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The Treaty of Buffalo Creek was a 1788 treaty between the Seneca tribe of western New York and certain purchasers of rights to the Indian's land, in which the Indian title to the lands was extinguished, in exchange for a payment plus an annuity.

Under the 1786 Treaty of Hartford, New York and Massachusetts settled their competing claims to the lands of western New York, which comprised about 6 million acres, all west of the Proclamation Line of 1763. Under this treaty, they agreed that the lands would be part of New York but Massachusetts would have ownership of the lands, subject to New York and to any Indian title. This was known as a "right of preemption." That is, a right to preempt all other purchasers of Indian title and purchase that title itself.

On April 1, 1788, Massachusetts sold its right of preemption of Indian lands in western New York to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham. The sale involved all six million acres of the generally uninhabited lands. The sales price was $1 million, payable in three equal annual installments. Under the agreement, the buyers could pay in certain Massachusetts securities, then worth about 20 cents on the dollar. The sale was conditioned upon Phelps and Gorham extinguishing any and all Indian title.

On June 1, 1788, Phelps, the Rev. Samuel Kirkland as Commissioner for Massachusetts, and others, arrived at the north end of Seneca Lake, which was thought to be the eastern boundry of the land. The expedition sought a meeting with the various Indian tribes to negotiate cession of all Indian title to the full 6 million acres. Phelps sent word to the Indians to parley and and on June 21, 1788, Red Jacket, Little Billy, Heap-of-Dogs, and three others invited Phelps and his party to meet at Buffalo Creek, located in the western portion of the lands, approximately where the City of Buffalo, New York is presently located.

On July 4, 1788, the meeting was held at Buffalo Creek. After a few days of negotiation, Phelps bought for $5,000 and and a perpetual annuity of $500, a tract of about 2.25 million acres lying between Seneca Lake and the Genesee River. When the meeting was concluded, Phelps also asked for a gift of a lot west of the Genesee upon which a grist mill and saw mill could be erected for the Indians. The Indians strongly objected to selling any lands west of the Genesee River, but finally agreed to give him land sufficient for a mill lot. Phelps selected a 185,000 acre tract extending south from Lake Ontario twenty-five miles and twelve miles west of the course of the Genesee River. This became known as The Mill Yard Tract. Within the Mill Yard Tract, Phelps and Gorham gifted 100 acres (0.4 km²) to Ebenezer "Indian" Allen at the high falls of the Genesee River so he could build that grist mill and sawmill. Allen's 100 acre (0.4 km²) tract became the nucleus of Rochester, New York.

The remaining lands west of the Genesee River were eventually lost by Phelps and Gorham and were resold to a syndicate of Dutch investors known as the Holland Land Company and to Robert Morris (The Morris Reserve). About the same time, the unsold lands of Phelps and Gorham east of the Genesee River were acquired by Robert Morris, who resold them to a group of British investors, known as the Pulteney Association.