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In physics, the topological structure of spinfoam or spin foam consists of two-dimensional faces representing a configuration required by functional integration to obtain a Feynman's path integral description of quantum gravity. These structures are employed in loop quantum gravity as a version of quantum foam.

In loop quantum gravity

Covariant formulation of loop quantum gravity provides the best formulation of the dynamics of the theory of quantum gravity – a quantum field theory where the invariance under diffeomorphisms of general relativity applies. The resulting path integral represents a sum over all the possible configurations of spin foam.

Spin network

A spin network is a one-dimensional graph, together with labels on its vertices and edges which encode aspects of a spatial geometry.

A spin network is defined as a diagram like the Feynman diagram which makes a basis of connections between the elements of a differentiable manifold for the Hilbert spaces defined over them, and for computations of amplitudes between two different hypersurfaces of the manifold. Any evolution of the spin network provides a spin foam over a manifold of one dimension higher than the dimensions of the corresponding spin network. A spin foam is analogous to quantum history.

Spacetime

Spin networks provide a language to describe the quantum geometry of space. Spin foam does the same job for spacetime.

Spacetime can be defined as a superposition of spin foams, which is a generalized Feynman diagram where instead of a graph, a higher-dimensional complex is used. In topology this sort of space is called a 2-complex. A spin foam is a particular type of 2-complex, with labels for vertices, edges and faces. The boundary of a spin foam is a spin network, just as in the theory of manifolds, where the boundary of an n-manifold is an (n-1)-manifold.

In Loop Quantum Gravity, the present Spin Foam Theory has been inspired by the work of Ponzano–Regge model. The concept of a spin foam, although not called that at the time, was introduced in the paper "A Step Toward Pregeometry I: Ponzano–Regge Spin Networks and the Origin of Spacetime Structure in Four Dimensions" by Norman J. LaFave. In this paper, the concept of creating sandwiches of 4-geometry (and local time scale) from spin networks is described, along with the connection of these spin 4-geometry sandwiches to form paths of spin networks connecting given spin network boundaries (spin foams). Quantization of the structure leads to a generalized Feynman path integral over connected paths of spin networks between spin network boundaries. This paper goes beyond much of the later work by showing how 4-geometry is already present in the seemingly three dimensional spin networks, how local time scales occur, and how the field equations and conservation laws are generated by simple consistency requirements. The idea was reintroduced in a 1997 paper and later developed into the Barrett–Crane model. The formulation that is used nowadays is commonly called EPRL after the names of the authors of a series of seminal papers, but the theory has also seen fundamental contributions from the work of many others, such as Laurent Freidel (FK model) and Jerzy Lewandowski (KKL model).

Definition

The summary partition function for a spin foam model is

${\displaystyle Z:=\sum _{\Gamma }w(\Gamma )\left}$

with:

• a set of 2-complexes ${\displaystyle \Gamma }$ each consisting out of faces ${\displaystyle f}$, edges ${\displaystyle e}$ and vertices ${\displaystyle v}$. Associated to each 2-complex ${\displaystyle \Gamma }$ is a weight ${\displaystyle w(\Gamma )}$
• a set of irreducible representations ${\displaystyle j}$ which label the faces and intertwiners ${\displaystyle i}$ which label the edges.
• a vertex amplitude ${\displaystyle A_{v}(j_{f},i_{e})}$ and an edge amplitude ${\displaystyle A_{e}(j_{f},i_{e})}$
• a face amplitude ${\displaystyle A_{f}(j_{f})}$, for which we almost always have ${\displaystyle A_{f}(j_{f})=\dim(j_{f})}$

See also

• Group field theory
• Loop quantum gravity
• Lorentz invariance in loop quantum gravity
• String-net

References

1. Reisenberger, Michael P.; Rovelli, Carlo (1997). ""Sum over surfaces" form of loop quantum gravity". Physical Review D. 56 (6): 3490–3508. arXiv:gr-qc/9612035. Bibcode:1997PhRvD..56.3490R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.56.3490. S2CID 53348775.
2. Engle, Jonathan; Livine, Etera; Pereira, Roberto; Rovelli, Carlo (2008). "LQG vertex with finite Immirzi parameter". Nuclear Physics B. 799 (1–2): 136–149. arXiv:0711.0146. Bibcode:2008NuPhB.799..136E. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2008.02.018. S2CID 118451648.

External links

• Baez, John C. (1998). "Spin foam models". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 15 (7): 1827–1858. arXiv:gr-qc/9709052. Bibcode:1998CQGra..15.1827B. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/15/7/004. S2CID 6449360.
• Perez, Alejandro (2003). "Spin Foam Models for Quantum Gravity". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 20 (6): R43–R104. arXiv:gr-qc/0301113. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/20/6/202. S2CID 13891330.
• Rovelli, Carlo (2011). "Zakopane lectures on loop gravity". arXiv:1102.3660 .

v t e Quantum gravity
Central concepts	AdS/CFT correspondence Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism CA-duality Causal patch Faddeev–Popov ghost Gravitational anomaly Graviton Holographic principle IR/UV mixing Planck units Quantum foam Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture Trans-Planckian problem Weinberg–Witten theorem
Toy models	2+1D topological gravity CGHS model Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity Liouville gravity RST model Topological quantum field theory
Quantum field theory in curved spacetime	Bunch–Davies vacuum Hawking radiation Semiclassical gravity Unruh effect
Black holes	Black hole complementarity Black hole information paradox Black-hole thermodynamics Bekenstein bound Bousso's holographic bound Cosmic censorship hypothesis ER = EPR Firewall (physics) Gravitational singularity
Approaches	String theory Bosonic string theory M-theory Supergravity Superstring theory Canonical quantum gravity Loop quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Euclidean quantum gravity Hartle–Hawking state Others Causal dynamical triangulation Causal sets Dual graviton Group field theory Noncommutative geometry Spin foam Superfluid vacuum theory Twistor theory
Applications	Quantum cosmology Eternal inflation FRW/CFT duality Multiverse
See also: Template:Quantum mechanics topics

• Theoretical physics
• Loop quantum gravity