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Allyl alcohol

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Allyl alcohol
Skeletal formula
Ball-and-stick model
Names
Preferred IUPAC name Prop-2-en-1-ol
Other names Allyl alcohol
2-Propen-1-ol
1-Propen-3-ol
Vinyl carbinol
Allylic alcohol
Weed drench
Identifiers
CAS Number
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.156 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 203-470-7
KEGG
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • BA5075000
UNII
UN number 1098
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C3H6O/c1-2-3-4/h2,4H,1,3H2Key: XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • InChI=1/C3H6O/c1-2-3-4/h2,4H,1,3H2Key: XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYAC
SMILES
  • C=CCO
Properties
Chemical formula C3H6O
Molar mass 58.080 g·mol
Appearance colorless liquid
Odor mustard-like
Density 0.854 g/ml
Melting point −129 °C
Boiling point 97 °C (207 °F; 370 K)
Solubility in water Miscible
Vapor pressure 17 mmHg
Acidity (pKa) 15.5 (H2O)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -36.70·10 cm/mol
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards Highly toxic, lachrymator
GHS labelling:
Pictograms GHS02: FlammableGHS06: ToxicGHS07: Exclamation markGHS09: Environmental hazard
Signal word Danger
Hazard statements H225, H301, H302, H311, H315, H319, H331, H335, H400
Precautionary statements P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P311, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P361, P362, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasFlammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasolineInstability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calciumSpecial hazards (white): no code
3 3 1
Flash point 21 °C (70 °F; 294 K)
Autoignition
temperature 		378 °C (712 °F; 651 K)
Explosive limits 2.5–18.0%
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose) 80 mg/kg (rat, orally)
LC50 (median concentration) 1000 ppm (mammal, 1 hr)
76 ppm (rat, 8 hr)
207 ppm (mouse, 2 hr)
1000 ppm (rabbit, 3.5 hr)
1000 ppm (monkey, 4 hr)
1060 ppm (rat, 1 hr)
165 ppm (rat, 4 hr)
76 ppm (rat, 8 hr)
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible) 2 ppm
REL (Recommended) TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m) ST 4 ppm (10 mg/m)
IDLH (Immediate danger) 20 ppm
Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). ☒N verify (what is  ?) Infobox references
Chemical compound

Allyl alcohol (IUPAC name: prop-2-en-1-ol) is an organic compound with the structural formula CH2=CHCH2OH. Like many alcohols, it is a water-soluble, colourless liquid. It is more toxic than typical small alcohols. Allyl alcohol is used as a precursor to many specialized compounds such as flame-resistant materials, drying oils, and plasticizers. Allyl alcohol is the smallest representative of the allylic alcohols.

Production

Allyl alcohol is produced commercially by the Olin and Shell corporations through the hydrolysis of allyl chloride:

CH2=CHCH2Cl + NaOH → CH2=CHCH2OH + NaCl

Allyl alcohol can also be made by the rearrangement of propylene oxide, a reaction that is catalyzed by potassium alum at high temperature. The advantage of this method relative to the allyl chloride route is that it does not generate salt. Also avoiding chloride-containing intermediates is the "acetoxylation" of propylene to allyl acetate:

CH2=CHCH3 + 1/2 O2 + CH3CO2H → CH2=CHCH2O2CCH3 + H2O

Hydrolysis of this acetate gives allyl alcohol. In alternative fashion, propylene can be oxidized to acrolein, which upon hydrogenation gives the alcohol.

In principle, allyl alcohol can be obtained by dehydrogenation of propanol.

Laboratory methods

In the laboratory, glycerol reacts with oxalic or formic acids to give (respectively) dioxalin or glyceric formate, either of which decarboxylate and dehydrate to allylol.

Allyl alcohols in general are prepared by allylic oxidation of allyl compounds, using selenium dioxide or organic peroxides. Other methods include carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions such as the Prins reaction, the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction, or a variant of the Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction. Hydrogenation of enones is another route. Some of these methods are achieved by the Luche reduction, Wharton reaction, and the Mislow-Evans rearrangement.

Allyl alcohol was first prepared in 1856 by Auguste Cahours and August Hofmann by hydrolysis of allyl iodide. Today a Allyl alcohol can be formed after trituration of garlic (Allium sativum) cloves (producing from garlic in two ways: firstly by a self-condensation reaction of allicin and its decomposition products such as diallyl trisulphide and diallyl disulphide and secondly by the reaction between alliin, the precursor of allicin, and water).

Applications

Allyl alcohol is converted mainly to glycidol, which is a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of glycerol, glycidyl ethers, esters, and amines. Also, a variety of polymerizable esters are prepared from allyl alcohol, e.g. diallyl phthalate.

Allyl alcohol has herbicidal activity and can be used as a weed eradicant) and fungicide.

Allyl alcohol is the precursor in the commercial synthesis of allyl bromide:

CH2=CHCH2OH + HBr → CH2=CHCH2Br + H2O

Safety

Allyl alcohol is hepatotoxic. In rats, in vivo, allyl alcohol is metabolized by liver alcohol dehydrogenase to acrolein, which can cause damage to the microtubules of rat hepatocyte mitochondria and depletion of glutathione. It is significantly more toxic than related alcohols. Its threshold limit value (TLV) is 2 ppm. It is a lachrymator.

See also

References

  1. ^ NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0017". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  2. Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 5–88. ISBN 978-1498754286.
  3. Allyl alcohol toxicity
  4. "Allyl alcohol". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  5. ^ Ludger Krähling; Jürgen Krey; Gerald Jakobson; Johann Grolig; Leopold Miksche (2002). "Allyl Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_425. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  6. Oliver Kamm & C. S. Marvel (1941). "Allyl alcohol". Organic Syntheses. 1: 15. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.001.0015.
  7. Cohen, Julius (1900). Practical Organic Chemistry (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan and Co., Limited. p. 96. Practical Organic Chemistry Cohen Julius.
  8. ^ Lemar, Katey M.; Passa, Ourania; Aon, Miguel A.; Cortassa, Sonia; Müller, Carsten T.; Plummer, Sue; O'Rourke, Brian; Lloyd, David (2005). "Allyl alcohol and garlic (Allium sativum) extract produce oxidative stress in Candida albicans". Microbiology. 151 (10): 3257–3265. doi:10.1099/mic.0.28095-0. ISSN 1465-2080. PMC 2711876. PMID 16207909.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. Laiho Mikola, O.P. "Studies on the effect of some eradicants on mycorrhizal development in forest nurseries" (PDF). helda.helsinki.fi. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  10. Yoffe, David; Frim, Ron; Ukeles, Shmuel D.; Dagani, Michael J.; Barda, Henry J.; Benya, Theodore J.; Sanders, David C. (2013). "Bromine Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–31. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_405.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4.
  11. "National Technical Information Service". US Environmental Protection Agency. 1984.

External links

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