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| Large studies involving adoptees demonstrate that the effect is not due to being raised with older brothers, but appears to have something to do with changes induced in the ] when ] a boy that affects subsequent sons. The effect is present regardless of whether or not the older brothers are raised in the same family environment with the boy. There is no effect when the number of older brothers is increased by adopted brothers or step brothers. It is hypothesized that the fraternal birth order effect may be caused by increasing levels of ] produced by the mother to the HY ] with each son. The HY antigen (]) is found on the surface of the ]s of male ]s. The presence of this foreign chemical when bearing a son could trigger the mother's ], which may then lead to different ] development patterns in later male children. | Large studies involving adoptees demonstrate that the effect is not due to being raised with older brothers, but appears to have something to do with changes induced in the ] when ] a boy that affects subsequent sons. The effect is present regardless of whether or not the older brothers are raised in the same family environment with the boy. There is no effect when the number of older brothers is increased by adopted brothers or step brothers. It is hypothesized that the fraternal birth order effect may be caused by increasing levels of ] produced by the mother to the HY ] with each son. The HY antigen (]) is found on the surface of the ]s of male ]s. The presence of this foreign chemical when bearing a son could trigger the mother's ], which may then lead to different ] development patterns in later male children. | ||
| The fraternal birth order effect appears to show an opposite effect in non right-handed men than in right-handed men<ref>Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M., Bogaert, A. F., Breedlove, S. M., & Ellis, L. (2006). Interaction of fraternal birth order and handedness in the development of male homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 49, 405–414.</ref><ref>Blanchard, R. 2007. Sex ratio of older siblings in heterosexual and homosexual, right-handed and non-right-handed men, Archives of Sexual Behavior. in press.</ref>, see also ]. | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| <references/> | |||
| * Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., & Hume, C. S. (1995). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual male adolescents and probably pre-homosexual feminine boys. ''Developmental Psychology'', '''31''':22–30. | * Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., & Hume, C. S. (1995). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual male adolescents and probably pre-homosexual feminine boys. ''Developmental Psychology'', '''31''':22–30. | ||
| * Blanchard, R. & Bogaert, A.F. (1996) Homosexuality in men and number of older brothers. ''American Journal of Psychiatry'', '''153''':27-31. | * Blanchard, R. & Bogaert, A.F. (1996) Homosexuality in men and number of older brothers. ''American Journal of Psychiatry'', '''153''':27-31. | ||
Revision as of 07:01, 10 January 2007
In psychology the fraternal birth order effect is the name given to the observation that the more older brothers a man has, the greater the probability is that he will have a homosexual sexual orientation. The fraternal birth order effect is the strongest known predictor of sexual orientation, each older brother increases a man's chances of being gay by about 33% (Blanchard, 2001, Puts et al. 2006). Even so, the fraternal birth order effect only accounts for a maximum of one seventh of the prevalence of homosexuality in men. There seems to be no effect on sexual orientation in women, and no effect of the number of older sisters.
Large studies involving adoptees demonstrate that the effect is not due to being raised with older brothers, but appears to have something to do with changes induced in the uterus when gestating a boy that affects subsequent sons. The effect is present regardless of whether or not the older brothers are raised in the same family environment with the boy. There is no effect when the number of older brothers is increased by adopted brothers or step brothers. It is hypothesized that the fraternal birth order effect may be caused by increasing levels of antibodies produced by the mother to the HY antigen with each son. The HY antigen (histocompatibility Y-antigen) is found on the surface of the cells of male mammals. The presence of this foreign chemical when bearing a son could trigger the mother's immune response, which may then lead to different brain development patterns in later male children.
The fraternal birth order effect appears to show an opposite effect in non right-handed men than in right-handed men, see also Handedness and sexual orientation.
References
- Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M., Bogaert, A. F., Breedlove, S. M., & Ellis, L. (2006). Interaction of fraternal birth order and handedness in the development of male homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 49, 405–414.
- Blanchard, R. 2007. Sex ratio of older siblings in heterosexual and homosexual, right-handed and non-right-handed men, Archives of Sexual Behavior. in press.
- Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., & Hume, C. S. (1995). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual male adolescents and probably pre-homosexual feminine boys. Developmental Psychology, 31:22–30.
- Blanchard, R. & Bogaert, A.F. (1996) Homosexuality in men and number of older brothers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153:27-31.
- Blanchard, R. (1997). Birth Order and Sibling Sex Ratio in Homosexual Versus Heterosexual Males and Females. Annual Review of Sex Research, 8:27-67
- Blanchard, R., Zucker, K.J., Siegelman, M., Dickey, R. & Klassen, P. (1998). The relation of birth order to sexual orientation in men and women. Journal of Biosocial Science, 30:511-519.
- Blanchard, R. (2001). Fraternal birth order and the maternal immune hypothesis of male homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 40:105-114.
- Blanchard, R. (2004). Quantitative and theoretical analyses of the relation between older brother and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 230:173-187.
- Bogaert, A.F. (2005) Sibling Sex Ratio and Sexual Orientation in Men and Women: New Tests in Two National Probability Samples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34:111-116.
- Bogaert, A.F. (2006). Biological versus nonbiological older brothers and men’s sexual orientation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 103
- Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Paterson, A. D. & Bogaert, A. F. (2002). How many gay men owe their sexual orientation to fraternal birth order. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31:63-71.
- Puts, D.A., Jordan, C. L. and Breedlove, S. M. (2006) O brother, where art thou? The fraternal birth-order effect on male sexual orientation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 103:10531-10532.
- Wachtel, S. S. (1983) H–Y Antigen and the Biology of Sex Determination. Grune & Stratton, New York.