Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Indian Chronicles (talk | contribs) at 04:31, 15 March 2007. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Dharmic religions are a family of religions that have originated from the Indian subcontinent. They encompass Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Dharmic religions are one of the three major schools of religion in the world, the others being Abrahamic religions and Taoic religions. The theology and philosophy of Dharmic Religions center on the concept of Dharma, a Sanskrit term for "fixed decree, law, duty", especially in a spiritual sense of "natural law, reality". It is mostly influential across the Indian subcontinent, East Asia and South East Asia with influence felt throughout the world. These Dharmic religions are very closely interrelated.

The Dharmic faiths

According to the Encarta encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation:

Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism share with Hinduism the concept of dharma along with other key concepts, and the four religions may be said to belong to the dharmic tradition. At one level Hinduism can refer to the beliefs or practices of followers of any of the dharmic traditions. The word Hinduism retains this sense in some usages in the Indian Constitution of 1950. In the field of religious studies, however, Hinduism is used in a narrower sense to distinguish it from the other religions of Indian origin.

Hinduism

Hinduism (Devanagari: हिन्दू धर्म – Hindū Dharma or सनातन धर्म – Sanātana Dharma or the eternal dharma) is considered to be the oldest living religion in the world. Having its foundation in the Vedic civilization that dates back to at least 2,500 BCE, Hinduism has no single founder and is based on a number of religious texts developed over many centuries that contain spiritual insights and practical guidance for religious life. Among such texts, the four Vedas, namely Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and Atharva Veda are the most ancient. Other scriptures include the eighteen Puranas and the epic poems Mahabharata and Ramayana. The Bhagavad Gita, which is contained within the Mahabharata, is a widely studied scripture that summarizes the spiritual teachings of the Vedas.

Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world, with approximately 1 billion adherents (2005 figure), of whom approximately 890 million live in India.

Buddhism

Buddhism (also known as Buddha Dharma (Pali: धमा Dhamma), "the teachings of the awakened one") is a dharmic, non-theistic religion, a way of life, a practical philosophy, and arguably a form of psychology. Buddhism focuses on the teachings of Gautama Buddha (Pali: Gotama Buddha), who was born in Kapilavastu, ancient India which now falls under modern day Nepal, with the name Siddhārtha Gautama (Pāli: Siddhattha Gotama) around the fifth century BCE. Buddhism spread throughout the Indian subcontinent in the five centuries following the Buddha's passing, and propagated into Central, Southeast, and East Asia over the next two millennia.

Today, Buddhism is divided primarily into three traditions: Theravāda (Sanskrit: Sthaviravāda), Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna. Buddhism continues to attract followers worldwide, and it is considered a major world religion. According to one source (), "World estimates for Buddhists vary between 230 and 500 million, with most around 350 million." However, estimates are uncertain for several countries. Buddhism is the fifth-largest religion in the world behind Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and traditional Chinese religion, respectively. Buddhism is the fourth-largest organised religion in the world, and the monks' order Sangha is amongst the oldest organisations on earth.

Jainism

Jainism (pronounced in English as /ˈdʒeɪ.nɪzm̩/), traditionally known as Jain Dharma (जैन धर्म), is a religion and philosophy originating in ancient India. A minority in modern India, with growing immigrant communities in the United States, Western Europe, Africa, the Far East and elsewhere, Jains continue to sustain the ancient Shraman (श्रमण) or ascetic tradition.

Jains have significantly influenced the religious, ethical, political and economic spheres in India for about three millennia. Jainism stresses spiritual independence and equality of all life with particular emphasis on non-violence. Self-control (व्रत, vratae) is vital for attaining Keval Gyan and eventually moksha, or realization of the soul's true nature.

The Jain Sangha (संघ), or community, has four components: monks (साधु), nuns (sadhvi), laymen, or Shravakas (श्रावक), and laywomen, (Shravikas). A Shravaka(श्रावक)follows basic principles or "Niyam".

Perhaps the smallest, Jainism is also the second-oldest Dharmic religion. It is a religious system that does not recognize a Godhead, and that reveres liberated souls known as Siddhas. The followers of Jainism firmly reject the Vedas, but strongly adhere to dharma, moksha and nirvana.

Sikhism

Sikhism (IPA: or ; Template:Lang-pa, sikkhī, IPA: ) is a religion that began in sixteenth century Northern India with the teachings of Nanak and nine successive human gurus. This system of religious philosophy and expression has been traditionally known as the Gurmat (literally the teachings of the gurus) or the Sikh Dharma. Sikhism comes from the word Sikh, which in turn comes from the Sanskrit root śiṣya meaning "disciple" or "learner", or śikṣa meaning "instruction." Sikhism is the fifth-largest organised religion in the world.

The principal belief in Sikhism is faith in one God—Vāhigurū—represented using the sacred symbol of ēk ōaṅkār. Sikhism advocates the pursuit of salvation through disciplined, personal meditation on the name and message of God. The followers of Sikhism are ordained to follow the teachings of the ten Sikh gurus, or enlightened leaders, as well as the holy scripture—the Gurū Granth Sāhib—which includes the selected works of many authors from diverse socioeconomic and religious backgrounds. The text was decreed by Gobind Singh, the tenth guru, as the final guru of the Khalsa Panth. Sikhism's traditions and teachings are distinctly associated with the history, society and culture of the Punjab.

Adherents of Sikhism are known as Sikhs (students or disciples) and number over 23 million across the world. However, most Sikhs live in the state of Punjab in India; prior to partition, millions of Sikhs lived in what is now the Punjab province of Pakistan.

What is Dharma?

The word Dharma (Sanskrit; "धर्म" in the Devanagari script) or dhamma (Pali) is used in most or all philosophies and religions of Indian origin, the dharmic faiths, namely Hinduism (Sanatana Dharma), Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Dharma also is practiced in the Surat Shabda Yoga traditions. In its oldest form, dharman, it first appears in the Vedas.

It is difficult to provide a single concise definition for Dharma (life fails to convey its connoted complexity). The word has a long and varied history and complex set of meanings and interpretations. Certain Westerners and Orientalists have proposed a number of possible translations, from "justice" to "religion", however these definitions have evolved with their associated usage in western culture.

"Dharma" derives from the verbal root dhri, which simply means "manner of being." The term must therefore be understood in its original (i.e. metaphysical) context, that of a conformity to a divine or creative principle at work in an individual and in nature. It represents the individual's internal law, to which obedience must be given if that individual life is to live in accordance with a divine will. This is what Hindus consider the sole or primary purpose of life. It explains how justice finds its place among the many modern definitions of the word dharma.

Rene Guenon, father of the 20th century school of perennial philosophy, defines it as such:

It is, so to speak, the essential nature of a being, comprising the sum of its particular qualities or characteristics, and determining, by virtue of the tendencies or dispositions it implies, the manner in which this being will conduct itself, either in a general way or in relation to each particular circumstance. The same idea may be applied, not only to a single being, but also to an organized collectivity, to a species, to all the beings included in a cosmic cycle or state of existence, or even to the whole order of the universe; it then, at one level or another, signifies conformity with the essential nature of beings. (Guenon's "Introduction to the Study of Hindu Doctrines")

This said, certain Western definitions of the word must be considered in the light of this original definition—that is, as branches from a single root. Monier Monier-Williams, for example (while covering the entire scope it would seem), gives its primary definition as:

that which is established or firm, steadfast decree, statute, ordinance, law; usage, practice, customary observance or prescribed conduct, duty; right, justice (often as a synonym of punishment); virtue, morality, religion, religious merit, good works,

of which the first, "that which is established or firm" seems to be the most ancient and etymological. Dharma is cognate with the Latin firmus, the origin of the word firm. Meanings related to law, morality, scripture, and teachings were probably acquired through analogy, by being regarded as firm and called as such. For the phenomenological or psychological meaning, see below.

Dr. David Frawley, an expert on Hindu philosophy and religion, describes Dharma as:

a universal tradition has room for all faiths and all religious and spiritual practices regardless of the time or country of their origin. Yet it places religious and spiritual teachings in their appropriate place relative to the ultimate goal of Self-realization, to which secondary practices are subordinated. Sanatan Dharma also recognizes that the greater portion of human religious aspirations has always been unknown, undefined and outside of any institutionalized belief. Sanatan Dharma thereby gives reverence to individual spiritual experience over any formal religious doctrine. Wherever the Universal Truth is manifest; there is Sanatan Dharma—whether it is in a field of religion, art or science, or in the life of a person or community. Wherever the Universal Truth is not recognized, or is scaled down or limited to a particular group, book or person, even if done so in the name of God, there Sanatan Dharma ceases to function, whatever the activity is called.

According to the Natchintanai Scripture:

By the laws of Dharma that govern body and mind, you must fear sin and act righteously. Wise men by thinking and behaving in this way become worthy to gain bliss both here and hereafter.

Yama, the lord of death, is also known as Dharmaraj, since he works within the laws of karma and morality, regulated by divine principles. More familiar is the embodiment of Dharma in Lord Rama, an avatar of Vishnu. The eldest Pandava, Yudhishthira was referred to as Dharmaraj owing to his steadfastness to Truth & Dharma.

In scripture translations dharma is often best left untranslated, as it has acquired a lively life of its own in English that is more expressive than any simplistic translation. Common translations and glosses include right way of living, divine law, path of righteousness, order, faith, natural harmony, rule, fundamental, and duty. Dharma may be used to refer to rules of the operation of the mind or universe in a metaphysical system, or to rules of comportment in an ethical system.

Status in India

Followers of the Jain and Sikh faiths are considered broader Hindus according to the social-fabric of India. This is due to the coherence in ideologies, interworship and social intermingling of the followers of these faiths.

Constitutionally Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism are not considered religious minorities in India, and are accorded the status of only populous minorities. Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists are governed by Hindu laws of social contracts like Marriage (Hindu Marriage Act) and Inheritance.

An extra-judicial observation of the Supreme Court of India in 2005 stated that "Sikhs and Jains are part of the wider Hindu community."and "Thus, 'Hinduism' can be called a general religion and common faith of India whereas 'Jainism' is a special religion formed on the basis of quintessence of Hindu religion."

Hinduism and Buddhism also share many common features including Sanskrit, yoga, karma and dharma, Nirvana, moksha and reincarnation. India also is home to the government of Tibet in exile under Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama.

The tricolour Indian flag has the Ashoka Chakra (Wheel of Ashoka) in the central horizontal band. The Emblem of India is a replica of Ashoka Pillar.

Birth and history

The Dharmic religions, especially Hinduism, have their foundation in the Vedic religion of the Indo-Aryans, who founded the Vedic civilization--one of the earliest in the ancient India and the world. The civilization is called Vedic, because the 4 Vedas, namely Rigveda, Samaveda, Atharvaveda and Yajurveda form the holiest texts of Hinduism. The Vedic religious practices, in turn, have their roots in the original Indo-Iranian religion of the Aryans, from which also sprang the Zoroastrian faith. The founders of all Dharmic religions have been influential Hindus who explored and concentrated on specific aspects of Hinduism to form a distinctive and relatively limited set of beliefs.

Ancient Hindu kingdoms arose and spread the religion and traditions across South East Asia, particularly Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia and what is now central Vietnam. A form of Hinduism different from Indian roots is practised in Bali, Indonesia, where Hindus form 90% of the population. Indian migrants have taken Hinduism and Hindu culture to South Africa, Fiji, Mauritius and other countries in and around the Indian Ocean, and in the nations of the West Indies and the Caribbean. Traditionally, Hinduism did not allow conversion of individuals from other religions to it. The spread of Indian culture coupled with the non-conversion principles of Hinduism allowed later dharmic religions, like Buddhism, to be readily adopted by the natives who took to Indian culture but could not convert to Hinduism. These religions had similar features to those introduced by the ancient Hindu kingdoms which added to their popularity.

Exchanges with Abrahamic religions

Dharmic religions and Abrahamic religions were conceived over 3,000 years ago in two opposite parts of Asia, and share a complex and conflicting dynamic. Possible connections between Indo-Aryan traditions and Hebrew culture may date back to Abraham himself, since the Mitanni influenced areas associated with him, notably Haran. However, the words "Abraham" (Hebrew אַבְרָהָם = "father of a multitude" ) and "Brahma" (Hindu God of Creation, Sanskrit ब्रह्मा) are thought to be related due to their similar formation and meaning. The inscriptions found from excavations in ancient Mitanni sites reveal agreements entered into by invoking the names of Vedic gods such as Mitra and Varuna, thus possibly indicating that the Vedic religion predated the Abrahamic religions by a fair amount of time. More direct connections would have followed the absorption of Judea into the Persian empire in which Zoroastrianism was the dominant faith.

Some speculative writers have claimed that Jesus visited India and learned spiritual practices there from Buddhist and Hindu monks. There is a passage in Bhavishya Purana mentioning a man named Issa from the Middle East that have been used to support this theory.

In Indonesia, many Javanese Muslims practice a version of Islam deeply influenced by Indonesian Hinduism, and are known as Abangan.

Dharma and Taoism

Taoism, which is rooted in ancient Chinese philosophies, includes philosophical ideas which are similar to Dharmic concepts. Tao, the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation of the character Way, is somewhat similar in the meaning to "Dharma".

Dharma and Zoroastrianism

Like the historical Vedic religion, which is the historical predecessor of the Dharmic religions, Zoroastrianism also derives from the religious principles of Indo-Iranian times. As such, and although Zoroastrianism is not considered a Dharmic religion, it is not surprising to find fundamental concepts similar to dharma and rta in the Gathas as well.

In Zoroastrianism however, arta - the Zoroastrian equivalent of rta - is the better developed of the two concepts, while daena - the equivalent of dharma - plays a far less prominent role. In Zoroastrian tradition, both principles are also divinities, with Arta " Righteousness" being one of the "great six" Amesha Spentas. In comparison, Daena and her alter-ego (Upamana) Chista are both much less significant.

Zoroastrianism does however preserve the ethical implications of daena/dharma as the 'right way of living', and "daena" is hence frequently translated as "religion". A linguistic relationship to the Avestan adjective dahman "devout" has been postulated but is not certain.

See also

• Abrahamic religion
• Taoic religion
• Historical Vedic religion
• Indo-Iranian religion
• Buddhism and Hinduism
• Zoroastrianism

References

1. Frawley, David. From the River of Heaven: Hindu and Vedic Knowledge for the Modern Age. Berkeley, California: Book Passage Press, 1990. ISBN 1878423010.
2. York, Michael.Pagan Theology: Paganism as a World Religion. New York: NYU Press, 2005. ISBN 0814797083.
3. MSN Encarta: The Dharmic Tradition
4. An Introduction to Hinduism, "The Origin of Hinduism" on About.com
5. Hinduism and the Clash of Civilizations by David Frawley (Vamadeva Shastri)
6. Osborne, E: "Accessing R.E. Founders & Leaders, Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism Teacher's Book Mainstream.", page 9. Folens Limited, 2005
7. Klostermaier, K:"A Survey of Hinduism", page 1. SUNY Press, 1994.
8. See Gītā Dhyānam
9. Adherents
10. http://indology.info/papers/cousins/
11. Garfinkel, Perry. "Buddha Rising." National Geographic Dec. 2005: 88-109.
12. Singh, Khushwant (2006). The Illustrated History of the Sikhs. India: Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-19-567747-1.
13. Template:Pa icon Nabha, Kahan Singh (1930). Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahan Kosh/ਗੁਰ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਰਤਨਾਕਰ ਮਹਾਨ ਕੋਸ਼[[Category:Articles containing Punjabi-language text]] (in Punjabi). p. 720. Retrieved 2006-05-29. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
14. Supreme Court of India judgment, CASE NO.: Appeal (civil) 4730 of 1999 Bal Patil & Anr. vs. Union of India & Ors ;DATE OF JUDGMENT: 08/08/2005

Further reading

• Eastern Religion: Origins - Beliefs - Practices - Holy Texts - Sacred Places, ed. Michael Coogan. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-522191-5

• Dharmic religions