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In mathematics, a normed vector space or normed space is a vector space over the real or complex numbers, on which a norm is defined. A norm is the formalization and the generalization to real vector spaces of the intuitive notion of "length" in the real world. A norm is a real-valued function defined on the vector space that is commonly denoted ${\displaystyle x\mapsto \|x\|,}$ and has the following properties:

1. It is nonnegative, that is for every vector x, one has ${\displaystyle \|x\|\geq 0.}$
2. It is positive on nonzero vectors, that is,

   ${\displaystyle \|x\|=0\Longleftrightarrow x=0.}$

3. For every vector x, and every scalar ${\displaystyle \alpha ,}$ one has

   ${\displaystyle \|\alpha x\|=|\alpha |\|x\|.}$

4. The triangle inequality holds; that is, for every vectors x and y, one has

   ${\displaystyle \|x+y\|\leq \|x\|+\|y\|.}$

A norm induces a distance by the formula

${\displaystyle d(x,y)=\|y-x\|.}$

which make the normed vector space into a metric space and a topological vector space. If this metric ${\displaystyle d}$ is complete then the normed space is called a Banach space. Every normed vector space can be "uniquely extended" to a Banach space, which makes normed spaces intimately related to Banach spaces. Every Banach space is normed space but converse need not be true. Example: A set of bounded sequence. The study of normed spaces and Banach spaces is a fundamental part of functional analysis, which is a major subfield of mathematics.

An inner product space becomes a normed space when the norm of a vector is the square root of the inner product of the vector by itself. The Euclidean distance in a Euclidean space is related to the norm of the associated vector space (which is an inner product space) by the formula

${\displaystyle d(A,B)=\|{\overrightarrow {AB}}\|.}$

Definition

A normed vector space is a pair ${\displaystyle (V,\|\cdot \|)}$ where ${\displaystyle V}$ is a vector space and ${\displaystyle \|\cdot \|}$ a norm on ${\displaystyle V}$.

A seminormed vector space is a pair ${\displaystyle (V,p)}$ where ${\displaystyle V}$ is a vector space and ${\displaystyle p}$ a seminorm on ${\displaystyle V}$.

We often omit ${\displaystyle p}$ or ${\displaystyle \|\cdot \|}$ and just write ${\displaystyle V}$ for a space if it is clear from the context what (semi) norm we are using.

More generally, vector norms can include any real-valued function satisfying properties 2–4 above (i.e., not necessarily non-negative).

A useful variation of the triangle inequality is

${\displaystyle \|x-y\|\geq |\|x\|-\|y\||}$ for any vectors x and y.

This also shows that a vector norm is a continuous function.

Note that property 2 depends on a choice of norm ${\displaystyle |\alpha |}$ on the field of scalars. When the scalar field is ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }$ (or more generally a subset of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }$), this is usually taken to be the ordinary absolute value, but other choices are possible. For example, for a vector space over ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }$ one could take ${\displaystyle |\alpha |}$ to be the p-adic norm, which gives rise to a different class of normed vector spaces.

Topological structure

If (V, ‖·‖) is a normed vector space, the norm ‖·‖ induces a metric (a notion of distance) and therefore a topology on V. This metric is defined in the natural way: the distance between two vectors u and v is given by ‖u − v‖. This topology is precisely the weakest topology which makes ‖·‖ continuous and which is compatible with the linear structure of V in the following sense:

1. The vector addition + : V × V → V is jointly continuous with respect to this topology. This follows directly from the triangle inequality.
2. The scalar multiplication · : K × V → V, where K is the underlying scalar field of V, is jointly continuous. This follows from the triangle inequality and homogeneity of the norm.

Similarly, for any semi-normed vector space we can define the distance between two vectors u and v as ‖u − v‖. This turns the seminormed space into a pseudometric space (notice this is weaker than a metric) and allows the definition of notions such as continuity and convergence. To put it more abstractly every semi-normed vector space is a topological vector space and thus carries a topological structure which is induced by the semi-norm.

Of special interest are complete normed spaces called Banach spaces. Every normed vector space V sits as a dense subspace inside a Banach space; this Banach space is essentially uniquely defined by V and is called the completion of V.

Two norms on the same vector space are called equivalent if they define the same topology. On a finite-dimensional vector space, all norms are equivalent but this is not true for infinite dimensional vector spaces.

All norms on a finite-dimensional vector space are equivalent from a topological viewpoint as they induce the same topology (although the resulting metric spaces need not be the same). And since any Euclidean space is complete, we can thus conclude that all finite-dimensional normed vector spaces are Banach spaces. A normed vector space V is locally compact if and only if the unit ball B = {x : ‖x‖ ≤ 1} is compact, which is the case if and only if V is finite-dimensional; this is a consequence of Riesz's lemma. (In fact, a more general result is true: a topological vector space is locally compact if and only if it is finite-dimensional. The point here is that we don't assume the topology comes from a norm.)

The topology of a seminormed vector space has many nice properties. Given a neighbourhood system ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(0)}$ around 0 we can construct all other neighbourhood systems as

${\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}(x)=x+{\mathcal {N}}(0):=\{x+N\mid N\in {\mathcal {N}}(0)\}}$

with

${\displaystyle x+N:=\{x+n\mid n\in N\}}$.

Moreover, there exists a neighbourhood basis for 0 consisting of absorbing and convex sets. As this property is very useful in functional analysis, generalizations of normed vector spaces with this property are studied under the name locally convex spaces.

Normable spaces

A topological vector space ${\displaystyle (X,\tau )}$ is called normable if there exists a norm ${\displaystyle \|\cdot \|}$ on X such that the canonical metric ${\displaystyle (x,y)\mapsto \|y-x\|}$ induces the topology ${\displaystyle \tau }$ on X. The following theorem is due to Kolmagoroff:

Theorem A Hausdorff topological vector space is normable if and only if there exists a convex, von Neumann bounded neighborhood of ${\displaystyle 0\in X}$.

A product of a family of normable spaces is normable if and only if only finitely many of the spaces are non-trivial (i.e. ${\displaystyle \neq \{0\}}$). Furthermore, the quotient of a normable space X by a closed vector subspace C is normable and if in addition X's topology is given by a norm ${\displaystyle \|\cdot \|}$ then the map ${\displaystyle X/C\to \mathbb {R} }$ given by ${\displaystyle x+C\mapsto \inf _{c\in C}\|x+c\|}$ is a well defined norm on X/C that induces the quotient topology on X/C.

If X is a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space then the following are equivalent:

1. X is normable.
2. X has a bounded neighborhood of the origin.
3. the strong dual ${\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }}$ of X is normable.
4. the strong dual ${\displaystyle X_{b}^{\prime }}$ of X is metrizable.

Furthermore, X is finite dimensional if and only if ${\displaystyle X_{\sigma }^{\prime }}$ is normable (here ${\displaystyle X_{\sigma }^{\prime }}$ denotes ${\displaystyle X^{\prime }}$ endowed with the weak-* topology).

Linear maps and dual spaces

The most important maps between two normed vector spaces are the continuous linear maps. Together with these maps, normed vector spaces form a category.

The norm is a continuous function on its vector space. All linear maps between finite dimensional vector spaces are also continuous.

An isometry between two normed vector spaces is a linear map f which preserves the norm (meaning ‖f(v)‖ = ‖v‖ for all vectors v). Isometries are always continuous and injective. A surjective isometry between the normed vector spaces V and W is called an isometric isomorphism, and V and W are called isometrically isomorphic. Isometrically isomorphic normed vector spaces are identical for all practical purposes.

When speaking of normed vector spaces, we augment the notion of dual space to take the norm into account. The dual V ' of a normed vector space V is the space of all continuous linear maps from V to the base field (the complexes or the reals) — such linear maps are called "functionals". The norm of a functional φ is defined as the supremum of |φ(v)| where v ranges over all unit vectors (i.e. vectors of norm 1) in V. This turns V ' into a normed vector space. An important theorem about continuous linear functionals on normed vector spaces is the Hahn–Banach theorem.

Normed spaces as quotient spaces of seminormed spaces

The definition of many normed spaces (in particular, Banach spaces) involves a seminorm defined on a vector space and then the normed space is defined as the quotient space by the subspace of elements of seminorm zero. For instance, with the L spaces, the function defined by

${\displaystyle \|f\|_{p}=\left(\int |f(x)|^{p}\;dx\right)^{1/p}}$

is a seminorm on the vector space of all functions on which the Lebesgue integral on the right hand side is defined and finite. However, the seminorm is equal to zero for any function supported on a set of Lebesgue measure zero. These functions form a subspace which we "quotient out", making them equivalent to the zero function.

Finite product spaces

Given n seminormed spaces X_i with seminorms q_i we can define the product space as

${\displaystyle X:=\prod _{i=1}^{n}X_{i}}$

with vector addition defined as

${\displaystyle (x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})+(y_{1},\ldots ,y_{n}):=(x_{1}+y_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}+y_{n})}$

and scalar multiplication defined as

${\displaystyle \alpha (x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}):=(\alpha x_{1},\ldots ,\alpha x_{n})}$.

We define a new function q

${\displaystyle q:X\to \mathbb {R} }$

for example as

${\displaystyle q:(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})\mapsto \sum _{i=1}^{n}q_{i}(x_{i})}$.

which is a seminorm on X. The function q is a norm if and only if all q_i are norms.

More generally, for each real p≥1 we have the seminorm:

${\displaystyle q:(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})\mapsto \left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}q_{i}(x_{i})^{p}\right)^{\frac {1}{p}}.}$

For each p this defines the same topological space.

A straightforward argument involving elementary linear algebra shows that the only finite-dimensional seminormed spaces are those arising as the product space of a normed space and a space with trivial seminorm. Consequently, many of the more interesting examples and applications of seminormed spaces occur for infinite-dimensional vector spaces.

See also

• Banach space, normed vector spaces which are complete with respect to the metric induced by the norm
• Finsler manifold, where the length of each tangent vector is determined by a norm
• Inner product space, normed vector spaces where the norm is given by an inner product
• Kolmogorov's normability criterion
• Locally convex topological vector space – a vector space with a topology defined by convex open sets
• Space (mathematics) – mathematical set with some added structure
• Topological vector space – a vector space with a notion of nearness

References

1. Callier, Frank M. (1991). Linear System Theory. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97573-X.
2. Kedlaya, Kiran S. (2010), p-adic differential equations, Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, vol. 125, Cambridge University Press, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.165.270, ISBN 978-0-521-76879-5, Theorem 1.3.6
3. ^ Schaefer 1999, p. 41.
4. Schaefer 1999, p. 42.
5. ^ Trèves 2006, pp. 136–149, 195–201, 240–252, 335–390, 420–433.

Bibliography

• Banach, Stefan (1932). Théorie des Opérations Linéaires [Theory of Linear Operations] (PDF). Monografie Matematyczne (in French). Vol. 1. Warszawa: Subwencji Funduszu Kultury Narodowej. Zbl 0005.20901. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-11. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
• Rolewicz, Stefan (1987), Functional analysis and control theory: Linear systems, Mathematics and its Applications (East European Series), vol. 29 (Translated from the Polish by Ewa Bednarczuk ed.), Dordrecht; Warsaw: D. Reidel Publishing Co.; PWN—Polish Scientific Publishers, pp. xvi+524, doi:10.1007/978-94-015-7758-8, ISBN 90-277-2186-6, MR 0920371, OCLC 13064804
• Schaefer, H. H. (1999). Topological Vector Spaces. New York, NY: Springer New York Imprint Springer. ISBN 978-1-4612-7155-0. OCLC 840278135.
• Trèves, François (2006) . Topological Vector Spaces, Distributions and Kernels. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-45352-1. OCLC 853623322.

External links

• Media related to Normed spaces at Wikimedia Commons

• Normed spaces