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Veronica Lake
Lake, c. 1952
Born	Constance Frances Marie Ockelman (1922-11-14)November 14, 1922 New York City, U.S.
Died	July 7, 1973(1973-07-07) (aged 50) Burlington, Vermont, U.S.
Other names	Constance Keane Connie Keane
Education	St. Bernard's School (Saranac Lake, New York) Villa Maria Miami High School
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1939–1970
Spouses	John S. Detlie ​ ​(m. 1940; div. 1943)​ Andre de Toth ​ ​(m. 1944; div. 1952)​ Joseph Allan McCarthy ​ ​(m. 1955; div. 1959)​ Robert Carleton-Munro ​ ​(m. 1972)​
Children	4

Constance Frances Marie Ockelman (November 14, 1922 – July 7, 1973), known professionally as Veronica Lake, was an American film, stage, and television actress. Lake was best known for her femme fatale roles in films noir with Alan Ladd during the 1940s, her peek-a-boo hairstyle, and films such as Sullivan's Travels (1941) and I Married a Witch (1942). By the late 1940s, Lake's career began to decline, due in part to her alcoholism. She made only one film in the 1950s, but had several guest appearances on television. She returned to the big screen in the film Footsteps in the Snow (1966), but the role failed to revitalize her career.

Lake's memoir, Veronica: The Autobiography of Veronica Lake, was published in 1970. Her final screen role was in a low-budget horror film, Flesh Feast (1970). After years of heavy drinking, Lake died at the age of 50 in July 1973, from hepatitis and acute kidney injury.

Early life

Lake was born Constance Frances Marie Ockelman in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Her father, Harry Eugene Ockelman, was of German and Irish descent, and worked for an oil company aboard a ship. He died in an oil tanker explosion in Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania in 1932. Lake's mother, Constance Frances Charlotta (née Trimble; 1902–1992), of Irish descent, in 1933 married Anthony Keane, a newspaper staff artist also of Irish descent, and Lake began using his surname.

The Keanes lived in Saranac Lake, New York, where young Lake attended St. Bernard's School. She was then sent to Villa Maria, an all-girls Catholic boarding school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, from which she was expelled. Lake later claimed she attended McGill University and took a premed course for a year, intending to become a surgeon. This claim was included in several press biographies, although Lake later declared it was bogus. Lake subsequently apologized to the president of McGill, who was simply amused when she explained her habit of self-dramatizing. When her stepfather fell ill during her second year, the Keane family later moved to Miami, Florida. Lake attended Miami High School, where she was known for her beauty. She had a troubled childhood and was diagnosed with schizophrenia, according to her mother.

Career

Constance Keane

In 1938, the Keanes moved to Beverly Hills, California. While briefly under contract to MGM, Lake enrolled in that studio's acting farm, the Bliss-Hayden School of Acting (now the Beverly Hills Playhouse). She made friends with a girl named Gwen Horn and accompanied her when Horn went to audition at RKO. She appeared in the play Thought for Food in January 1939. A theatre critic from the Los Angeles Times called her "a fetching little trick" for her appearance in She Made Her Bed.

Keane's first appearance on screen was as an extra for RKO, playing a small role as one of several students in the film Sorority House (1939). The part wound up being cut from the film, but she was encouraged to continue. Similar roles followed, including All Women Have Secrets (1939), Dancing Co-Ed (also 1939), Young as You Feel (1940), and Forty Little Mothers (also 1940). Forty Little Mothers was the first time she let her hair down on screen.

Name change and stardom

Lake attracted the interest of Fred Wilcox, an assistant director, who shot a test scene of her performing from a play and showed it to an agent. The agent, in turn, showed it to producer Arthur Hornblow Jr., who was looking for a new girl to play the part of a nightclub singer in a military drama, I Wanted Wings (1941). Hornblow changed the actress's name to Veronica Lake. According to him, her eyes, "calm and clear like a blue lake", were the inspiration for her new name.

The film became a big hit, and made the teenage Lake a star overnight; even before the film came out, Lake was dubbed "the find of 1941". During filming, Lake's long blonde hair accidentally fell over her right eye during a take and created a "peek-a-boo" effect. "I was playing a sympathetic drunk, I had my arm on a table ... it slipped ... and my hair – it was always baby fine and had this natural break – fell over my face ... It became my trademark and purely by accident", she recalled. The film's success influenced women to copy the style, which became Lake's trademark. However, Lake did not think this meant she would have a long career and maintained her goal was to be a surgeon. "Only the older actors keep on a long time ... I don't want to hang on after I've reached a peak. I'll go back to medical school", she said.

Paramount announced Lake to star in China Pass and a remake of Blonde Venus. Instead, she was cast in Preston Sturges's Sullivan's Travels with Joel McCrea; and film noir This Gun for Hire (1942) with Robert Preston and Alan Ladd. Her scenes with Ladd in the latter became popular with audiences, prompting Paramount to reteam them in The Glass Key, with Lake replacing Patricia Morison in the leading role. Lake was meant to be reunited with McCrea in the comedy I Married a Witch, but his withdrawal from the project led to a delay in production; Fredric March was eventually cast as his replacement. Both films were highly successful, but also prevented a reunion with Hornblow for Hong Kong in which she was meant to co-star with Charles Boyer.

Upon the United States' entrance into World War II, Lake traveled throughout the United States to raise money for war bonds. She also became a popular pin-up girl for soldiers, and participated in awareness campaigns to help decrease accidents involving women getting their hair caught in machinery. Lake's only 1943 releases were both patriotic-themed. She made an appearance in Paramount's all-star musical revue Star Spangled Rhythm performing "A Sweater, Sarong and a Peek-A-Boo Bang" with Paulette Goddard and Dorothy Lamour. Her only film of the year was So Proudly We Hail! (1943) with Goddard and Claudette Colbert, in which she received acclaim for her role of a suicidal nurse. At the peak of her career, she was earning $4,500 a week.

Personal struggles and box-office disappointments

Despite her initial success, Lake suffered a series of setbacks that ultimately derailed her career. Her complex personality quickly led to her acquiring a reputation for being difficult to work with. On Sullivan's Travels, Lake did not disclose she was six months pregnant when filming began, upsetting director Preston Sturges to the point he had to be physically restrained. Lake also clashed with co-star McCrea to the point that he dropped out of I Married a Witch, reportedly saying that "Life's too short for two films with Veronica Lake" (although he did later go on to work with her in Ramrod (1947)). His replacement Frederic March also clashed with Lake after he made crude remarks about her during pre-production. Eddie Bracken was quoted as saying, "She was known as 'The Bitch' and she deserved the title." I Married A Witch director René Clair had a differing view of Lake, saying "She was a very gifted girl, but she didn't believe she was gifted." Lake's behavior eventually spilt over into public view during a publicity stunt in which Lake's services as a dishwasher and revue performer were auctioned off for war bonds. One paper claimed Lake's "talk was on the grim side", while columnist Hedda Hopper claimed that "Lake clipped her own wings in her Boston bond appearance ... It's lucky for Lake, after Boston, that she isn't out of pictures".

With her role in The Hour Before the Dawn (1944), Lake changed her trademark hairstyle to encourage women working in war industry factories to adopt more practical, safer hairstyles. Lake had done so at the urging of the government to help decrease accidents involving women getting their hair caught in machinery. The film was not a success; Lake's image change and her unsympathetic role of Nazi spy Dora Bruckman earned negative reviews.

In late 1943, Lake took time off after undergoing a series of personal struggles. After tripping on a lighting cable while on the set of The Hour Before Dawn, Lake went into premature delivery and gave birth to a son who died shortly after birth. Within weeks, Lake had also filed for divorce from her husband. Lake also began drinking more heavily during this time.

Upon returning to work in 1944, Lake took stock of her career, claiming, "I had to learn about acting. I've played all sorts of parts, taken just what came along regardless of high merit. In fact, I've been a sort of general utility person. I haven't liked all the roles. One or two were pretty bad". Lake also expressed interest in renegotiating her deal with Paramount:

The studio feels that way about it too. They have indicated they are going to fuss more about the pictures in which I appear. I think I'll enjoy being fussed about ... I want this to be the turning point and I think that it will. I am free and clear of unpleasant characters, unless they are strongly justified. I've had a varied experience playing them and also appearing as heroines. The roles themselves haven't been noteworthy and sometimes not even especially spotlighted, but I think they've all been beneficial in one way or another. From here on there should be a certain pattern of development, and that is what I am going to fight for if necessary, though I don't believe it will be because they are so understanding here at Paramount.

Lake returned with roles in the musical Bring On the Girls (1945) with Eddie Bracken and Sonny Tufts; and Hold That Blonde with Bracken. Lake enjoyed making the film, saying "it's a comedy, rather like what Carole Lombard used to do ... It represents a real change of pace". However, neither film was successful, as were minor roles in Out of This World and Miss Susie Slagle's (1946).

Final years at Paramount and freelance

After her role in Miss Susie Slagle's, producer John Houseman cast Lake in the film noir The Blue Dahlia (1946). The film reunited her with Alan Ladd, who had become one of Paramount's top stars since their last pairing in The Glass Key. Lake was pleased with the role, but her performance in the film did not impress its screenwriter Raymond Chandler, who referred to her as "Moronica Lake". Nonetheless, it became her first success since So Proudly We Hail! and the largest of her career.

For the first time in her career, Lake ventured outside of Paramount with the United Artists Western Ramrod (1947). The film was directed by her then-husband Andre de Toth, in their first collaboration. The film also reunited her with Joel McCrea, despite his earlier insistence that he would not work with her again. The film was also successful, continuing her comeback.

Following a cameo in Variety Girl (1947), Lake and Ladd reunited again for the crime film Saigon (1948). Lake returned to her former peek-a-boo hairstyle for the film, which unlike their previous films was not a noir. Reaction to the film was mixed; although financial success, it received a more mixed critical reception in comparison to the couple's earlier vehicles. Coupled with the flops The Sainted Sisters and Isn't It Romantic?, Paramount opted not to renew Lake's contract in 1948.

Following her release from Paramount, Lake took a top supporting role in Slattery's Hurricane (1949). The film, directed by de Toth, was released by 20th Century Fox. She also appeared with Zachary Scott in the Western Stronghold (1951). Shot in Mexico for Lippert Pictures, Lake later described the film as "a dog" and sued for unpaid wages on the film.

Lake and de Toth announced plans to make Flanagan Boy and Before I Wake, the latter from a suspense novel by Mel Devrett. However, neither were made as the couple ran into financial difficulties. In April 1951, the IRS seized their home for unpaid taxes. Later that same year, Lake and de Toth filed for bankruptcy. Bankrupt and on the verge of a nervous breakdown, Lake left de Toth and flew alone to New York. Reflecting on her departure years later, Lake said:

"They said, 'She'll be back in a couple of months,'" recalled Lake. "Well I never returned. Enough was enough already. Did I want to be one of the walking dead or a real person?"

Lake performed in summer stock theatre and in stage roles in England. In October 1955, she collapsed in Detroit, where she had been appearing on stage in The Little Hut.

Later years

After her third divorce, Lake drifted between cheap hotels in New York City, and was arrested several times for public drunkenness and disorderly conduct. In 1962, a New York Post reporter found her living at the all-women's Martha Washington Hotel in Manhattan, working as a waitress downstairs in the cocktail lounge. She was working under the name "Connie de Toth". Lake said she took the job in part because "I like people. I like to talk to them".

The reporter's widely distributed story led to speculation that Lake was destitute. After the story ran, fans of Lake sent her money which she returned as "a matter of pride". Lake vehemently denied that she was destitute and stated, "It's as though people were making me out to be down-and-out. I wasn't. I was paying $190 a month rent then, and that's a long way from being broke". The story did revive some interest in Lake and led to some television and stage appearances, including the 1963 off-Broadway revival of the musical Best Foot Forward.

In 1966, she had a brief employment as a hostess on a tv show in Baltimore, Maryland, along with a largely ignored film role in Footsteps in the Snow. She also continued appearing in stage roles. She went to Freeport in the Bahamas to visit a friend and stayed on, living there for a few years.

Lake's memoirs, Veronica: The Autobiography of Veronica Lake, which she dictated to writer Donald Bain, were published in the United Kingdom in 1969 and in the United States the following year. In the book, Lake discusses her career, her failed marriages; romances with Howard Hughes, Tommy Manville and Aristotle Onassis; her alcoholism; and her guilt over not spending enough time with her children. In the book, Lake stated to Bain that her mother pushed her into a career as an actress. Bain quoted Lake, looking back at her career, as saying, "I never did cheesecake like Ann Sheridan or Betty Grable. I just used my hair". She also laughed off the term "sex symbol" and instead referred to herself as a "sex zombie".

When she visited the UK to promote her book in 1969, she received an offer to appear on stage in Madam Chairman. Also in 1969, Lake essayed the role of Blanche DuBois in a revival of A Streetcar Named Desire on the English stage; her performance won rave reviews. With the proceeds from her autobiography, after she had divided them with Bain, she co-produced and starred in her final film, Flesh Feast (1970), a low-budget horror movie with a Nazi-myth storyline.

Personal life

Lake's first marriage was to art director John S. Detlie, in 1940. They had a daughter, Elaine (born in 1941), and a son, Anthony (born July 8, 1943). According to news from the time, Lake's son was born prematurely after she tripped on a lighting cable while filming a movie. Anthony died on July 15, 1943. Lake and Detlie separated in August 1943 and divorced in December 1943.

In 1944, Lake married film director Andre de Toth with whom she had a son, Andre Anthony Michael III (known as Michael DeToth), and a daughter, Diana (born October 1948). Days before Diana's birth, Lake's mother sued her for support payments. After purchasing an airplane for de Toth, Lake earned her pilot's license in 1946. She later flew solo between Los Angeles and New York when leaving him. Lake and de Toth divorced in 1952.

In September 1955, she married songwriter Joseph Allan McCarthy. They were divorced in 1959. In 1969, she revealed that she rarely saw her children.

Death

In June 1973, Lake returned from her autobiography promotion and summer stock tour in England to the United States and while traveling in Vermont, visited a local doctor, complaining of stomach pains. She was discovered to have cirrhosis of the liver as a result of her years of drinking, and on June 26, she checked into the University of Vermont Medical Center in Burlington.

She died there on July 7, 1973, of acute hepatitis and acute kidney injury. Her son Michael claimed her body. Lake's memorial service was held at the Universal Chapel in New York City on July 11.

She was cremated and, according to her wishes, her ashes were scattered off the coast of the Virgin Islands. In 2004, some of Lake's ashes were reportedly found in a New York antique store.

Legacy

For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Lake has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6918 Hollywood Boulevard.

Filmography

Selected stage credits

In popular culture

Veronica Lake's image was used as a sight gag in the 1942 film The Major and the Minor with Ginger Rogers and Ray Milland.

Clips from her role in The Glass Key (1942) were integrated into the 1982 film Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid as character Monica Stillpond.

Lake was one of the models for the animated character Jessica Rabbit in the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit?, especially for her hairstyle.

In the 1997 film L.A. Confidential, Kim Basinger won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of a prostitute who is a Veronica Lake look-alike.

A geographical feature called "Lake Veronica" was a recurring joke in the Rocky and Bullwinkle series and film.

In the video game BioShock Infinite: Burial at Sea (2013–14), the visual style of the character Elizabeth was inspired by Veronica Lake's femme fatale roles.

In Moose: Chapters from My Life, Robert B. Sherman's 2013 posthumously released autobiography, he writes about his teenage friendship with Lake.

Clara Paget plays Lake in the 2021 film The Lost Blonde: The Veronica Lake Story.

In April, 2023, Sparks released "Veronica Lake", a single from their album The Girl Is Crying in Her Latte. The song describes how Lake was asked to change her hairstyle so that women on the war assembly lines who imitated it wouldn't harm themselves by catching their hair in the machinery, and that, by agreeing to do so, she voluntarily gave up much of the popularity that she had gained by her distinctive hairstyle.

Radio appearances

References

Footnotes

1. "Harry E Ockelman, United States Census, 1910". FamilySearch. Ancestry.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
2. Parrish, Robert James (1972). The Paramount Pretties. Arlington House. p. 410. ISBN 0-025-08170-5.
3. Thomas, Calvin Beck (1978). Scream Queens: Heroines of the Horrors. Macmillan. p. 169. ISBN 0-025-08170-5.
4. Burroughs Hannsberry, Karen (1998). Femme Noir: Bad Girls of Film. McFarland. p. 300. ISBN 0-786-40429-9.
5. "Cause for Blast on Tankship Is Undetermined". Delaware County Daily Times. Chester, Pennsylvania. February 10, 1932. pp. 1, 11. Retrieved May 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
6. "I, Veronica". Life. Vol. 14, no. 20. May 17, 1943. p. 78. ISSN 0024-3019.
7. "I, Veronica". Life. Vol. 14, no. 20. May 17, 1943. p. 82.
8. ^ "Cinderell Girl of '41". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 23, 1941. p. 3.
9. Chierichetti 2004, p. 70
10. "Current Films". Los Angeles Times. January 29, 1939. p. C4.
11. Von Blon, Katherine (August 21, 1939). "She Made Her Bed". Los Angeles Times. p. 9.
12. "I, Veronica". Life. Vol. 14, no. 20. May 17, 1943. p. 77. ISSN 0024-3019.
13. Strauss, Theodore (November 8, 1942). "Veronica Lake, Full Face". The New York Times. p. X3.
14. "Veronica Lake is Paramount's Bid for Year's Best Glamor Starlet". Life. Vol. 10, no. 9. March 3, 1941. p. 83. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
15. ^ Gale, Bill (August 24, 1969). "Lake: 'To Work ... and to Live': Veronica Lake". New York Times. p. D13.
16. ^ "'Peek-a-Boo' Star Veronica Lake Hepatitis Victim". The Victoria Advocate. July 8, 1973. p. 6-A. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
17. Churchill, Douglas (April 2, 1941). "Warners Buys the Corn is Green". The New York Times. p. 27.
18. "Ladd, Lake Together In 'Saigon'". The Deseret News. March 3, 1948. p. 13. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
19. "Of Local Origin". The New York Times. October 24, 1941. p. 27.
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21. ^ "Veronica Lake's remains resurface". USA Today. October 12, 2004. Archived from the original on September 22, 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
22. ^ Starr 2003, pp. 128–29
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25. ' Stafford, Jeff. "I Married a Witch". Turner Classic Movies'.
26. (Donnelley 2003, p. 392)
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28. (Terkel 1999, p. 168)
29. "Tobin Shines As Butler At Bond Lunch: $100,000 Luncheon Served at Tobin Home". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston. June 13, 1944. p. 1.
30. Hopper, Hedda (July 20, 1944). "Sonny Sings a Song!". The Washington Post. p. 5.
31. ^ Schallert, Edwin (July 8, 1945). "Change of Pace in Roles Beckons Veronica Lake: Star to Pause at Career's Crossroads Roles to Shift for Veronica". Los Angeles Times. p. C1.
32. Hiney 1999, p. 154
33. "Veronica Lake, Named as Film Suit Claimant". Los Angeles Times. March 28, 1962. p. 34.
34. Schallert, Edwin (March 11, 1950). "Drama: D'Arrast, Glazer Plan Spanish Feature; Power Debates British Stage". Los Angeles Times. p. 11.
35. "Actress Loses Home For Not Paying Tax". Lodi News–Sentinel. April 7, 1951. p. 8. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
36. "Veronica Lake Says She's Bankrupt". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. August 17, 1951. p. 1. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
37. ^ Klemesrud, Judy (March 14, 1971). "What Ever Happened to Veronica Lake?". The Palm Beach Post. p. C6. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
38. "Veronica Lake In Hospital". The Age. October 28, 1955. p. 1. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
39. "Veronica Lake is a Waitress Now". The Milwaukee Journal. March 22, 1962. p. 11. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
40. "Once Glittering Star: Veronica Lake Now Cocktail Waitress". Los Angeles Times. March 23, 1962. p. 2.
41. ^ "Actress Veronica Lake Dies In Vermont Hospital". The Virgin Island Daily News. July 9, 1973. p. 2. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
42. "Best Foot Forward (1963 Off-Broadway Revival)". Archived 2018-08-18 at the Wayback Machine. Internet Off-Broadway Database.
43. ^ "Peek-A-Boo Veronica Lake Dies At 51". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. July 8, 1973. p. 9-A. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
44. ^ "Veronica Lake Wins Divorce". The Miami News. December 2, 1943. p. 1. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
45. "Veronica Lake's Baby, Born Prematurely, Dies". Reading Eagle. July 16, 1943. p. 18. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
46. "Veronica Lake Sued By Mother". The Tuscaloosa News. October 12, 1948. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
47. "Veronica Lake". Turner Classic Movies Database. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
48. "Veronica Lake Wins Divorce From Director". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. June 3, 1952. p. 12. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
49. "Veronica Lake Weds Ex-County Tunesmith". The Herald. September 4, 1955. p. 2. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
50. Vermont Death Records, 1909–2003. Vermont State Archives and Records Administration, Montpelier, Vermont.
51. Hudson, Edward (July 8, 1973). "Veronica Lake, 53, Movie Star With the Peekaboo Hair, Dead". The New York Times.
52. "Veronica Lake to Be Buried in Islands". The Virgin Islands Daily News. July 11, 1973. p. 1.
53. "Rites for Miss Lake Today". The New York Times. July 11, 1973.
54. Johnston, Lauren (October 12, 2004). "Veronica Lake's Ashes For Sale?". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 8, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
55. "Hollywood Star Walk: Veronica Lake". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
56. "Beware This Woman". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
57. Review at Variety
58. "Veronica Lake Is Added To War Loan Show Cast: Bay State Quota Other Ovations". The Christian Science Monitor. June 9, 1944. p. 2.
59. "Veronica Taking Lead Role". The New York Times. July 20, 1951. p. 13.
60. "Veronica Lake Will Hit Strawhat Trail at Olney". The Washington Post. August 26, 1951. p. L-2.
61. Calta, Louis (October 25, 1952). "Stage Lead for Veronica Lake: Film Actress May Make Debut on Broadway in 'Masquerade,' Birchard-Stagg Comedy". The New York Times. p. 2.
62. Waters (1953-04-22). "Plays Out of Town | Masquerade". Variety. p. 58. Retrieved 2021-04-27 – via Internet Archive.
63. ^ "'Hut' $13,000 in Buffalo; Veronica Lake Out Ill". Variety. 1955-10-05. p. 65. Retrieved 2021-04-27 – via Internet Archive.
64. ^ "Veronica's 'Hut' 8G Indpls". Variety. 1955-10-19. p. 72. Retrieved 2021-04-27 – via Internet Archive.
65. ^ "Beronica-'Hut' 8G, Det". Variety. 1955-10-26. p. 57. Retrieved 2021-04-27 – via Internet Archive.
66. ^ "Veronica Lake $10,000 In 'Little Hut' Cincy". Variety. 1955-10-12. p. 73. Retrieved 2021-04-27 – via Internet Archive.
67. ^ "Science Teacher is Summertime Producer". Variety. 1959-07-08. p. 89. Retrieved 2021-04-27 – via Internet Archive.
68. ^ "Chatter | Chicago". Variety. 1959-07-15. p. 86. Retrieved 2021-04-27 – via Internet Archive.
69. "Best Foot Forward". Lortel Archives. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
70. Ghisays, Robert (October 25, 1952). "Veronica Lake Opens in London 'Streetcar'". Los Angeles Times. p. E11.
71. Weinraub, Bernard (August 1, 1988). "An Animator Breaks Old Rules and New Ground in 'Roger Rabbit'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 17, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
72. (Hischak 2011, p. 214)
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74. (Hare 2008, p. 219)
75. Folkart, Burt A. (October 13, 1989). "Jay Ward Dies; He Created Rocky, Bullwinkle for TV". Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2014 – via LA Times.
76. Goldfarb, Andrew (August 7, 2013). "How Playing as Elizabeth Changes BioShock Infinite". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on February 18, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
77. Sherman, Robert B., (2013) "Veronica" in Moose: Chapters from My Life, AuthorHouse, pp. 301-04
78. "The Lost Blonde". littledudefilms.com.
79. Undiscovermusic.com
80. "Paulette Goddard and Veronica Lake". February 9, 1943. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
81. "Ginny Simms and Veronica Lake". Internet Archive. February 18, 1945. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
82. "This Gun For Hire". Internet Archive. April 2, 1945. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
83. "Those Were the Days". Nostalgia Digest. Vol. 41, no. 2. Spring 2015. pp. 32–41.
84. "The Blue Dahlia". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2016.

Sources

• Burroughs Hannsberry, Karen (2009). Femme Noir: Bad Girls of Film. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-44682-7.
• Chierichetti, David (2004). Edith Head: The Life and Times of Hollywood's Celebrated Costume. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-056740-6.
• Donnelley, Paul (2003). Fade To Black: A Book of Movie Obituaries. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-9512-5.
• Hare, William (2008). L.A. Noir: Nine Dark Visions of the City of Angels. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0786437405.
• Hiney, Tom (1999). Raymond Chandler: A Biography. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3637-0.
• Hischak, Thomas S. (2011). Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0786462711.
• Parish, James Robert; Pitts, Michael R. (2003). Hollywood Songsters: Singers Who Act and Actors Who Sing: A Biographical Dictionary. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-94333-7.
• Starr, Kevin (2003). Embattled Dreams: California in War and Peace, 1940–1950. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516897-6.
• Terkel, Studs (1999). The Spectator: Talk About Movies and Plays With Those Who Made Them. The New Press. ISBN 1-565-84553-6.

Further reading

• Lake, Veronica; Bain, Donald (1970). Veronica: The Autobiography of Veronica Lake. Citadel Press; ISBN 0-806-50225-8
• Lenburg, Jeff, Peekaboo: The Story of Veronica Lake. iUniverse, 2001; ISBN 978-0-595-19239-7.
• Oderman, Stuart, Talking to the Piano Player 2. BearManor Media, 2009; ISBN 978-1-59393-320-3
• Vagg, Stephen (11 February 2020). "The Cinema of Veronica Lake". Diabolique.

External links

• Veronica Lake at IMDb
• Veronica Lake at the TCM Movie Database
• Template:AllMovie name
• Veronica Lake at the Internet Off-Broadway Database

• 1922 births
• 1973 deaths
• 20th-century American actresses
• Actresses from Miami
• Alcohol-related deaths in Vermont
• American aviators
• American film actresses
• 20th-century American memoirists
• American people of Danish descent
• American people of German descent
• American people of Irish descent
• American stage actresses
• American television actresses
• Deaths from hepatitis
• Deaths from kidney failure in the United States
• American women aviators
• Paramount Pictures contract players
• People with schizophrenia
• Actresses from Brooklyn
• People from Saranac Lake, New York
• American women memoirists
• Miami Senior High School alumni
• American expatriates in Canada