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Republic of SerbiaРепублика Србија Republika Srbija
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Bože pravde God of Justice
Location of Serbia
Capitaland largest city	File:Belgrade Coat of Arms.png Belgrade
Official languages	Serbian written with the Cyrillic alphabet
Government	Republic
• President	Boris Tadić
• Prime Minister	Vojislav Koštunica
Establishment
• Formation	8th century
• Independence	c.1166
• Kingdom established	1077 (Dioclea) 1217 (Rascia)
• Independence lost    to Ottoman Empire	1459
• First Serbian Uprising	Feb 15, 1804
• First Constitution	Feb 15, 1835
• Recognized	1878
• Kingdom of SCS	1918
• SCG dissolved	June 5, 2006
• Water (%)	0.13
Population
• 2002 estimate	9,396,411 (83rd)
GDP (PPP)	2006 estimate
• Total	$47,77 billion (77th)
• Per capita	$5,348 (101st)
HDI (n/a)	n/a Error: Invalid HDI value (n/a)
Currency	Serbian dinar (RSD)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
Calling code	381
ISO 3166 code	RS
Internet TLD	.yu (.rs)
In Vojvodina, the following languages are also official: Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn and Croatian. Following the adoption of the new Constitution, Serbian Latin script is awaiting parliamentary approval. In Kosovo, Albanian and English are also official. The euro is used in Kosovo alongside the dinar. The .rs is official domain since September 2006, but former .yu is still in use until the current active leases expire. To be shared with Montenegro until 2007.

Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia (Template:Lang-sr, listen), is a landlocked country in Central and Southeastern Europe, covering the central part of the Balkan Peninsula and the southern part of the Pannonian Plain. It is bordered by Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; Albania and the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Montenegro, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west. The capital is Belgrade.

Serbs settled the region by 630 AD, having been invited by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius. Serbs were fully converted to Christianity by 865 AD. They formed four distinct independent kingdoms by the 14th century — in Dioclea, Rascia, Syrmia and Bosnia. The medieval Serbian Kingdom, later the Serbian Empire of Stefan Dušan, rose from Byzantine, Bulgarian and Hungarian patronage to become a threat to the very existence of Constantinople itself before succumbing to the Ottoman Empire. Another shortlasting incarnation of the Serbian Empire was the one of Emperor Jovan Nenad in 16th-century Vojvodina, however the state also collapsed to the Ottoman Empire, before finally passing to the Habsburg Empire, where it would remain for centuries to come. Belgrade had indured and repelled several Ottoman invasions and was the last major Balkan city to surrender in 1521, opening the gates of Central Europe- Vojvodina, Hungary and Vienna.

Despite 3 Austrian occupations and numerous rebellions, 2/3rds of the modern state had remained under Ottoman occupation from the 15th century to the uprisings against Turkish occupation in 1804. Two consequent national revolutions have re-established Serbia (in 1815) as a semi-independent prinicipality, which has expelled the Ottomans in 1867, de facto securing its sovereignty. Formal independence was internationally recognised at the Congress of Berlin in 1878.. Northern third of the country, Vojvodina, has endured a century long Ottoman occupation before passing to Habsburg Empire in the 17th century, only to proclaim independence from Austria-Hungary in 1918.

Victorious in Balkan wars and both World Wars, for nearly a century Serbia was backbone of various South Slavic states, including the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from 1918 to 1941 (renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929), the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1992, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1992 to 2003, and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2006. After Montenegro narrowly voted for independence from the State Union, Serbia officially proclaimed its independence on June 7, 2006, as the successor state to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.

Serbia vs Servia

In 19th and 20th century English works, the country was often referred to as Servia. This was likely a result of folk etymology, linking the Serbs and other Slavs to the semantic field of "slave/servant", and the usage was often resented by Serbs. The British press stopped using the term by the 1930s, allegedly by the attempts of Vojislav M. Petrovich, publisher of the Serbian grammar in London. The basic name, Serboi, originates in the works of Tacitus, Plinius and Ptolomy in the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D., describing a people living in the Caucasus. The name is of Iranian origin, not of Slavic nor Roman, which is why the Roman theory Servi does not offer adequate arguments. Following the migration into Central Europe, White Serbs have established a state Sorbia in the 5th century, prior to their arrival to the Balkans in 630 A.D. Serbian kings were crowned as Kings of all Serbs rather than Kings of Serbia, and were using the terms Serb lands rather than Serbia itself. This is due to the fact that Serbs have mostly lived in several different tribal denominations such as Dioclea, Travunija etc rather than in one unified state, so this was the one way a ruler could "rule them all"; however first unified state is reached under the Vlastimirovic dynasty in the 9th century and has reemerged several times during Serbian history.

Geography

Serbia is located in the Balkans and in the Pannonian Plain. It is placed at the crossroads between Central, Southern and Eastern Europe. The Danube river (2850 km) flows through the northern third of the country; it is 588 km long and forms the border with Croatia and part of Romania. The Sava river forms the southern border of the Vojvodina province, flows into the Danube in central Belgrade, and bypasses the hills of the Fruška Gora in the west. Sixty kilometers to the northeast of Belgrade, the Tisa river flows into the Danube and ends its 1350 km long journey from Ukraine, and the partially navigable Tamis (60 km/350 km) flows into the Danube near Pancevo. The Begej river (254km) flows into Tisa near Titel. All five rivers are navigable, connecting the country with Northern and Western Europe (through the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal–North Sea route) to Eastern Europe (via the Tisa–, Tamis–, Begej– and Danube–Black sea routes) and to Southern Europe (via the Sava river).

Eastern border of the country is determined by the Carpathian Mountain range, which runs through the whole of Central Europe, separating it from the East. Carpathians meet the Balkan Mountains, following the course of Velika Morava, a 500 km long (partially navigable) river. Midzor peak tops Eastern Serbia at 2156 m. In the southeast Balkan Mountains meet the Rhodope Mountains, connecting the country with Greece. Sar Mountains of Kosovo form the border with Albania, with one of the highest peaks in the region, Djeravica (2656 m). Dinaric Alps of Serbia follow the flow of the Drina river (at 350 km navigable for smaller vessels only) overlooking the Dinaric peaks on the other side of the shore in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Climate

The Serbian climate varies between a continental climate in the north, with cold winters, and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall patterns, and a more Adriatic climate in the south with hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy inland snowfall. Differences in elevation, proximity to the Adriatic sea and large river basins, as well as the exposure to the winds account for climate differences. Vojvodina possesses typical continental climate, with airmasses from Northern and Western Europe which shape its climatic profile. South and Southwest Serbia is subject to Mediterranean influences, however the Dinaric Alps and other mountain ranges contribute cooling down the biggest part of warm air masses. Winters are quite harsh in Sandžak due to the mountains which encircle that plateau.

Average annual air temperature for the period 1961–90 for the area with the altitude of up to 300 m amounts to 10.9 °C. The areas with the altitudes of 300 to 500 m have average annual temperature of around 10.0 °C, and over 1000 m of altitude around 6.0 °C.

Cities

Major cities (over 100,000 inhabitants) — 2002 census data, for Kosovo current World Gazetteer estimates (unofficial):

• Beograd (Belgrade): 1,273,651 (inner city area); 1,576,124 (with suburbs)
• Novi Sad: 215,659 (298,139 greater metropolitan area)
• Priština: between 155,499 (1991 census) and 262,686 (2006 calculation)
• Niš: 194,790 (250,518 greater metropolitan area)
• Kragujevac: 147.473 (180.252 greater metropolitan area)
• Prizren: between 92,303 (1991 census) and 165,227 (2006 calculation)
• Subotica: 99,471 (147,758 greater metropolitan area)

National parks

Serbia has five national parks:

• Fruška Gora (250 km²)
• Kopaonik (120 km²)
• Tara (220 km²)
• Đerdap (Iron Gate) (640 km²)
• Šar-planina (390 km²)

History

Medieval history

The roots of the Serbian state date back to the 7th century and the House of Vlastimirović. A Serbian kingdom (centered around Duklja) was established in the 11th century. It lasted until the end of the 12th century.

The medieval Serbian state was re-formed in the Raška region in the 12th century by the Serbian Grand Župan Stefan Nemanja. In 1217, under Stefan the First Crowned, Serbia became a kingdom, and in 1346, Stefan Dušan established the Serbian Empire. Under a string of accomplished leaders, from Stefan Nemanja, through the Czar Stefan Dušan The Great, and culminating with the death of Prince Lazar at Kosovo in 1389, the medieval Serbs created a political entity which today still resonates strongly in the Serbian culture. The Empire was disintegrated and fell to the Ottoman Turks after the historic Battle of Kosovo in 1389. The northern Serbian territories (the Serbian Despotate) were conquered in 1459 following the siege of the "temporary" capital Smederevo. Bosnia fell a few years after Smederevo, and Herzegovina in 1482. Belgrade was the last major Balkan city to endure Ottoman onslaughts, as it joined Catholic Royal Hungary, following heavy Turkish defeat in Siege of Belgrade of 1456. It held out for another 70 years, succumbing to the Ottomans in 1521, alongside greater part of Hungary that was soon conquered.

Ottoman/Austrian rule

Following the collapse of Serbian Empire in Battle of Kosovo, between 1459 and 1804, Serbia was under the Ottoman occupation, despite three Austrian invasions and numerous rebellions (such as the Banat Uprising). Islam was in a period of expansion during this time, especially in Raska, Kosovo and Bosnia. The Ottoman period was a defining one in the history of the country; Slavic, Byzantine, Arabic and Turkish cultures suffused. Many contemporary cultural traits can be traced back to Ottoman period. However the majority of the Serbs managed to keep their culture and religion through the long period of Ottoman rule.

Principality of Serbia

The First Serbian Uprising of 1804–13, led by Đorđe Petrović (also known as Karađorđe or "Black George"), and the Second Serbian Uprising of 1815 resulted in the establishment of the Principality of Serbia. As it was semi-independent from the Ottoman Empire, it is considered to be the precursor of the formation of modern Serbia.

From 1815 to 1903, the Serbian state was ruled by the House of Obrenović, except from 1842 to 1858, when Serbia was ruled by Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević. In 1903, the House of Obrenović was replaced by the House of Karađorđević, who were descendants of Đorđe Petrović.

In the northern part of present-day Serbia that was ruled by the Austrian Empire, the local Serbs created in 1848 their autonomous region known as the Serbian Vojvodina. The region was in 1849 transformed into new Austrian crownland known as the Vojvodina of Serbia and Tamiš Banat. Although, the crownland was abolished in 1860, the Serbs from the Vojvodina region gained another opportunity to achieve their political demands in 1918.

Independent Kingdom

The struggle for a modern society, human rights and a nation-state in Serbia lasted almost three decades and was completed with the adoption of the constitution on 15 February 1835. In 1876, Montenegro, Serbia, and Bosnia declared war against the Ottoman Empire and proclaimed their unification. However, the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, which was signed at the Congress of Berlin by the Great Powers, granted complete independence only to Serbia and Montenegro, leaving Bosnia and Raška to Austria-Hungary, who blocked their unification until the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 and World War I.

On 28 June 1914 the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo in Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip, a South Slav unionist, Austrian citizen and member of Young Bosnia, led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. The Russian Empire started to mobilize its troops in defence of its ally Serbia, which resulted in the German Empire declaring war on Russia in support of its ally Austria-Hungary. However, as German military planners wished to avoid a war on two fronts against both Russia and France, they attacked France first. This eventually culminated in all the major European Powers being drawn into the war. The Serbian Army won several major victories against Austria-Hungary at the beginning of World War I, but it was overpowered by the joint forces of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria in 1915. Most of its army and some people went to exile to Greece and Corfu where it healed, regrouped and returned to Thessaloniki front to lead a final breakthrough through enemy lines on 15 September 1918, freeing Serbia again and ending the war on 11 November. In World War I, Serbia had 1,264,000 casualties — 28% of its total population, and 58% of its male population.

Part of a series on the
History of Serbia
By century 9th 10th
Prehistory Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Bronze Age Iron Age
Pre-Roman Illyrians Autariatae Dardani Triballi Moesi Scordisci Dacians
Early Roman Illyricum Pannonia Pannonia Inferior Dalmatia Moesia Moesia Superior Dacia Dacia Aureliana
Late Roman Moesia Prima Dacia Mediterranea Dacia Ripensis Dardania Praevalitana Pannonia Secunda Diocese of Moesia Diocese of Dacia Diocese of Pannonia Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum
Early Middle Ages White Serbia around 600 AD Principality of Serbia Duklja, Travunia, Zachlumia, Narentines, Raška, Bosnia 7th–10th century Catepanate of Ras around 969–976
High Middle Ages Duklja (Zeta) 11th–12th century Theme of Sirmium 1018–1071 Grand Principality 1071–1217 Kingdom of Serbia 1217–1346 King Dragutin's realm 1282–1325 Empire Fall 1346–1371 Lordship of Prilep 1371–1395 Prince Lazar's Serbia 1371–1402 Vuk's Land 1371–1412 Despotate of Serbia 1402–1537
Early Modern Ottoman-ruled Serbia 1459–1804 Jovan Nenad / Radoslav Čelnik 1526–1530 Banate of Lugoj and Caransebeș 16th–17th Habsburg occupation 1686–1699 Great Serb Migrations 1690 and 1737–1739 Military Frontier 1702–1882 Habsburg-ruled Serbia 1718–1739 Koča's frontier 1788–1791
Serbia 1804–1918 Serbian Revolution 1804–1815 Principality of Serbia 1815–1882 Serbian Vojvodina 1848–1849 Serbia and Banat 1849–1860 Kingdom of Serbia 1882–1918
Serbia since 1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 Axis occupation 1941–1944 Federal unit of Socialist Yugoslavia 1944–1992 Constituent state with Montenegro 1992–2006 Republic of Serbia 2006–present
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Yugoslavia

After 1918, Serbia, along with Montenegro, was a founding member of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During World War II, Serbia was a German-occupied puppet state that included present-day Central Serbia and Banat, popularly called Nedić's Serbia. However, parts of the present-day territory of Serbia were occupied by Croatian, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Albanian, and Italian armies. The occupying powers committed numerous crimes against the civilian population, especially against Serbs and Jews.

In 1945, Serbia was established as one of the federal units of the second Yugoslavia, the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, led by Josip Broz Tito until his death in 1980.

After the collapse of the second Yugoslavia in 1992 until the year 2003, Serbia, together with Montenegro, was part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Despite civil wars in neighboring Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, while helping Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia try to remain a part of Yugoslavia, Serbia remained peaceful until 1998, when clashes with the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) started in Kosovo.

Between 1998 and 1999, continued clashes in Kosovo between Serbian and Yugoslav security forces and the KLA prompted a NATO aerial bombardment which lasted for 78 days. The attacks were stopped when Yugoslav president Slobodan Milošević agreed to remove all security forces, including the military and the police, and have them replaced by a body of international police, in return for which Kosovo would formally remain within the Yugoslav Federation (See: Kosovo War).

In September 2000, opposition parties claimed that Milošević committed fraud in routine federal elections. Street protests and rallies throughout Serbia eventually forced Milošević to concede and hand over power to the recently formed Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS), a broad coalition of anti-Milošević parties. The fall of Milošević led to end of the international isolation Serbia suffered during the Milošević years. Serbia's new leaders announced that Serbia would seek to join the European Union and NATO. In October 2005, the EU opened negotiations with Serbia for a Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA), a preliminary step towards joining the EU. These talks, however, were suspended in 2006 after the EU concluded that Serbia had not done enough to meet its obligations to cooperate with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.

Serbia and Montenegro

From 2003 to 2006, Serbia was part of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, into which the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had been transformed. On May 21, 2006, Montenegro held a referendum to determine whether or not to end the union with Serbia. The next day, state-certified results showed 55.5% of voters in favor of independence, which was just above the 55% required by the referendum.

Independent Republic

On June 5, 2006, National Assembly of Serbia declared Serbia the successor to the State Union, following the decision of the Parliament of Montenegro who declared Montenegro independent

Government and politics

On 4 February 2003 the parliament of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia agreed to a weaker form of cooperation between Serbia and Montenegro within a commonwealth called Serbia and Montenegro. The union ceased to exist following Montenegrin and Serbian declarations of independence in June 2006.

After the ousting of Slobodan Milošević on 5 October 2000, the country was governed by the Democratic Opposition of Serbia. Tensions gradually increased within the coalition until the Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS) left the government, leaving the Democratic Party (DS) in overall control. Nevertheless, in March 2004 the DSS gathered enough support to form the new Government of Serbia, together with G17 Plus and coalition SPO–NS, and the support of the Socialist Party of Serbia, who do not take part in the government, but in exchange for the support hold minor government and justice positions and influence policies. The Prime Minister of Serbia is Vojislav Koštunica, leader of the Democratic Party of Serbia.

The current President of Serbia is Boris Tadić, leader of the Democratic Party (DS). He was elected with 53% of the vote in the second round of the Serbian presidential election held on 27 June 2004, following several unsuccessful elections since 2002.

Serbia held a two-day referendum on October 28 and October 29, 2006, that ratified a new constitution to replace the Milošević-era constitution.

Serbia held Parliamentary elections on January 21, 2007. The Serbian Radical Party claimed victory, but no party has won an absolute majority.

Administrative subdivisions

Serbia is divided into 29 districts plus the City of Belgrade. The districts and the city of Belgrade are further divided into municipalities. Serbia has two autonomous provinces: Kosovo (called Kosovo i Metohija, often abbreviated to Kosmet in Serbian) in the south (5 districts, 30 municipalities), which is presently under the administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo, and Vojvodina in the north (7 districts, 46 municipalities).

The part of Serbia that is neither in Kosovo nor in Vojvodina is called Central Serbia. Central Serbia is not an administrative division, unlike the two autonomous provinces, and it has no regional government of its own. In English this region is often called "Serbia proper" to denote "the part of the Republic of Serbia not including the provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo", as the Library of Congress puts it. This usage was also employed in Serbo-Croatian during the Yugoslav era (in the form of "uža Srbija", literally: "narrow Serbia"). Its use in English is purely geographical, without any particular political meaning being implied.

Negotiations are currently underway to determine the final status of Kosovo. The Contact Group has postponed the completing of the status process until after Serbian parliamentary elections in January 2007.

Demographics

Population statistics of Serbia (Estimate May 2005)

• Serbia (total): 9,396,411
  • Vojvodina: 2,116,725
  • Central Serbia: 5,479,686
  • Kosovo: 1,800,000

Serbia is populated mostly by Serbs. Significant minorities include Albanians (who are a majority in the province of Kosovo), Hungarians, Bosniaks, Roma, Croats, Slovaks, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Bulgarians, Romanians, etc. The two provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo, are ethnically and religiously diverse, as they were ruled by the Habsburg Empire and Ottoman Empire respectively for longer time than the Central Serbia.

According to the last official census data collected in 2002, ethnic composition of Serbia is:

• Total: 7,498,001
  • Serbs: 6,212,844 (82.86%)
  • Hungarians: 293,172 (3.91%)
  • Bosniaks: 136,464 (1.82%)
  • Roma: 107,971 (1.44%)
  • Yugoslavs: 80,978 (1.08%)
  • Others (each less than 1%): 666,572 (8.89%)

Albanians in the province of Kosovo did not take part in official census; their population is estimated to around 1.9 million, bounded only to the province.

Economy

Serbia has an economy based mostly on various services, industry and agriculture. In the late 1980s, at the beginning of the process of economic transition, its position was favourable, but it was gravely impacted by UN economic sanctions 1992–95, the damage to infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999, as well as having problems from losing the markets of ex-Yugoslavia and Comecon. Main economic problems include high unemployment (26.6% in 2005) and an insufficient amount of economic reforms.

After the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President Milošević in October 2000, the country experienced faster economic growth (the amount of economic growth in 2006 was 6.3 percent), and has been preparing for membership in the European Union, its most important trading partner. Serbia suffers from high export/import trade deficit and considerable national debt. The country expects some major economic impulses and high growth rates in the next years. Serbia has been occasionally called a "Balkan tiger" due to its recent high economic growth rates, a reference to the East Asian Tigers. Nevertheless, Serbia's GDP is still well below 1990 levels.

Estimated GDP of Serbia for 2006 is $47.77 billion which is $5,713 per capita. GDP growth rate in 2006 is 5.8%. Growth in 2005 was 6.3% FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) is $5.85 billion or €4.5 billion.

Culture

Serbia is one of Europe's most culturally diverse countries. The borders between large empires ran through the territory of today's Serbia for long periods in history: between the Eastern and Western halves of the Roman Empire; between Royal Hungary and Byzantium; and between the Ottoman Empire and the Austrian Empire (later Austria-Hungary). As a result, while the north is culturally Central European, the south is rather more Oriental. Of course, both regions have influenced each other, and so the distinction between north and south is artificial to some extent.

The Byzantine Empire's influence on Serbia was perhaps the greatest. Serbs are Orthodox Christians, not Roman Catholics, with their own national church — the Serbian Orthodox Church. They use both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets, as a result of both Eastern and Western influences. The monasteries of Serbia, built largely in the Middle Ages, are one of the most valuable and visible traces of medieval Serbia's association with the Byzantium and the Orthodox World, but also with the Romanic (Western) Europe that Serbia had close ties with back in Middle Ages. Most beloved queens in Serbian history were mostly of foreign origin: Helen d'Anjou (French), Anna Dondolo (Venetian), Catherine of Hungary, Symonide of Byzantium, Empress Milica of Rascia (Serbian).

Education

Education in Serbia is regulated by the Serbian Ministry of Education and Sports. Education starts in either pre-schools or elementary schools. Children enrol in elementary schools (Template:Lang-sr) at age of 7 and it lasts for eight years.

Tourism

Tourism in Serbia is mostly based in mountains and villages. The most famous mountain resorts are Zlatibor, Kopaonik, and the Tara. There also are a lot of spas in Serbia, one the biggest of which is the Vrnjačka Banja. There is also significant tourism in Belgrade and Novi Sad (the capital of the Vojvodina province), as well to the Exit Festival and the Guča trumpet festival.

Serbian holidays

Infrastructure

Communications

Transportation

Serbia, in particular the valley of the Morava, is often described as "the crossroads between East and West", which is one of the primary reasons for its turbulent history. The Morava valley route, which avoids mountainous regions, is by far the easiest way of traveling overland from continental Europe to Greece and Asia Minor.

European routes E65, E70, E75 and E80, as well as the E662, E761, E762, E763, E771, and E851 pass through the country. The E70 westwards from Belgrade and most of the E75 are modern highways of motorway / autobahn standard or close to that.

The Danube River, central Europe's connection to the Black Sea, flows through Serbia.

There are three international airports in Serbia: Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport, Niš Constantine the Great Airport, and Priština International Airport (last one is located in the Serbian province of Kosovo).

The national carrier is Jat Airways and the railway system is operated by Beovoz in Belgrade and by Serbian Railways on the national level.

Military

The Yugoslav National Army's (JNA) structure was changed several times since the Slovenian War of Independence. Three major military re-organizations took place in 1991, 1992 and 1993. But, until the summer of 1991, the JNA was organized into three Military Districts (MD) and a Naval Military District. The Air and Air Defence Force had a separate headquarters at the same level of command as the MD. The MD, designated the 1st, 3rd, and 5th, represented an intermediate level of command between the General Staff and actual combat units. Each MD was responsible for exercising Federal control of forces within its geographic region.

The 1st MD, headquartered in Belgrade, was responsible for coordinating the defence of central and north-eastern Yugoslavia. Its estimated strength was 40,000 troops organized into six corps formations, plus units directly subordinate to the MD. Corps headquarters subordinate to the 1st MD were the following:

4th Corps, headquartered at Sarajevo; 5th Corps, headquartered at Banja Luka; 12th Corps, headquartered at Novi Sad; 17th Corps, headquartered at Tuzla; 24th Corps, headquartered at Kragujevac; and 37th Corps, headquartered at Uzice.

In addition to these forces, the 1st MD had a mechanized infantry division (headquartered in Belgrade), three mixed artillery and anti-tank brigades, and a rocket artillery brigade directly subordinate to the MD headquarters. The 1st MD was thought to have 968 tanks, 633 armoured combat vehicles and 1,392 artillery pieces, including 92 multiple rocket launchers.

The 3rd MD, headquartered in Skopje, was responsible for the defence of Yugoslavia's southern flank. Its estimated troop strength was 41,000, again organized into Corps and direct reporting units. The five Corps headquarters subordinate to the 3rd MD were:

2nd Corps, headquartered at Titograd; 21st Corps, headquartered at Niš; 41st Corps, headquartered at Bitola; 42nd Corps, headquartered at Kumanovo; and 52nd Corps, headquartered at Priština. Two brigades of armour and two brigades of mixed artillery and anti-tank weapons were directly subordinate to the MD. The 3rd MD had 729 tanks, 472 armoured combat vehicles, and 1,190 artillery pieces, including 60 multiple rocket launchers.

The 5th MD, headquartered at Zagreb, was responsible for the defence of northern Yugoslavia and had an estimated troop strength of 35,000. The 5th MD had five Corps headquarters:

10th Corps, headquartered at Zagreb; 13th Corps, headquartered at Rijeka; 14th Corps, headquartered at Ljubljana; 31st Corps, headquartered at Maribor; and 32nd Corps, headquartered at Vara din. The 5th MD had 711 tanks, 367 armoured combat vehicles, and 869 artillery pieces, of which 64 were multiple rocket launchers.

reference: globalsecurity.org

Miscellaneous

• On August 17 2004 the National Assembly of Serbia adopted Bože Pravde as the country's anthem.
• In addition, the Obrenović royal coat of arms now replaces the Coat of Arms of Serbia adopted after World War II. It was first used in the 19th century. The arms are those of the royal Obrenović dynasty; they are used in two versions, the large (pictured) and small (just the central shield with eagle and crown surmounting). Use of these arms is 'recommended' which means that the coat of arms is not yet official. It will become so if adoption of the Obrenović arms is approved by more than 50% of the voters in a constitutional referendum.
• 1564 Srbija Asteroid is discovered by Milorad B. Protić and named after Serbia.
• Serbia grows about one-third of the world's raspberries and is the leading frozen fruit exporter.
• Serbia and Montenegro were represented by a single football team in the 2006 FIFA World Cup tournament, despite having formally split just days prior to its start.

See also

• List of Serbs
• List of computer systems from Serbia
• Radio Television of Serbia
• Serbian Campaign (World War I)
• Serbian law
• Timeline of Serbian history

References

1. Serb Medieval State of Zeta, Serb Land of Montenegro website
2. The Arrival of Slavs, the Adoption of Christianity and the Serbian State of Stefan Nemanja, Illlustrated History of the Serbs
3. Fresco of King Mihailo, Serb Land of Montenegro website
4. Serbian Medieval History: Balkan Power (1168–1321), Serbian Unity Congress
6. Template:Sr icon Stefan Tvrtko I Kotromanić, Projekat Rastko-Boka
8. The First Serbian Uprising, website of the Royal Family of Serbia and Yugoslavia
9. Second Balkan War 1913, Lahana.org
10. Outbreak and Opening of WW1, GermanNotes.com
11. Timeline: The Former Yugoslavia, InfoPlease.com
12. ^ 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica:Servia
13. Catholic Encyclopedia used the name "Servia"
14. "East Central Europe as a Politically Correct Scapegoat: The Case of Bulgaria".
15. The period of Croatia within ex-Yugoslavia
16. Serbia, Encyclopædia Britannica Online
17. Radovanović, M and Dučić, V, 2002, Variability of Climate in Serbia in the Second Half of the 20th Century, EGS XXVII General Assembly, Nice, 21 April to 26 April 2002, abstract #2283, 27:2283–, provided by the Smithsonian / NASA Astrophysics Data System
18. Basic Climate Characteristics for the Territory of Serbia, Hydrometeorologic Service of Serbia
19. Archive of Serbia
20. Glossary — Yugoslavia, Library of Congress
21. Statistical office of the Republic of Serbia
22. "Domestic consumption drives growth in Eastern Europe" (HTML). EBRD Transition Report 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
23. Economic Trends in the Republic of Serbia 2006, Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia
24. Gross Domestic Product of the Republic of Serbia 1997–2005, Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia
25. Rebranding Serbia: A Hobby Shortly to Become a Full-Time Job?!

External links

Government links

(In alphabetical order of domain name.)

• People's Office of Serbian President
• National Bank of Serbia
• The EU integration Office of Serbian Government
• National Tourism Organisation of Serbia
• Serbian Government
• Republic of Serbia Statistical Office
• National Assembly of Serbia

Other links

• CIA World Factbook profile on Serbia

Administrative divisions of  Serbia

v t e Districts of Serbia Vojvodina Central Banat North Bačka North Banat South Bačka South Banat Srem West Bačka Belgrade City of Belgrade Šumadija and Western Serbia Kolubara Mačva Moravica Pomoravlje Rasina Raška Šumadija Zlatibor Southern and Eastern Serbia Bor Braničevo Jablanica Nišava Pčinja Pirot Podunavlje Toplica Zaječar Kosovo and Metohija Kosovo Kosovo-Pomoravlje Kosovska Mitrovica Peć Prizren  Kosovo declared independence in 2008 but is still claimed as part of its territory by Serbia. v t e Municipalities and cities of Serbia v t e Municipalities of Belgrade Municipalities Barajevo Čukarica Grocka Lazarevac Mladenovac New Belgrade Obrenovac Palilula Rakovica Savski Venac Sopot Stari Grad Surčin Voždovac Vračar Zemun Zvezdara v t e Municipalities and cities of Vojvodina Cities Kikinda Novi Sad Pančevo Sombor Sremska Mitrovica Subotica Vršac Zrenjanin Municipalities Ada Alibunar Apatin Bač Bačka Palanka Bačka Topola Bački Petrovac Bečej Bela Crkva Beočin Čoka Inđija Irig Kanjiža Kovačica Kovin Kula Mali Iđoš Nova Crnja Novi Bečej Novi Kneževac Odžaci Opovo Pećinci Plandište Ruma Sečanj Senta Šid Srbobran Sremski Karlovci Stara Pazova Temerin Titel Vrbas Žabalj Žitište v t e Municipalities and cities of Šumadija and Western Serbia Cities Čačak Jagodina Kragujevac Kraljevo Kruševac Loznica Novi Pazar Šabac Užice Užice Sevojno Valjevo Municipalities Aleksandrovac Aranđelovac Arilje Bajina Bašta Batočina Bogatić Brus Čajetina Ćićevac Ćuprija Despotovac Gornji Milanovac Ivanjica Knić Koceljeva Kosjerić Krupanj Lajkovac Lapovo Lučani Ljig Ljubovija Mali Zvornik Mionica Nova Varoš Osečina Paraćin Požega Priboj Prijepolje Rača Raška Rekovac Sjenica Svilajnac Topola Trstenik Tutin Ub Varvarin Vladimirci Vrnjačka Banja v t e Municipalities and cities of Southern and Eastern Serbia Cities Bor Leskovac Niš Crveni Krst Medijana Niška Banja Palilula Pantelej Pirot Požarevac Požarevac Kostolac Prokuplje Smederevo Vranje Vranje Vranjska Banja Zaječar Municipalities Aleksinac Babušnica Bela Palanka Blace Bojnik Boljevac Bosilegrad Bujanovac Crna Trava Dimitrovgrad Doljevac Gadžin Han Golubac Kladovo Knjaževac Kučevo Kuršumlija Lebane Majdanpek Malo Crniće Medveđa Merošina Negotin Petrovac Preševo Ražanj Smederevska Palanka Sokobanja Surdulica Svrljig Trgovište Velika Plana Veliko Gradište Vladičin Han Vlasotince Žabari Žagubica Žitorađa v t e Municipalities and cities of Kosovo i Metohija Cities Priština Municipalities Dečani Đakovica Glogovac Gnjilane Gora Kosovo Polje Kosovska Kamenica Kosovska Mitrovica Istok Kačanik Klina Leposavić Lipljan Novo Brdo Obilić Orahovac Peć Podujevo Prizren Srbica Suva Reka Štimlje Štrpce Vitina Vučitrn Zubin Potok Zvečan  Kosovo declared independence in 2008 but is still claimed as part of its territory by Serbia.

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