certain other institutions are closed on Good Friday. The financial market and stock market is closed on Good Friday. Most retail stores remain open although some might close early. Public schools and most universities are closed on Good Friday, either as a holiday of its own, or part of spring break. The postal service operates, and banks regulated by the federal government do not close for Good Friday.

Many companies, including banks, malls, shopping centers and most private retail stores that normally open on Sundays are closed on Easter.

Hindu holidays

The Hindu holidays of Diwali and Holi are celebrated as a "mainstream" holiday in some parts of the United States, not only by Indian Americans or peoples of Indian descent. Some firms that hire people from India observe the holidays with a celebration within the company or approving it as a paid day off. Holi, the "festival of colors" has inspired a Broadway musical based on this festival. New York City Council has voted on a resolution that may make Diwali and Holi a legal holiday in Resolution 1863–2013. As of August 2013, the resolution has passed and the holidays are now officially legal holidays in New York City. CNN reported that the Diwali holiday is shown in American pop culture through an episode of The Office.

Jewish holidays

The three most commonly celebrated Jewish holidays are Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur and Hanukkah. Passover and Yom Kippur in addition to Rosh Hashannah and Hanukkah are recognized as an optional state level holiday in Texas All Jewish holidays start the night before, as that is when the Jewish day begins.

Islamic holidays

The major Islamic holidays of Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr, and Eid al-Adha have been recognized in the United States. Awareness of these holidays can be found in calendars published by major calendar manufacturers. According to Al-Jazeera, schools in New York and Michigan (mainly Dearborn) may begin to close in observance of all Muslim holidays.

Holidays with other cultural or historical significance

Confederate States of America

The following holidays memorialize the historic Confederate States of America from the American Civil War:

• Confederate Memorial Day is a public holiday observed by Alabama, Florida, Kentucky, Mississippi, South Carolina, Louisiana and Texas and an unofficially observed holiday in some other states. It is often in late April to align with the final surrender of the last Confederate Army. Texas observes Confederate Heroes Day.
• Confederate History Month has been declared at least once in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia as well as by various cities, usually in April to augment Confederate Memorial Day.
• Robert E. Lee Day (on or around Lee's Jan 19 birthday) is still observed in Alabama and Mississippi combined with Martin Luther King Jr. Day, the only remaining states to do so. It is officially recognised in Florida, but is not widely observed there.
• Arkansas combined the observance of Robert E. Lee Day with Martin Luther King Jr. Day in 1985. In 2017, it passed a law removing Lee's name from the January holiday and instead establishing a state memorial day on the second Saturday of October in honor of Lee.

Drinking holidays

According to the National Institutes of Health, about 86% of the population over 18 drinks alcohol recreationally or socially. In the United States, the holidays that are considered the most "festive" are generally regarded as some of the "most drunken holidays." Celebrations usually revolve around barbecues and beer. Although many of these holidays lack any official status, they are generally observed by the drinking culture for the fact that these holidays revolve around drinking. One measurement of the popularity of these holidays is the amount of alcohol purchased for the occasion. One survey names New Year's Eve as the holiday on which the most alcohol is consumed on the basis of sales. While many holidays are listed, some are generally notable for their drinking requirement while others are known for abstinence.

African American holidays

African Americans make up about 12% of the U.S. population. While some customs have come from abroad, many of the customs were developed inside the United States. Kwanzaa, for example, is a custom which has greatly influenced American culture originating from the "turbulent 60's" when race relations in the United States was at its lowest. Most of the newer holidays revolve around a particular civil rights activist and have recently gained attention from city and state level governments. At the federal level, there are only three national holidays named for a person, and one of those honors 20th century African American Martin Luther King Jr.; the other two are Washington's Birthday (for George Washington, one of the original American citizens of 1776) and Columbus Day (for Italian Christopher Columbus' European "discovery" of the Americas in 1492).

Other traditional and informal holidays

In addition to the federal/national holidays, many religious, ethnic, and other traditional holidays populate the calendar, as well as lighter celebrations. These are rarely observed by businesses as holidays (Except for Easter and most often also on Good Friday); indeed, many are viewed as opportunities for commercial promotion. Because of this commercialization, some critics apply the deprecatory term Hallmark holiday to such days, after the Hallmark greeting card company.

Other notable holidays

• Black Friday (busy shopping day where stores lower prices the Friday after Thanksgiving, traditionally the start of the Christmas shopping season)
• Cyber Monday (the equivalent of Black Friday, except online, the Monday after Black Friday)
• Oktoberfest (celebrated most often in areas with contemporary or historic populations of German heritage)
• Opening Day (first week of April; the beginning of the Major League Baseball season and an unofficial indication that summer is approaching)
• Spring break (one week in late winter or early spring that schools are off)
• Summer vacation (summer months in which schools are off)
• Super Bowl Sunday (the first Sunday in February; the day of the National Football League's championship; festivities generally including in-home parties and watching the game on television with beverages and snacks)
• National Football Hangover Day – Monday after the Super Bowl.

See also

• United States federal observances
• Holidays in Puerto Rico
• Mexican fiestas in the United States
• Easter controversy
• Christmas controversy
• Hallmark holiday
• Tax holiday
• Work–life balance in the United States

References

1. Massachusetts, for example, forbids most retailers from opening on Thanksgiving and Christmas: Attorney General's Office, "Sunday and Holiday Openings" "Office of Attorney General Maura Healey". Archived from the original on August 30, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
2. ^ "Federal Holidays". Opm.gov. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
3. Uniform Monday Holiday Act
4. "State Holidays". Infoplease.com. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
5. "Rosa Parks to be honored by Missouri on Feb 4th".
6. "Illinois designates May 19 as Malcolm X Day". May 20, 2015.
7. "2014 Diversity Holidays". Archived from the original on October 21, 2014.
8. Enten, Harry J. (December 22, 2012). "Christmas may be on the cards, but is it the most popular American holiday?". The Guardian.
9. "Hours". Mall of America. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
10. ^ "Optional Time-Off Benefits You Can Give Your Employees | BizFilings Toolkit". Toolkit.com. May 25, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
11. "Holiday Spending Totals in Billions, 2013–2014".
12. "Ever popular: 90 percent of all Americans celebrate Christmas".
13. Lipka, Michael (2015). "Five Facts About Christmas in America". Pew Research Center. Retrieved November 30, 2016. About nine-in-ten Americans (92%) and nearly all Christians (96%) say they celebrate Christmas, according to a 2013 Pew Research Center survey.
14. Newport, Frank (2008). "In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians". Gallup. Retrieved November 20, 2016. Despite the fact that only a little more than 80% of Americans identify with a Christian faith, 93% of those interviewed in a recent USA Today/Gallup poll indicate that they celebrate Christmas.
15. Jones, Jeffrey M. (2005). "Christmas a Good Time for Most Americans". Gallup. Retrieved November 30, 2016. The Dec. 16–18 poll finds that 96% of all U.S. adults celebrate Christmas, a percentage that has been consistent over the past decade.
16. "13 percent Americans don't plan to celebrate Thanksgiving". Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
17. Gillespie, Mark (2000). "Americans Celebrate Thanksgiving With Special Regard for Families". Gallup. Retrieved November 30, 2016. More than nine out of 10 Americans will celebrate the holiday with family and friends.
18. "Thanksgiving Holiday Period Air Travel 24 million expected to fly over Thanksgiving holiday period – eTurboNews.com". September 20, 2011. Archived from the original on September 20, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
19. "Turkey Facts".
20. "Turkey History & Trivia".
21. "Mother's Day Trends".
22. Lavingia, Christina (2016). "How Americans Celebrate Mother's Day, in Five Charts". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 30, 2016. Nearly 16 percent of adults surveyed by Prosper Insights & Analytics don't expect to celebrate the holiday.
23. ^ "Restaurants expect strong Mother's Day". May 10, 2013.
24. ^ "Mother's Day Church Attendance Third Highest After Easter, Christmas; Father's Day Last".
25. Harper, Jennifer (2015). "80 Percent of Americans Celebrate Easter – and Spend $16.4 Billion on Peeps, Paas and Ham". The Washington Times. Retrieved November 30, 2016. 80 percent of Americans will celebrate Easter.
26. "Are You Celebrating Easter This Year?". Statista. 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016. This year, 80.6 percent of respondents in the United States said they are planning to celebrate Easter.
27. Carlson, Darren K. (2001). "Americans Celebrate the Fourth of July". Gallup. Retrieved November 16, 2016. Nearly eight in 10 Americans (78%) say they will attend a picnic or barbecue, the most popular Fourth of July activity among those tested. Most Americans, 76%, will celebrate with family. Other common activities include displaying an American flag (66%) and attending fireworks displays (63%).
28. "What America Spends on Fireworks for July 4".
29. McCarthy, Niall (2015). "The Numbers Behind Father's Day Spending in the U.S." Forbes. Retrieved November 30, 2016. 75.4 percent of Americans are planning to celebrate Father's Day.
30. "Ties could be as popular a gift as ever this Father's Day".
31. Roberts, Amy (2015). "Halloween 2015 by the Numbers". CNN. Retrieved November 30, 2016. 64: Percent of Americans who plan to celebrate Halloween this year.
32. "Total Halloween Spending Set to Dip This Year". MarketingCharts. 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2016. Almost two-thirds (64%) of American adults plan to celebrate Halloween or participate in Halloween activities this year, reports the NRF in a recent study.
33. "NCA predicts $2.6B in Halloween candy sales".
34. "Halloween in the U.S."
35. Soergel, Andrew (2015). "Valentine's Day Spending to Approach $19 Billion". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved November 30, 2016. More than half (54.9 percent) of Americans at least 18 years old said they plan to celebrate Valentine's Day this year, though the percentage of those who recognize the holiday drops off after the age of 44, according to a survey conducted by the National Retail Federation.
36. "Valentine's Day Floral Statistics". www.aboutflowers.com. Archived from the original on February 25, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
37. Kiernan, John S. (2016). "St. Patrick's Day 2016 by the Numbers". WalletHub. Retrieved November 30, 2016. 51.2% of Americans plan to celebrate St. Patrick's Day in 2016.
38. Rapoza, Kenneth (2012). "In Survey, Most Americans Not Celebrating New Year's Eve". Forbes. Retrieved November 30, 2016. 37 percent plan to stay up to welcome in 2013 while 23 percent say they will entertain at home.
39. Johanson, Mark (2012). "New Years Eve by the Numbers". International Business Times. Retrieved November 30, 2016. 45: The percent of American adults that say they will make a New Year's resolution.
40. "Happy St. Patrick's Day: Top 10 Drunkest Holidays". Time. March 17, 2011.
41. "Holidays are peak time for alcohol sales".
42. "Employment Situation Summary".
43. "SHRM: 2015 Holiday Schedules". November 10, 2014.
44. "Among Wealthy Nations U.S. Stands Alone in its Embrace of Religion". Pew Global Attitudes Project. December 19, 2002. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
45. ""Nones" on the Rise". The Pew Forum. October 9, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
46. US Census Bureau (September 30, 2011). "Table 75. Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001 and 2008, The methodology of the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS)". US Census Bureau 2012 Statistical Abstract. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
47. "The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life – Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". Pewforum.org. July 19, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
48. "What will be open Christmas Day". Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
49. "Good Friday in United States". timeanddate.com. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
50. "Stock Market Holidays". money-zine.com. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
51. Department of Information Technology. "About Connecticut". CT.gov. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
52. "Delaware – Office of Management and Budget – State of Delaware Holidays". Delawarepersonnel.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
53. "Florida Laws: FL Statutes – Title XXXIX Commercial Relations Section 683.01 Legal holidays. – Florida Attorney Resources – Florida Laws". Law2.onecle.com. May 31, 2013. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
54. "Hawaii State Holidays for 2014". Miraclesalad.com. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
55. "Secretary of State: 2011 Indiana State Holidays". In.gov. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
56. Archived April 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
57. Sandra G. Gillen, CPPB. "2014 State Holidays Calendar Observed by OSP". Doa.louisiana.gov. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
58. "The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey | State Holidays". Nj.gov. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
59. "N.C. State Government Holiday Schedule for 2013 and 2014". Ic.nc.gov. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
60. "North Dakota State Holidays 2014". The Holiday Schedule. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
61. "Official State Holidays". TN.gov. Archived from the original on May 29, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
62. ^ Jean Mead, How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?, ISBN 978-0237534127
63. "Guam Public Holidays 2012 (Oceania)". qppstudio.net. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
64. "US Virgin Islands Public Holidays 2012 (Americas/Caribbean)". qppstudio.net. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
65. "Public Holidays in Puerto Rico in 2015". topuertorico.org. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
66. "The White House Easter Egg Roll". Archived from the original on April 10, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
67. "Diwali Goes Mainstream". Huffington Post. October 25, 2011.
68. "Diwali 2013 in the USA and UK". November 4, 2013.
69. "Color Me Rad 5K – 2 Million Fans with New Color Blaster". Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
70. "Res 1863–2013".
71. "USA: Hindus laud New York City Council for resolution on Diwali holiday in City schools". Archived from the original on February 18, 2014.
72. "Diwali".
73. "6 things you should know about Diwali".
74. Yudit Greenberg, Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions, Volume 1, ISBN 978-1851099801, p. 212
75. The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) ISBN 019861263X – p. 874 "Holi /'həʊli:/ noun a Hindu spring festival ...".
76. Ebeling, Karin (2010), Holi, an Indian Festival, and its Reflection in English Media; Die Ordnung des Standard und die Differenzierung der Diskurse: Akten des 41. Linguistischen Kolloquiums in Mannheim 2006, 1, 107, ISBN 978-3631599174
77. The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) ISBN 019861263X – p. 540 "Diwali /dɪwɑːli/ (also Divali) noun a Hindu festival with lights...".
78. Diwali Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)
79. Diwali – Celebrating the triumph of goodness Hinduism Today (2012)
80. Vera, Zak (2010). Invisible River: Sir Richard's Last Mission. ISBN 978-1-4389-0020-9. Retrieved October 26, 2011. First Diwali day called Dhanteras or wealth worship. We perform Laskshmi-Puja in evening when clay diyas lighted to drive away shadows of evil spirits.
81. "Jewish Holidays".
82. "Rosh Hashanah".
83. "Holidays – Tablet Magazine – Jewish News and Politics, Jewish Arts and Culture, Jewish Life and Religion". tabletmag.com. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
84. "Major Islamic Holidays".
85. "Eid al-Fitr".
86. "Eid al-Adha".
87. "New York Schools Could Get Muslim Holidays".
88. BBC – Religions. Retrieved July 25, 2012
89. "The Muslim World Observes Ramadan". Power Text Solutions. 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
90. "Schools – Religions". BBC. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
91. Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124". hadithcollection.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
92. Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. "Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2378". hadithcollection.com. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
93. Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. "Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2391". hadithcollection.com. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
94. Fasting (Al Siyam) – الصيام – p. 18, el Bahay el Kholi, 1998
95. Elias, Jamal J. (1999). Islam. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-415-21165-9.
96. Elias, Jamal J. (1999). Islam. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-415-21165-9. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
97. Diversity Calendar: Eid al-Adha Archived October 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, University of Kansas Medical Center
98. "BBC – Religion & Ethics – Eid el Adha". September 7, 2009. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
99. Little, Becky (January 13, 2017). "The Controversial History of Martin Luther King Day". National Geographic. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
100. Mettler, Katie (January 19, 2016). "Today in Florida, it's Robert E. Lee Day". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
101. "Arkansas Ends Robert E. Lee-Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday". NBC News. March 22, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
102. "Arkansas lawmakers vote to remove Robert E. Lee from holiday honoring MLK". Politico. Associated Press. March 17, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
103. "Alcohol facts and statistics".
104. "Top 10 Drunkest Holidays". Time. March 17, 2011.
105. "Ranking America's drinking holidays". May 4, 2015.
106. "Six Beers For MLB's Opening Day".
107. "The 5 Most Popular Drinking Days". Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
108. "Celebrating the Kwanzaa Holiday and Understanding its Impact on Race Relations".
109. "African-American Holidays, Festivals, and Celebrations".
110. "Why Kwanzaa Video". Maulana Karenga.
111. "ACR 116 Assembly Concurrent Resolution – CHAPTERED". ca.gov. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
112. Ohio's Rosa Parks Day Placed into National Congressional Record, archived from the original on November 17, 2011
113. "Juneteenth Celebrated in Coachella". Black Voice News. June 22, 2011. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012.
114. Juneteenth. Retrieved May 30, 2013. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
115. "NATIONAL FOOTBALL HANGOVER DAY – The Day After the Big Game". National Day Calendar. January 30, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019.